Donald Sadoway: The missing link to renewable energy

771,077 views ใƒป 2012-03-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
The electricity powering the lights in this theater
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ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืžืกืคืง ื›ื•ื— ืœืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”
00:18
was generated just moments ago.
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ื”ื•ืคืง ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:21
Because the way things stand today,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:24
electricity demand must be in constant balance
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ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข
00:27
with electricity supply.
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ืžื•ืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
00:30
If in the time that it took me to walk out here on this stage,
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ืื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื™ ืœืฆืืช ืืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
00:33
some tens of megawatts of wind power
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ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื—
00:36
stopped pouring into the grid,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ื ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ,
00:39
the difference would have to be made up
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ
00:41
from other generators immediately.
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ืžืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:45
But coal plants, nuclear plants
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื—ืžื™ื•ืช, ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช
00:48
can't respond fast enough.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื”ืจ.
00:50
A giant battery could.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ืจ ืขื ืง - ื›ืŸ.
00:52
With a giant battery,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆื‘ืจ ืขื ืง
00:54
we'd be able to address the problem of intermittency
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื
00:57
that prevents wind and solar
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ืฉืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ
00:59
from contributing to the grid
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ืœืชืจื•ื ืืช ื—ืœืงื ืœืจืฉืช
01:01
in the same way that coal, gas and nuclear do today.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื—ื, ื’ื– ื•ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.
01:05
You see, the battery
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ
01:07
is the key enabling device here.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื›ืืŸ.
01:10
With it, we could draw electricity from the sun
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:13
even when the sun doesn't shine.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื–ื•ืจื—ืช.
01:15
And that changes everything.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
01:18
Because then renewables
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื
01:20
such as wind and solar
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:22
come out from the wings,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื– ืžื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
01:24
here to center stage.
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ื•ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื”.
01:26
Today I want to tell you about such a device.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืŸ ื›ื–ื”.
01:29
It's called the liquid metal battery.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืžืฆื‘ืจ ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช.
01:31
It's a new form of energy storage
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ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
01:33
that I invented at MIT
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ืฉื”ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก
01:36
along with a team of my students
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™
01:38
and post-docs.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
01:40
Now the theme of this year's TED Conference is Full Spectrum.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ TED ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื "ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืžืœื".
01:43
The OED defines spectrum
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ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื›ืš:
01:46
as "The entire range of wavelengths
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ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ
01:49
of electromagnetic radiation,
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ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
01:51
from the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma rays
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ืžื’ืœื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขื“ ืงืจื ื™ ื”ื’ืžื ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:54
of which the range of visible light
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ
01:57
is only a small part."
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ืชื•ืคืก ื‘ื• ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ."
01:59
So I'm not here today only to tell you
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ืื– ืœื ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
02:01
how my team at MIT has drawn out of nature
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ืื™ืš ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื-ืื™ื™-ื˜ื™ ื”ืคื™ืง ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข
02:04
a solution to one of the world's great problems.
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ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:07
I want to go full spectrum and tell you how,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš,
02:10
in the process of developing
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
02:12
this new technology,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:14
we've uncovered some surprising heterodoxies
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ื—ืฉืคื ื• ื›ืžื” ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืช-ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช
02:17
that can serve as lessons for innovation,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืœืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช,
02:20
ideas worth spreading.
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ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ.
02:23
And you know,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:25
if we're going to get this country out of its current energy situation,
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ืื ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื”,
02:29
we can't just conserve our way out;
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ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“;
02:32
we can't just drill our way out;
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ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืกืชื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ื;
02:35
we can't bomb our way out.
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ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ืจืง ืข"ื™ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื.
02:37
We're going to do it the old-fashioned American way,
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ืื ื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
02:39
we're going to invent our way out,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช,
02:41
working together.
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ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
02:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:46
Now let's get started.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ.
02:48
The battery was invented about 200 years ago
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ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 200 ืฉื ื”
02:51
by a professor, Alessandro Volta,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืืœืกื ื“ืจื• ื•ื•ืœื˜ื”,
02:53
at the University of Padua in Italy.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื“ื•ืื” ืฉื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
02:56
His invention gave birth to a new field of science,
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ื”ืžืฆืืชื• ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื—ื“ืฉ,
02:58
electrochemistry,
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
03:00
and new technologies
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
03:02
such as electroplating.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื–ื”.
