Iwan Baan: Ingenious homes in unexpected places

186,072 views ใƒป 2013-10-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Throughout my career, I've been fortunate enough
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ
00:15
to work with many of the great
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™
00:16
international architects,
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื,
00:18
documenting their work and observing
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ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ
00:20
how their designs have the capacity
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
00:22
to influence the cities in which they sit.
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:25
I think of new cities like Dubai
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื‘ืื™
00:28
or ancient cities like Rome
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ืื• ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืžื
00:31
with Zaha Hadid's incredible MAXXI museum,
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ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ MAXXI ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืื”ื” ื—ื“ื™ื“,
00:34
or like right here in New York with the High Line,
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืขื ืงื• ื”ืจืงื™ืข ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”
00:37
a city which has been so much influenced
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ื›ืจืš ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš
00:39
by the development of this.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื”.
00:41
But what I find really fascinating
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืžืฉ ืžืจืชืง
00:43
is what happens when architects and planners leave
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื
00:46
and these places become appropriated by people,
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ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ืคืงืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
00:49
like here in Chandigarh, India,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื ื“ื™ื’ืจ, ื”ื•ื“ื•,
00:52
the city which has been completely designed
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื”
00:54
by the architect Le Corbusier.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ืœื” ืงื•ืจื‘ื•ืื–ื™ื™ื”.
00:56
Now 60 years later, the city has been taken over
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, 60 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ
00:59
by people in very different ways
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“
01:01
from whatever perhaps intended for,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
01:04
like here, where you have the people
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
01:06
sitting in the windows of the assembly hall.
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื.
01:09
But over the course of several years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:11
I've been documenting Rem Koolhaas's
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ืชื™ืขื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ืจืื ืงื•ืœื”ืืก
01:14
CCTV building in Beijing
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ื” CCTV ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ืŸ
01:16
and the olympic stadium in the same city
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ื•ื”ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ
01:19
by the architects Herzog and de Meuron.
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ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ื•- ื“ื” ืžื•ืจื•ืŸ.
01:22
At these large-scale construction sites in China,
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ื‘ืืชืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
01:25
you see a sort of makeshift camp
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื ื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจ
01:27
where workers live during the entire building process.
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
01:32
As the length of the construction takes years,
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
01:34
workers end up forming a rather rough-and-ready
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
01:37
informal city, making for quite a juxtaposition
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ืขื™ืจ ืžืื•ืœืชืจืช ืฉืžื•ืฆื‘ืช
01:40
against the sophisticated structures that they're building.
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
01:44
Over the past seven years, I've been following
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืงื‘ืชื™
01:46
my fascination with the built environment,
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ืื—ืจ ืกืงืจื ื•ืชื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”
01:48
and for those of you who know me, you would say
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ื•ืœืืœื” ืžื›ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ
01:51
that this obsession has led me to live
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ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื™
01:53
out of a suitcase 365 days a year.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช 365 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”.
01:57
Being constantly on the move
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช
01:59
means that sometimes I am able
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ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—
02:01
to catch life's most unpredictable moments,
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ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:04
like here in New York
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
02:06
the day after the Sandy storm hit the city.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื•ืคื” ืกื ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
02:10
Just over three years ago,
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
02:13
I was for the first time in Caracas, Venezuela,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืงืจืงืก, ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื”,
02:15
and while flying over the city, I was just amazed
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืกืชื™ ืžืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™
02:18
by the extent to which the slums
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ืžื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™
02:20
reach into every corner of the city,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
02:22
a place where nearly 70 percent of the population
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ 70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
02:25
lives in slums,
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ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™,
02:27
draped literally all over the mountains.
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ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื.
02:30
During a conversation with local architects Urban-Think Tank,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื˜ืจืืกื˜ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
02:33
I learned about the Torre David,
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ื ื•ื“ืข ืœื™ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจื” ื“ื•ื™ื“,
02:36
a 45-story office building which sits
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ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืŸ 45 ืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืงื
02:38
right in the center of Caracas.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืงืจืืงืก.
02:40
The building was under construction
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื”
02:42
until the collapse of the Venezuelan economy
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืืœื™ืช ืงืจืกื”
02:44
and the death of the developer in the early '90s.
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ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90.
