Donald Sadoway: The missing link to renewable energy

770,102 views ใƒป 2012-03-26

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Woo Hwang ๊ฒ€ํ† : han soo yeon
00:15
The electricity powering the lights in this theater
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์žฅ์˜ ์กฐ๋ช…๋“ค์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ๋Š”
00:18
was generated just moments ago.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ์ „์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Because the way things stand today,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š”
00:24
electricity demand must be in constant balance
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์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ท ํ˜•์„
00:27
with electricity supply.
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์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:30
If in the time that it took me to walk out here on this stage,
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์ €๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—
00:33
some tens of megawatts of wind power
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ์˜ ํ’๋ ฅ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ
00:36
stopped pouring into the grid,
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์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์— ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
00:39
the difference would have to be made up
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
00:41
from other generators immediately.
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์–ป์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
But coal plants, nuclear plants
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์›์ž๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ „์†Œ๋Š”
00:48
can't respond fast enough.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์‘ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
A giant battery could.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
With a giant battery,
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
00:54
we'd be able to address the problem of intermittency
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ™”๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ€์Šค, ์›์ž๋ ฅ์ด ํ•˜๋Š”
00:57
that prevents wind and solar
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ,
00:59
from contributing to the grid
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ํ’๋ ฅ, ํƒœ์–‘์—ด์„ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒํ•˜๋Š”
01:01
in the same way that coal, gas and nuclear do today.
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๋‹จ์ ˆ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
You see, the battery
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๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ๋น„๋“ค์„
01:07
is the key enabling device here.
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์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
With it, we could draw electricity from the sun
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๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
even when the sun doesn't shine.
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ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
And that changes everything.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
Because then renewables
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ํ’๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ํƒœ์–‘์—ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
01:20
such as wind and solar
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์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋“ค์€
01:22
come out from the wings,
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
01:24
here to center stage.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ค‘์•™ ์Šคํ…Œ์ด์ง€ ์ •๋„์ฃ .
01:26
Today I want to tell you about such a device.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
It's called the liquid metal battery.
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์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†(๋ฆฌํ€ด๋“œ ๋ฉ”ํƒˆ) ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
It's a new form of energy storage
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜์ธ๋ฐ,
01:33
that I invented at MIT
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์ œ๊ฐ€ MIT์—์„œ
01:36
along with a team of my students
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์ œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ
01:38
and post-docs.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Now the theme of this year's TED Conference is Full Spectrum.
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์˜ฌํ•ด ํ…Œ๋“œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ํ’€ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ(์ „์ฒด ์˜์—ญ) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
The OED defines spectrum
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์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ ์˜์–ด์‚ฌ์ „์—์„œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„
01:46
as "The entire range of wavelengths
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"๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ์ „ํŒŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:49
of electromagnetic radiation,
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๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ์˜์—ญ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ
01:51
from the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma rays
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์งง์€ ๊ฐ๋งˆ์„  ๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š”
01:54
of which the range of visible light
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์ „์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์„ ์˜
01:57
is only a small part."
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์ „์ฒด ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜์—ญ" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
So I'm not here today only to tell you
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” MIT์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ ํŒ€์ด
02:01
how my team at MIT has drawn out of nature
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
02:04
a solution to one of the world's great problems.
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์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋Œ์–ด์™”๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
I want to go full spectrum and tell you how,
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์ €๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ณ ,
02:10
in the process of developing
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„
02:12
this new technology,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
02:14
we've uncovered some surprising heterodoxies
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ
02:17
that can serve as lessons for innovation,
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๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ๋œจ๋ฆด๋งŒํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„
02:20
ideas worth spreading.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
And you know,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
02:25
if we're going to get this country out of its current energy situation,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:29
we can't just conserve our way out;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
we can't just drill our way out;
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์ถœ๊ตฌ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๋šซ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
we can't bomb our way out.
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์ถœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
We're going to do it the old-fashioned American way,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
we're going to invent our way out,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:41
working together.
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๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
02:46
Now let's get started.