03:04
Perhaps overlooked,
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ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช,
03:06
Volta's invention of the battery
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืข"ื™ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื”
03:08
for the first time also
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื’ื
03:10
demonstrated the utility of a professor.
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื.
03:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:14
Until Volta, nobody could imagine
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ืœืคื ื™ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื” ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
03:16
a professor could be of any use.
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
03:19
Here's the first battery --
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” --
03:22
a stack of coins, zinc and silver,
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ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ืื‘ืฅ ื•ื›ืกืฃ,
03:25
separated by cardboard soaked in brine.
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ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืžื™-ืžืœื—.
03:27
This is the starting point
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ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
03:29
for designing a battery --
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืœืœื” --
03:31
two electrodes,
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ืฉืชื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช,
03:33
in this case metals of different composition,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:35
and an electrolyte,
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ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜,
03:37
in this case salt dissolved in water.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืžืœื— ืžื•ืžืก ื‘ืžื™ื.
03:39
The science is that simple.
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:41
Admittedly, I've left out a few details.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืฉืžื˜ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื.
03:45
Now I've taught you
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืืชื›ื
03:47
that battery science is straightforward
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ืฉืžื“ืข ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜
03:49
and the need for grid-level storage
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ื•ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื’ื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจืฉืช
03:51
is compelling,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™,
03:53
but the fact is
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื
03:55
that today there is simply no battery technology
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ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช
03:58
capable of meeting
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“
04:00
the demanding performance requirements of the grid --
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ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช --
04:04
namely uncommonly high power,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืชื— ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:06
long service lifetime
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ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ืš
04:08
and super-low cost.
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ื•ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื“.
04:10
We need to think about the problem differently.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
04:13
We need to think big,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
04:15
we need to think cheap.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ.
04:17
So let's abandon the paradigm
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื”
04:19
of let's search for the coolest chemistry
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื”
04:22
and then hopefully we'll chase down the cost curve
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช
04:24
by just making lots and lots of product.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
04:27
Instead, let's invent
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ืืœื ื”ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช
04:29
to the price point of the electricity market.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
04:32
So that means
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
04:34
that certain parts of the periodic table
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ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
04:36
are axiomatically off-limits.
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ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื.
04:38
This battery needs to be made
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ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
04:40
out of earth-abundant elements.
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ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉืคืข.
04:42
I say, if you want to make something dirt cheap,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืขืคืจ,
04:45
make it out of dirt --
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ืชื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืคืจ --
04:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:49
preferably dirt
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ืจืฆื•ื™ ืขืคืจ
04:51
that's locally sourced.
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ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
04:54
And we need to be able to build this thing
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
04:57
using simple manufacturing techniques and factories
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
05:00
that don't cost us a fortune.
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ืฉืœื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืŸ.
05:04
So about six years ago,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
05:06
I started thinking about this problem.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:08
And in order to adopt a fresh perspective,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืžืฅ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืขื ื ื”,
05:11
I sought inspiration from beyond the field of electricity storage.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื ืื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
05:15
In fact, I looked to a technology
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:18
that neither stores nor generates electricity,
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ืฉืœื ืื•ื’ืจืช ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ,
05:21
but instead consumes electricity,
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ืืœื ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ,
05:23
huge amounts of it.
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ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
05:25
I'm talking about the production of aluminum.
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื.
05:29
The process was invented in 1886
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื‘-1886
05:31
by a couple of 22-year-olds --
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ 22 --
05:33
Hall in the United States and Heroult in France.
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ื”ืืœ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
05:36
And just a few short years following their discovery,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืชื’ืœื™ืชื,
05:39
aluminum changed
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ื”ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืš
05:41
from a precious metal costing as much as silver
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ืžืžืชื›ืช ื™ืงืจื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืกืฃ
05:44
to a common structural material.
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ.
05:47
You're looking at the cell house of a modern aluminum smelter.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจ ืชืื™ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื.
05:50
It's about 50 feet wide
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ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื›-16 ืžื˜ืจ
05:52
and recedes about half a mile --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื› 800 ืžื˜ืจ --
05:54
row after row of cells
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ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื
05:57
that, inside, resemble Volta's battery,
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ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื”,
06:00
with three important differences.