02:48
About eight years ago, people started moving
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ืœืคื ื™ ื› 8 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก
02:51
into the abandoned tower
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ืœืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉ
02:53
and began to build their homes right in between
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืžืžืฉ
02:55
every column of this unfinished tower.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:58
There's only one little entrance to the entire building,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื—ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื•,
03:01
and the 3,000 residents come in and out
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ื• 3000 ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื
03:04
through that single door.
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ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื“ืœืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื•.
03:06
Together, the inhabitants created public spaces
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ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
03:09
and designed them to feel more like a home
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ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช
03:11
and less like an unfinished tower.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
03:13
In the lobby, they painted the walls and planted trees.
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ื‘ืœื•ื‘ื™, ื”ื ืฆื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืชืœื• ืขืฆื™ื.
03:17
They also made a basketball court.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžื’ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ.
03:20
But when you look up closely,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
03:22
you see massive holes where elevators
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื” ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช
03:24
and services would have run through.
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ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
03:27
Within the tower, people have come up
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืจื•
03:29
with all sorts of solutions
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:31
in response to the various needs
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ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
03:33
which arise from living in an unfinished tower.
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ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ.
03:36
With no elevators,
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ืœืœื ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช,
03:38
the tower is like a 45-story walkup.
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 45 ืงื•ืžื•ืช.
03:41
Designed in very specific ways
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ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช
03:43
by this group of people
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•
03:45
who haven't had any education in architecture or design.
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ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
03:49
And with each inhabitant finding their own
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ื•ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช
03:51
unique way of coming by,
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ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก,
03:53
this tower becomes like a living city,
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ืžื’ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ื”,
03:56
a place which is alive with micro-economies
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื• ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช
03:59
and small businesses.
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ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:01
The inventive inhabitants, for instance,
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ,
04:03
find opportunities in the most unexpected cases,
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื,
04:06
like the adjacent parking garage,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ื”ืกืžื•ืš,
04:08
which has been reclaimed as a taxi route
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืกื‘ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช
04:10
to shuttle the inhabitants up through the ramps
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืจืžืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื”
04:13
in order to shorten the hike
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
04:14
up to the apartments.
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ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ืช.
04:18
A walk through the tower
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ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ
04:20
reveals how residents have figured out
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ืžื’ืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื
04:22
how to create walls, how to make an air flow,
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ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
04:26
how to create transparency,
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ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช,
04:28
circulation throughout the tower,
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ืกื™ืจืงื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ,
04:30
essentially creating a home
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช
04:32
that's completely adapted
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ืฉืžื•ืชืื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
04:34
to the conditions of the site.
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ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ืืชืจ.
04:37
When a new inhabitant moves into the tower,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื’ื“ืœ,
04:39
they already have a roof over their head,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื’ ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื•,
04:41
so they just typically mark their space
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจืง ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœื”ื
04:43
with a few curtains or sheets.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื.
04:46
Slowly, from found materials, walls rise,
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ืœืื˜, ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื, ืงืžื™ื ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
04:49
and people create a space out of any found objects
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื
04:52
or materials.
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ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
04:54
It's remarkable to see the design decisions
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช
04:56
that they're making,
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ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
04:58
like when everything is made out of red bricks,
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ื›ืžื•ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช
05:01
some residents will cover that red brick
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื›ืกื• ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช
05:03
with another layer of red brick-patterned wallpaper
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช
05:07
just to make it a kind of clean finish.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืžื•ืจ ื ืงื™.
05:12
The inhabitants literally built up these homes
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ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:14
with their own hands, and this labor of love
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ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”
05:16
instills a great sense of pride
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ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืขื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ื•ื”
05:18
in many families living in this tower.
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ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ.
05:21
They typically make the best out of their conditions,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
05:24
and try to make their spaces look nice and homey,
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื—ืžื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื
05:27
or at least up until as far as they can reach.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ.
05:31
Throughout the tower, you come across
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ืชืžืฆืื•
05:34
all kinds of services, like the barber,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื•ืช
05:36
small factories, and every floor has
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ื•ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ืžื” ื™ืฉ
05:40
a little grocery store or shop.
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ืžื›ื•ืœืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืื• ื—ื ื•ืช.