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์ž ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
02:48
The battery was invented about 200 years ago
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๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ดํƒœ๋ฆฌ ํŒŒ๋“€์•„ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜
02:51
by a professor, Alessandro Volta,
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์•Œ๋ ˆ์‚ฐ๋“œ๋กœ ๋ณผํŠธ ๊ต์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด
02:53
at the University of Padua in Italy.
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์•ฝ 200๋…„์ „์— ๋ฐœ๋ช… ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
His invention gave birth to a new field of science,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€
02:58
electrochemistry,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ์„ ๋‚ณ์•˜๊ณ ,
03:00
and new technologies
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์ „๊ธฐ๋„๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„
03:02
such as electroplating.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
Perhaps overlooked,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋Œ€๋žต๋ณด๋ฉด,
03:06
Volta's invention of the battery
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๋ณผํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์ด
03:08
for the first time also
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๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ํšจ์šฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:10
demonstrated the utility of a professor.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.ยผ
03:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:14
Until Volta, nobody could imagine
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๋ณผํŠธ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒํ•ด๋„, ์•„๋ฌด๋„
03:16
a professor could be of any use.
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๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์“ธ๋ชจ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:19
Here's the first battery --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
a stack of coins, zinc and silver,
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์—ผ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ ์…”์ง„ ํŒ์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„œ
03:25
separated by cardboard soaked in brine.
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๋™์ „, ์•„์—ฐ, ์€์œผ๋กœ ์Œ“์•„ ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
This is the starting point
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜
03:29
for designing a battery --
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์‹œ์ž‘์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
two electrodes,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ
03:33
in this case metals of different composition,
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๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ
03:35
and an electrolyte,
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๋ฌผ์— ์†Œ๊ธˆ์„ ์šฉํ•ด์‹œํ‚จ
03:37
in this case salt dissolved in water.
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์ „ํ•ด์•ก์ด์ฃ .
03:39
The science is that simple.
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๊ณผํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
Admittedly, I've left out a few details.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
Now I've taught you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผํ•™์€
03:47
that battery science is straightforward
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์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
03:49
and the need for grid-level storage
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์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€
03:51
is compelling,
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ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
but the fact is
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
03:55
that today there is simply no battery technology
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ณ ์ „๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜
03:58
capable of meeting
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์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ˆ˜๋ช…,
04:00
the demanding performance requirements of the grid --
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์ดˆ์ €๊ฐ€์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„
04:04
namely uncommonly high power,
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์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์„
04:06
long service lifetime
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๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
04:08
and super-low cost.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
We need to think about the problem differently.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
We need to think big,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
we need to think cheap.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
So let's abandon the paradigm
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ด์ œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š”
04:19
of let's search for the coolest chemistry
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ํ™”ํ•™์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:22
and then hopefully we'll chase down the cost curve
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์ œํ’ˆ์„
04:24
by just making lots and lots of product.
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•ด ๋ณผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
Instead, let's invent
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ
04:29
to the price point of the electricity market.
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์งˆ ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:32
So that means
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋ง์€
04:34
that certain parts of the periodic table
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์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์›์†Œ๋“ค์€
04:36
are axiomatically off-limits.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๋…ผ์˜๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
This battery needs to be made
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์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ํ”ํ•œ
04:40
out of earth-abundant elements.
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์›์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
I say, if you want to make something dirt cheap,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๋จผ์ง€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹ผ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๋ฉด
04:45
make it out of dirt --
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋จผ์ง€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:47
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:49
preferably dirt
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
04:51
that's locally sourced.
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์กฐ๋‹ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋จผ์ง€์—ฌ์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
04:54
And we need to be able to build this thing
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ œ์กฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
04:57
using simple manufacturing techniques and factories
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๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ์—์„œ
05:00
that don't cost us a fortune.
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์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
So about six years ago,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•ฝ 6๋…„์ „์—,
05:06
I started thinking about this problem.
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์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
And in order to adopt a fresh perspective,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
05:11
I sought inspiration from beyond the field of electricity storage.
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์ „๊ธฐ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
In fact, I looked to a technology
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜์ง€๋„,
05:18
that neither stores nor generates electricity,
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์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
but instead consumes electricity,
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
05:23
huge amounts of it.