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ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
06:02
Volta's battery works at room temperature.
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ื”ืกื•ืœืœื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ.
06:05
It's fitted with solid electrodes
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ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื” ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช
06:08
and an electrolyte that's a solution of salt and water.
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ื•ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ื•ืžื™ื.
06:11
The Hall-Heroult cell
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ื”ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ-ื”ื™ืจื•
06:13
operates at high temperature,
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ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
06:15
a temperature high enough
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
06:17
that the aluminum metal product is liquid.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื•ื ืœื ื•ื–ืœื™.
06:19
The electrolyte
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜
06:21
is not a solution of salt and water,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืžื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ื•ืžื™ื,
06:23
but rather salt that's melted.
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ืืœื ืžืœื— ืžื•ืชืš.
06:25
It's this combination of liquid metal,
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ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ืช ืžื•ืชื›ืช,
06:27
molten salt and high temperature
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ืžืœื— ืžื•ืชืš ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
06:30
that allows us to send high current through this thing.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืจื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:34
Today, we can produce virgin metal from ore
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืžืขืคืจื”
06:37
at a cost of less than 50 cents a pound.
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-50 ืกื ื˜ ืœืงื™ืœื•.
06:40
That's the economic miracle
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ื–ื” ื”ื ืก ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™
06:42
of modern electrometallurgy.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
06:44
It is this that caught and held my attention
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืš ื•ืœื›ื“ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื™
06:47
to the point that I became obsessed with inventing a battery
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ืžืฆื‘ืจ
06:51
that could capture this gigantic economy of scale.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ื ื›ื–ื”
06:55
And I did.
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืชื™.
06:57
I made the battery all liquid --
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื• --
07:00
liquid metals for both electrodes
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ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช
07:02
and a molten salt for the electrolyte.
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ื•ืžืœื— ืžื•ืชืš ื›ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜.
07:04
I'll show you how.
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš.
07:24
So I put low-density
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”
07:27
liquid metal at the top,
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ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
07:31
put a high-density liquid metal at the bottom,
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ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
07:37
and molten salt in between.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืœื— ืžื•ืชืš.
07:43
So now,
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ื›ืขืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
07:45
how to choose the metals?
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ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช?
07:48
For me, the design exercise
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™
07:50
always begins here
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืืŸ
07:52
with the periodic table,
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช,
07:54
enunciated by another professor,
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื—ืจ
07:56
Dimitri Mendeleyev.
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ื‘ืฉื ื“ื™ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ ืžื ื“ืœื™ื™ื‘.
07:58
Everything we know
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื
08:00
is made of some combination
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
08:02
of what you see depicted here.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืŸ.
08:05
And that includes our own bodies.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
08:07
I recall the very moment one day
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื›ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
08:10
when I was searching for a pair of metals
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ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืžืชื›ื•ืช
08:13
that would meet the constraints
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ืฉื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช
08:15
of earth abundance,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:17
different, opposite density
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ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ื›ื”
08:20
and high mutual reactivity.
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ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
08:22
I felt the thrill of realization
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ื—ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”
08:24
when I knew I'd come upon the answer.
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ื›ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
08:29
Magnesium for the top layer.
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ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
08:32
And antimony
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ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืžื•ืŸ
08:34
for the bottom layer.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.
08:37
You know, I've got to tell you,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื,
08:39
one of the greatest benefits of being a professor:
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ:
08:42
colored chalk.
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ื’ื™ืจ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™.
08:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:47
So to produce current,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ืจื,
08:50
magnesium loses two electrons
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ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
08:52
to become magnesium ion,
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื,
08:55
which then migrates across the electrolyte,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืœื™ื˜,
08:57
accepts two electrons from the antimony,
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ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื ื˜ื™ืžื•ืŸ
09:00
and then mixes with it to form an alloy.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืื™ืชื• ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื’ืกื•ื’ืช.
09:03
The electrons go to work
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
09:05
in the real world out here,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
09:08
powering our devices.
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ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:14
Now to charge the battery,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ,
09:17
we connect a source of electricity.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
09:20
It could be something like a wind farm.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ื—.
09:24
And then we reverse the current.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืจื.
09:28
And this forces magnesium to de-alloy
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืกื’ืกื•ื’ืช
09:33
and return to the upper electrode,
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
09:36
restoring the initial constitution of the battery.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ.