05:43
And you even find a church.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”
05:46
And on the 30th floor, there is a gym
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ื•ื‘ืงื•ืžื” 30 ื™ืฉ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฉืจ
05:48
where all the weights and barbells
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ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื•ืœื•ืช
05:50
are made out of the leftover pulleys
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช
05:52
from the elevators which were never installed.
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ืžื”ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื.
05:55
From the outside, behind this always-changing facade,
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ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:58
you see how the fixed concrete beams
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ืื” ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
05:59
provide a framework for the inhabitants
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ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
06:01
to create their homes
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื
06:03
in an organic, intuitive way
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
06:04
that responds directly to their needs.
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ืฉืขื•ื ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
06:07
Let's go now to Africa, to Nigeria,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืœื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”,
06:10
to a community called Makoko,
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ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืืงื•ืงื•,
06:12
a slum where 150,000 people
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ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื” 150,000 ืื ืฉื™ื
06:15
live just meters above the Lagos Lagoon.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืœืœื’ื•ื ืช ืœืื’ื•ืก.
06:18
While it may appear to be a completely chaotic place,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
06:22
when you see it from above, there seems to be
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื”
06:24
a whole grid of waterways and canals
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ืจืฉืช ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช
06:27
connecting each and every home.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
06:30
From the main dock, people board long wooden canoes
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ืžื”ืจืฆื™ืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืงืื ื• ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช
06:34
which carry them out to their various homes and shops
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ืฉืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
06:37
located in the expansive area.
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ืฉืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
06:39
When out on the water, it's clear
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ
06:41
that life has been completely adapted
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื
06:43
to this very specific way of living.
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ืœื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:46
Even the canoes become variety stores
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื•
06:49
where ladies paddle from house to house,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช,
06:50
selling anything from toothpaste to fresh fruits.
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ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžืฉื—ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
06:55
Behind every window and door frame,
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื“ืœืช ืื• ื—ืœื•ืŸ,
06:57
you'll see a small child peering back at you,
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ืชืจืื• ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœื™ื›ื,
06:59
and while Makoko seems to be packed with people,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืืงื•ืงื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:02
what's more shocking is actually
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
07:04
the amount of children pouring out of every building.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืคื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:08
The population growth in Nigeria,
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”,
07:10
and especially in these areas like Makoko,
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืžื• ืžืืงื•ืงื•,
07:12
are painful reminders
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ื”ื™ื ื ืชื–ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ื•ืช
07:14
of how out of control things really are.
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ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
07:18
In Makoko, very few systems
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ื‘- ืžืืงื•ืงื•, ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช
07:21
and infrastructures exist.
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ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
07:23
Electricity is rigged and freshest water
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ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ืžื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:26
comes from self-built wells throughout the area.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ืืจื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืคืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•.
07:29
This entire economic model
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื–ื”
07:31
is designed to meet a specific way of living
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ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื
07:34
on the water, so fishing and boat-making
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ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ , ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืช
07:37
are common professions.
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ื”ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
07:39
You'll have a set of entrepreneurs
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื
07:41
who have set up businesses throughout the area,
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ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื• ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
07:44
like barbershops, CD and DVD stores,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช CD ื•-DVD,
07:49
movie theaters, tailors, everything is there.
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ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ื—ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื.
07:54
There is even a photo studio
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ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื
07:56
where you see the sort of aspiration
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืคื”
07:58
to live in a real house or to be associated
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ
08:01
with a faraway place, like that hotel in Sweden.
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ืขื ืžืงื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”.
08:05
On this particular evening,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื‘ ืขืฆืžื•,
08:07
I came across this live band
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ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืœื”ืงื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื—ื™ื”
08:09
dressed to the T in their coordinating outfits.
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ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื˜ื™ืค ื˜ื•ืค ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:12
They were floating through the canals
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ื”ื ืฉื˜ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช
08:14
in a large canoe with a fitted-out generator
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ื‘ืกื™ืจืช ืงืื ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ืช ืขื ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจ
08:17
for all of the community to enjoy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื•ืช.
08:21
By nightfall, the area becomes almost pitch black,
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ืขื ืจื“ืช ื”ื—ืฉื›ื”, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฉื•ืš ืœื’ืžืจื™.
08:24
save for a small lightbulb
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ืœื‘ื“ ืžื ื•ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื”
08:26
or a fire.
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ืื• ืžื“ื•ืจื”.