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์†Œ๋น„๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:25
I'm talking about the production of aluminum.
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์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
The process was invented in 1886
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™€๊ณผ
05:31
by a couple of 22-year-olds --
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ํ—ค๋กœ์šธํŠธ์ด๋ผ๋Š”
05:33
Hall in the United States and Heroult in France.
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22์‚ด์˜ ์ปคํ”Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 1886๋…„์— ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
And just a few short years following their discovery,
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๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„ ๋ช‡๋…„ ํ›„์—,
05:39
aluminum changed
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์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ
05:41
from a precious metal costing as much as silver
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๊ธˆ์†์—์„œ ์€๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์‹ผ
05:44
to a common structural material.
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๊ท€ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:47
You're looking at the cell house of a modern aluminum smelter.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ์ œ๋ จ์†Œ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
05:50
It's about 50 feet wide
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๋Œ€๋žต 15๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„ ๋„ˆ๋น„์—
05:52
and recedes about half a mile --
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800๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
row after row of cells
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๋ณผํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:57
that, inside, resemble Volta's battery,
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3๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ค‘์š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ
06:00
with three important differences.
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์ด์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
Volta's battery works at room temperature.
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๋ณผํŠธ์˜ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
It's fitted with solid electrodes
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๊ณ ์ฒด ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ์—ผ๋ถ„ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜
06:08
and an electrolyte that's a solution of salt and water.
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์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋กœ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:11
The Hall-Heroult cell
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ํ™€-ํ—ค๋กœ์šธํŠธ ์ „์ง€๋Š”
06:13
operates at high temperature,
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์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„์ด ์šฉํ•ด๋˜๋Š”
06:15
a temperature high enough
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ
06:17
that the aluminum metal product is liquid.
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์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
The electrolyte
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์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์€
06:21
is not a solution of salt and water,
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์†Œ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์šฉํ•ด์งˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ ,
06:23
but rather salt that's melted.
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์†Œ๊ธˆ์„ ๋…น์ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
It's this combination of liquid metal,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
06:27
molten salt and high temperature
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๋…น์ธ ์†Œ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ ์ด ์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
06:30
that allows us to send high current through this thing.
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๊ณ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
Today, we can produce virgin metal from ore
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ ๋‹น 50์„ผํŠธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ
06:37
at a cost of less than 50 cents a pound.
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๊ด‘์„์—์„œ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
That's the economic miracle
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ „๊ธฐ์ œ๋ จ์˜
06:42
of modern electrometallurgy.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
It is this that caught and held my attention
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ
06:47
to the point that I became obsessed with inventing a battery
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์‹คํ–‰ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:51
that could capture this gigantic economy of scale.
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
And I did.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
I made the battery all liquid --
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ ์•ก์ฒด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
liquid metals for both electrodes
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-- ์ „๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:02
and a molten salt for the electrolyte.
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์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋กœ ๋…น์ธ ์†Œ๊ธˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:04
I'll show you how.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
So I put low-density
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์ œ์ผ ์œ— ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—
07:27
liquid metal at the top,
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์ €๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์„ ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
put a high-density liquid metal at the bottom,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์„ ๋งจ ๋ฐ‘์— ๋†“๊ตฌ์š”,
07:37
and molten salt in between.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…น์ธ ์†Œ๊ธˆ์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋„ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
So now,
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด,
07:45
how to choose the metals?
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๊ธˆ์†๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:48
For me, the design exercise
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ
07:50
always begins here
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์ฃผ๊ธฐ์œจํ‘œ์—์„œ
07:52
with the periodic table,
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
enunciated by another professor,
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๋“œ๋ฏธํŠธ๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ”๋ธ๋ ˆ์˜ˆํ”„ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€
07:56
Dimitri Mendeleyev.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:58
Everything we know
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
08:00
is made of some combination
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ์›์†Œ๋“ค์˜
08:02
of what you see depicted here.