09:41
And the current passing between the electrodes
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ื•ื”ื–ืจื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช
09:44
generates enough heat to keep it at temperature.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
09:47
It's pretty cool,
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘,
09:50
at least in theory.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
09:52
But does it really work?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“?
09:54
So what to do next?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
09:56
We go to the laboratory.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
09:58
Now do I hire seasoned professionals?
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื?
10:02
No, I hire a student
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ืœื, ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื›ืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜
10:05
and mentor him,
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ื•ื—ื•ื ืš ืื•ืชื•,
10:07
teach him how to think about the problem,
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ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
10:10
to see it from my perspective
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™
10:12
and then turn him loose.
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ื•ืื– ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื•.
10:14
This is that student, David Bradwell,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜: ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืจืื“ื•ื•ืœ,
10:16
who, in this image,
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ืฉื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
10:18
appears to be wondering if this thing will ever work.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ื–ื” ืื™-ืคืขื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
10:21
What I didn't tell David at the time
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
10:23
was I myself wasn't convinced it would work.
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
10:26
But David's young and he's smart
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื—ื›ื
10:28
and he wants a Ph.D.,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ,
10:30
and he proceeds to build --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช --
10:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:34
He proceeds to build
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
10:36
the first ever liquid metal battery
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ืืช ืžืฆื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™-ืคืขื
10:38
of this chemistry.
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ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
10:40
And based on David's initial promising results,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“,
10:43
which were paid
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ืฉืžื•ืžื ื•
10:45
with seed funds at MIT,
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ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื–ื ืง ืฉืœ ืื-ืื™ื™-ื˜ื™,
10:48
I was able to attract major research funding
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
10:51
from the private sector
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ืžื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
10:53
and the federal government.
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ื•ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™.
10:55
And that allowed me to expand my group to 20 people,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœ-20 ืื™ืฉ,
10:58
a mix of graduate students, post-docs
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ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™, ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื
11:00
and even some undergraduates.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
11:02
And I was able to attract really, really good people,
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฉ-ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
11:05
people who share my passion
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืœื”ื˜ ืฉืœื™
11:07
for science and service to society,
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ืœืžื“ืข ื•ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื”,
11:09
not science and service for career building.
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ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ืข ื•ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
11:13
And if you ask these people
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ื•ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•
11:15
why they work on liquid metal battery,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ืจ ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช,
11:17
their answer would hearken back
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ืชืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ื”ื“
11:19
to President Kennedy's remarks
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ืœื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงื ื“ื™
11:21
at Rice University in 1962
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ื™ืก ื‘-1962
11:24
when he said -- and I'm taking liberties here --
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ื›ืฉืืžืจ-- ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช--
11:26
"We choose to work on grid-level storage,
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจืฉืช,
11:28
not because it is easy,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ,
11:30
but because it is hard."
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื”."
11:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:39
So this is the evolution of the liquid metal battery.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช.
11:42
We start here with our workhorse one watt-hour cell.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืขื ืกื•ืก ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืชื ืฉืœ 1 ื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื”.
11:45
I called it the shotglass.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ื”ื›ื•ืกื™ืช.
11:47
We've operated over 400 of these,
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ื”ืคืขืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-400 ื›ืืœื”,
11:50
perfecting their performance with a plurality of chemistries --
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช--
11:53
not just magnesium and antimony.
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืžื•ืŸ.
11:55
Along the way we scaled up to the 20 watt-hour cell.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื’ื“ืœื ื• ืœืชื ืฉืœ 20 ื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื”.
11:58
I call it the hockey puck.
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ื“ื™ืกืงื™ืช ื”ื”ื•ืงื™.
12:00
And we got the same remarkable results.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช.
12:02
And then it was onto the saucer.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืœืฆืœื—ืช.
12:04
That's 200 watt-hours.
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ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” 200 ื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื”.
12:06
The technology was proving itself
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”
12:08
to be robust and scalable.
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ื›ืืžื™ื ื” ื•ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืœื”.
12:11
But the pace wasn't fast enough for us.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
12:13
So a year and a half ago,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™,
12:15
David and I,
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ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื•ืื ื™,
12:17
along with another research staff-member,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ-ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืฃ,
12:19
formed a company
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื”
12:21
to accelerate the rate of progress
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
12:23
and the race to manufacture product.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืฆืจ.