08:29
What originally brought me to Makoko
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืืงื•ืงื•
08:32
was this project from a friend of mine,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™,
08:33
Kunlรฉ Adeyemi, who recently finished building
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ืงื•ื ืœื” ืื“ื™ืืžื™, ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
08:36
this three-story floating school
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ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฆืฃ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื•ืžื•ืช
08:38
for the kids in Makoko.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืืงื•ืงื•.
08:40
With this entire village existing on the water,
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ืขื ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื ื–ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื,
08:43
public space is very limited,
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ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
08:46
so now that the school is finished,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
08:47
the ground floor is a playground for the kids,
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ื‘ืงื•ืžืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืžืฆื ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื,
08:51
but when classes are out, the platform
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื”
08:53
is just like a town square,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืขื™ืจ,
08:54
where the fishermen mend their nets
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืจืฉืชื•ืชื™ื”ื
08:57
and floating shopkeepers dock their boats.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
09:01
Another place I'd like to share with you
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ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื
09:03
is the Zabbaleen in Cairo.
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ื”ื•ื ื”"ื–ื‘ืœื™ืŸ" ื‘ืงื”ื™ืจ.
09:05
They're descendants of farmers who began migrating
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ื”ื ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ืจ
09:08
from the upper Egypt in the '40s,
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ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40.
09:11
and today they make their living
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืžืชืคืจื ืกื™ื
09:12
by collecting and recycling waste from homes
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ืžืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืžื‘ืชื™ื
09:15
from all over Cairo.
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ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืงื”ื™ืจ.
09:17
For years, the Zabbaleen would live in makeshift villages
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื, ื”"ื–ื‘ืœื™ืŸ" ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืžืื•ืœืชืจื™ื
09:21
where they would move around
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•
09:22
trying to avoid the local authorities,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
09:25
but in the early 1980s, they settled
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•
09:27
on the Mokattam rocks
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ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืงื˜ืื
09:29
just at the eastern edge of the city.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
09:31
Today, they live in this area,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”,
09:34
approximately 50,000 to 70,000 people,
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ื› 50,000 ืœ-70,000 ืื ืฉื™ื,
09:36
who live in this community of self-built
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ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
09:38
multi-story houses
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืžื•ืช
09:41
where up to three generations live in one structure.
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืื—ื“.
09:45
While these apartments that they built for themselves
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื
09:47
appear to lack any planning or formal grid,
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ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช,
09:50
each family specializing in a certain form of recycling
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ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ
09:54
means that the ground floor of each apartment
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื•ืžืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืจื”
09:56
is reserved for garbage-related activities
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ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื‘ืœ
10:00
and the upper floor is dedicated to living space.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื™ื”.
10:04
I find it incredible to see
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืืžืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
10:06
how these piles and piles of garbage
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ืื™ืš ืขืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ืœ
10:07
are invisible to the people who live there,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ืจื™ื ืฉื.
10:10
like this very distinguished man who is posing
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ื›ืžื• ืื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘
10:13
while all this garbage is sort of streaming out behind him,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ื–ื•ืจื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•.
10:18
or like these two young men who are sitting
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
10:20
and chatting amongst these tons of garbage.
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืคื” ืืœื” .
10:25
While to most of us, living amongst
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:27
these piles and piles of garbage
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ืขืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืจืžื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ืœ
10:29
may seem totally uninhabitable,
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ื ืจืื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.
10:31
to those in the Zabbaleen, this is just
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ืœ"ื–ื‘ืืœื™ืŸ" ื”ืืœื”, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜
10:33
a different type of normal.
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ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช.
10:36
In all these places I've talked about today,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื
10:38
what I do find fascinating is that there's really
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ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืžืจืชืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืžืช
10:41
no such thing as normal,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื ื•ืจืžืœื™,
10:42
and it proves that people are able to adapt
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ
10:44
to any kind of situation.
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ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘.
10:47
Throughout the day, it's quite common
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ
10:48
to come across a small party taking place
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ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
10:52
in the streets, just like this engagement party.
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ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื•.
10:55
In this tradition, the bride-to-be
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ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ื›ืœื” ืœืขืชื™ื“
10:57
displays all of their belongings,
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ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
11:00
which they soon bring to their new husband.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
11:02
A gathering like this one
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ืžืคื’ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
11:04
offers such a juxtaposition
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ืžืฆื™ืข ื›ื–ื• ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช
11:06
where all the new stuff is displayed
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
11:09
and all the garbage is used
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืฉ
11:11
as props to display all their new home accessories.
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ื›ื“ื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื.
11:18
Like Makoko and the Torre David,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืืงื•ืงื• ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื” ื“ื•ื™ื“
11:20
throughout the Zabbaleen you'll find all
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื‘ืืœื™ืŸ ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื›ืœ
11:21
the same facilities as in any typical neighborhood.
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ืื•ืชื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช.
11:24
There are the retail shops, the cafes
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงืคื”
11:26
and the restaurants, and the community
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ื•ื”ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”
11:29
is this community of Coptic Christians,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ื.
11:32
so you'll also find a church,
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ืื– ืชืžืฆืื• ื’ื ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”,
11:34
along with the scores of religious iconographies
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช
11:37
throughout the area,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ,
11:39
and also all the everyday services
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื
11:42
like the electronic repair shops,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
11:44
the barbers, everything.
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ื•ืกืคืจื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ.
11:47
Visiting the homes of the Zabbaleen
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื‘ืืœื™ืŸ
11:49
is also full of surprises.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืœื ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช.
11:51
While from the outside,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
11:53
these homes look like any other informal structure
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ื‘ืชื™ื ืืœื” ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืื—ืจ
11:55
in the city, when you step inside,
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
11:57
you are met with all manner of design decisions
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ืืชื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
12:01
and interior decoration.
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ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืคื ื™ื.
12:04
Despite having limited access to space and money,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืกืฃ,
12:07
the homes in the area are designed
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ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื
12:09
with care and detail.
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ืขื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
12:11
Every apartment is unique,
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ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
12:13
and this individuality tells a story
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
12:14
about each family's circumstances and values.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื”.
12:18
Many of these people take their homes
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื
12:20
and interior spaces very seriously,
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ื•ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช,
12:23
putting a lot of work and care
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
12:24
into the details.
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ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
12:26
The shared spaces are also treated in the same manner,
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ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื’ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ,
12:29
where walls are decorated in faux marble patterns.
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
12:33
But despite this elaborate decor,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ื–ื”
12:36
sometimes these apartments are used
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื”
12:38
in very unexpected ways,
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช,
12:40
like this home which caught my attention
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื™ื‘ื™
12:43
while all the mud and the grass was literally
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื•ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•
12:46
seeping out under the front door.
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ืžื—ืœื—ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื“ืœืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช.
12:48
When I was let in, it appeared that this fifth-floor apartment
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช
12:52
was being transformed into a complete animal farm,
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:56
where six or seven cows stood grazing
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืฉืฉ ืื• ืฉื‘ืข ืคืจื•ืช ื•ืจืขื•
12:58
in what otherwise would be the living room.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื—ืจืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืœื•ืŸ.
13:03
But then in the apartment across the hall
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ
13:07
from this cow shed lives a newly married couple
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ืžืกื›ื›ืช ื”ืคืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื—ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื ืฉื•ื™
13:09
in what locals describe
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื
13:11
as one of the nicest apartments in the area.
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ื›ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
13:19
The attention to this detail astonished me,
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื™,
13:22
and as the owner of the home so proudly
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ื•ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”
13:25
led me around this apartment,
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ื•.
13:27
from floor to ceiling, every part was decorated.
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ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืชืงืจื”, ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืฉื˜.
13:31
But if it weren't for the strangely familiar
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœืžืœื ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”
13:34
stomach-churning odor that constantly
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
13:37
passes through the apartment,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืจื”,
13:41
it would be easy to forget
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื—
13:43
that you are standing next to a cow shed
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ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืกื›ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื”
13:46
and on top of a landfill.
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ื•ืžืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ืœื”.
13:51
What moved me the most was that despite
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืจื™ื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช
13:54
these seemingly inhospitable conditions,
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ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ื,
13:56
I was welcomed with open arms
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ื”ืชืงื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช
13:58
into a home that was made with love, care,
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ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
14:02
and unreserved passion.
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ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
14:04
Let's move across the map to China,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืคื” ืœืกื™ืŸ,
14:08
to an area called Shanxi, Henan and Gansu.