12:25
So today at LMBC,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘"ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™",
12:27
we're building cells 16 inches in diameter
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืชืื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 40 ืก"ืž
12:29
with a capacity of one kilowatt-hour --
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ 1 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื”--
12:31
1,000 times the capacity
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ืคื™ 1,000 ืžื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช
12:34
of that initial shotglass cell.
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ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ื›ื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
12:36
We call that the pizza.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืชื ื›ื–ื” "ืคื™ืฆื”".
12:38
And then we've got a four kilowatt-hour cell on the horizon.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื ืฉืœ 4 ืงื™ืœื•ื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื”.
12:41
It's going to be 36 inches in diameter.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 91 ืก"ืž.
12:43
We call that the bistro table,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• "ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืจ",
12:45
but it's not ready yet for prime-time viewing.
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฆืคื™ื™ืช-ืฉื™ื.
12:47
And one variant of the technology
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
12:49
has us stacking these bistro tabletops into modules,
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืจื•ื ืืช ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืืœื” ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
12:53
aggregating the modules into a giant battery
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ืจ ืขื ืง
12:56
that fits in a 40-foot shipping container
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ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื›ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ 12 ืžื˜ืจ
12:58
for placement in the field.
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ื•ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
13:00
And this has a nameplate capacity of two megawatt-hours --
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืฉืœ 2 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืขื”--
13:03
two million watt-hours.
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ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื˜-ืฉืขื”.
13:05
That's enough energy
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ื–ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืกืคื™ืงื”
13:07
to meet the daily electrical needs
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ืช
13:09
of 200 American households.
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ืฉืœ 200 ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
13:11
So here you have it, grid-level storage:
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ืื– ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจืฉืช:
13:14
silent, emissions-free,
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ืฉืงื˜, ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช,
13:17
no moving parts,
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ืœืœื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืขื™ื,
13:19
remotely controlled,
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ื ืฉืœื˜ ืžืจื—ื•ืง,
13:21
designed to the market price point
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ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืจืžืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง
13:24
without subsidy.
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ืœืœื ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
13:27
So what have we learned from all this?
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ื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”?
13:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:35
So what have we learned from all this?
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ืžื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”?
13:37
Let me share with you
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื
13:39
some of the surprises, the heterodoxies.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช.
13:42
They lie beyond the visible.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืจืื”-ืœืขื™ืŸ.
13:44
Temperature:
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”:
13:46
Conventional wisdom says set it low,
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืชื” ื ืžื•ืš,
13:48
at or near room temperature,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ,
13:50
and then install a control system to keep it there.
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืงืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”.
13:53
Avoid thermal runaway.
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืชืจืžื™ืช.
13:55
Liquid metal battery is designed to operate at elevated temperature
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ืžืฆื‘ืจ ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
13:58
with minimum regulation.
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ืขื ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™.
14:01
Our battery can handle the very high temperature rises
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
14:04
that come from current surges.
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื ื—ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ืจื.
14:08
Scaling: Conventional wisdom says
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ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ: ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ
14:11
reduce cost by producing many.
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ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช.
14:13
Liquid metal battery is designed to reduce cost
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ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช
14:16
by producing fewer, but they'll be larger.
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ืข"ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื, ืืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:19
And finally, human resources:
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ:
14:21
Conventional wisdom says
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ
14:23
hire battery experts,
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ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื,
14:25
seasoned professionals,
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ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื ื•ืกื™ื,
14:27
who can draw upon their vast experience and knowledge.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
14:30
To develop liquid metal battery,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช,
14:32
I hired students and post-docs and mentored them.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื›ืจืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื ื›ืชื™ ืื•ืชื.
14:35
In a battery,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ืจ,
14:37
I strive to maximize electrical potential;
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™;
14:40
when mentoring,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ื ืš,
14:42
I strive to maximize human potential.
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ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
14:44
So you see,
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ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื,
14:46
the liquid metal battery story
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช
14:48
is more than an account
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ
14:50
of inventing technology,
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ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืžืฆืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
14:52
it's a blueprint
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ืืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
14:54
for inventing inventors, full-spectrum.
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ืœื”ืžืฆืืช ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื, ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
14:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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