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ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉืื ืฉ'ื™, ื”ื ืืŸ, ื•ื’ืื ืฉื•.
14:11
In a region famous for the soft, porous Loess Plateau soil,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืื“ืžืช ื”ืœืก ื”ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
14:15
there lived until recently an estimated
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ืฉื ื—ื™ื• ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
14:18
40 million people in these houses underground.
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ื›-40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
14:22
These dwellings are called the yaodongs.
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ื‘ืชื™ื ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืื“ื•ื ื’ืก
14:24
Through this architecture by subtraction,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชื”,
14:26
these yaodongs are built literally inside of the soil.
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ื™ืื“ื•ื ื’ืก ืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”.
14:30
In these villages, you see an entirely altered landscape,
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ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
14:34
and hidden behind these mounds of dirt
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ื•ืžื•ืกืชืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขืจืžื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืคืจ
14:37
are these square, rectangular houses
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ืืœื” ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื”
14:39
which sit seven meters below the ground.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
14:42
When I asked people why they were digging
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื” ื”ื ื—ืคืจื•
14:44
their houses from the ground,
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ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืข,
14:45
they simply replied that they are poor wheat
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื
14:48
and apple farmers who didn't have the money
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ืฉืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืขืฅ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ
14:50
to buy materials, and this digging out
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืคื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
14:53
was their most logical form of living.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
14:58
From Makoko to Zabbaleen, these communities
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ืžืžืืงื•ืงื• ืขื“ ืœื–ื‘ืืœื™ืŸ, ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื”
15:00
have approached the tasks of planning,
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ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ,
15:02
design and management of their communities
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ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
15:05
and neighborhoods in ways that respond
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ื•ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื ื•ืช
15:07
specifically to their environment and circumstances.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
15:11
Created by these very people who live,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื,
15:13
work and play in these particular spaces,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”,
15:17
these neighborhoods are intuitively designed
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ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™
15:20
to make the most of their circumstances.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
15:23
In most of these places, the government
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
15:25
is completely absent, leaving inhabitants
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ื ืขื“ืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
15:28
with no choice but to reappropriate found materials,
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ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื•,
15:31
and while these communities are highly disadvantaged,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช,
15:34
they do present examples
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ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
15:36
of brilliant forms of ingenuity,
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ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
15:39
and prove that indeed we have the ability
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ื•ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
15:41
to adapt to all manner of circumstances.
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ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
15:45
What makes places like the Torre David
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ื•ืจื” ื“ื•ื“
15:47
particularly remarkable
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ืœืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
15:49
is this sort of skeleton framework
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœื“
15:51
where people can have a foundation
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ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก
15:52
where they can tap into.
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ืฉืฉื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ .
15:54
Now imagine what these already ingenious communities
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ื›ืขืช ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื” ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื•
15:57
could create themselves,
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ,
16:00
and how highly particular their solutions would be,
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ืจืื•ืช,
16:02
if they were given the basic infrastructures
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ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
16:05
that they could tap into.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
16:07
Today, you see these large residential development projects
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื”
16:10
which offer cookie-cutter housing solutions
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™
16:13
to massive amounts of people.
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ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
16:15
From China to Brazil, these projects attempt
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ืžืกื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ืžื™ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืžื ืกื™ื
16:17
to provide as many houses as possible,
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ืœืกืคืง ื‘ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
16:20
but they're completely generic
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื’ื ืจื™ื™ื
16:23
and simply do not work as an answer
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
16:24
to the individual needs of the people.
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ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
16:28
I would like to end with a quote
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื‘ืื”
16:30
from a friend of mine and a source of inspiration,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”,
16:33
Zita Cobb, the founder of the wonderful
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ื–ื™ื˜ื” ืงื•ื‘, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ืงืจืŸ
16:36
Shorefast Foundation,
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ืงืจืŸ ืฉื•ืจืคืืกื˜,
16:38
based out of Fogo Island, Newfoundland.
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ืฉืžืžื•ืงืžืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื•ื’ื• ืื™ื™ืœื ื“, ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“.
16:41
She says that "there's this plague of sameness
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉ"ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
16:44
which is killing the human joy,"
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™."
16:46
and I couldn't agree with her more.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:48
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:49
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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