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์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
And that includes our own bodies.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
08:07
I recall the very moment one day
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ์–ด๋Š๋‚ ์ธ๊ฐ€,
08:10
when I was searching for a pair of metals
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๋งค์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ ,
08:13
that would meet the constraints
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ
08:15
of earth abundance,
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์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†์„
08:17
different, opposite density
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์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„
08:20
and high mutual reactivity.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
I felt the thrill of realization
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ๋‹ต์„
08:24
when I knew I'd come upon the answer.
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์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ „์œจ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
Magnesium for the top layer.
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๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„ค์Š˜์„ ๋งจ ์œ„์— ๋†“๊ณ ,
08:32
And antimony
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆํ‹ฐ๋ชฌ์„
08:34
for the bottom layer.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ‘์— ์ธต์— ๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
You know, I've got to tell you,
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์•„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ค์•ผํ•˜๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”,
08:39
one of the greatest benefits of being a professor:
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๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์„œ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”,
08:42
colored chalk.
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์ƒ‰๊น”์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ•„์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:44
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:47
So to produce current,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
08:50
magnesium loses two electrons
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๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„ค์Š˜์€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ ,
08:52
to become magnesium ion,
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๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„ค์Š˜ ์ด์˜จ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
which then migrates across the electrolyte,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ตฌ์š”,
08:57
accepts two electrons from the antimony,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ๋ชฌ์—์„œ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ,
09:00
and then mixes with it to form an alloy.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์„ž์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
09:03
The electrons go to work
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์ด ์ „์ž๋“ค์€
09:05
in the real world out here,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์„ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
09:08
powering our devices.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
Now to charge the battery,
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์ž ์ด์ œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
09:17
we connect a source of electricity.
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์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
It could be something like a wind farm.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ํ’๋ ฅ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
And then we reverse the current.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊บผ๊พธ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:28
And this forces magnesium to de-alloy
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์ด ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„ค์Š˜์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:33
and return to the upper electrode,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ „๊ทน ์œ—๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:36
restoring the initial constitution of the battery.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณต์› ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
And the current passing between the electrodes
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์ด ์ „๊ทน๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ „๋ฅ˜๋Š”
09:44
generates enough heat to keep it at temperature.
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์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กด ํ•  ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์—ด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ฃ .
09:47
It's pretty cool,
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์ด๋ก ๋ฟ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
09:50
at least in theory.
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์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
09:52
But does it really work?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ž‘๋™ ํ•  ๊นŒ์š”?
09:54
So what to do next?
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๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊นŒ์š”?
09:56
We go to the laboratory.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
09:58
Now do I hire seasoned professionals?
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์ž ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ จํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:02
No, I hire a student
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์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
and mentor him,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„์„œ
10:07
teach him how to think about the problem,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
to see it from my perspective
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์ œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ ,
10:12
and then turn him loose.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
This is that student, David Bradwell,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
who, in this image,
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋ž˜๋“œ์›ฐ์ด์ฃ .
10:18
appears to be wondering if this thing will ever work.
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์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” "์ด๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ๋ ๊นŒ?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณ ๋ฏผ ์ค‘์ด์ฃ .
10:21
What I didn't tell David at the time
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์ด๋•Œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:23
was I myself wasn't convinced it would work.
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์ €๋„ ์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
But David's young and he's smart
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ๋Š” ์ Š๊ณ  ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:28
and he wants a Ph.D.,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:30
and he proceeds to build --
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์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:32
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:34
He proceeds to build
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ
10:36
the first ever liquid metal battery
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
10:38
of this chemistry.
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:40
And based on David's initial promising results,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ MIT์—์„œ
10:43
which were paid
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์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
10:45
with seed funds at MIT,
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
I was able to attract major research funding
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
10:51
from the private sector
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์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๊ธˆ์„
10:53
and the federal government.
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๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
And that allowed me to expand my group to 20 people,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์„ 20๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
10:58
a mix of graduate students, post-docs
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๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ๋“ค, ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ณผ์ • ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค,
11:00
and even some undergraduates.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ช‡๋ช…์˜ ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
And I was able to attract really, really good people,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
11:05
people who share my passion
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๋ชจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
for science and service to society,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์Œ“๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ,
11:09
not science and service for career building.
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์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ €์˜ ์—ด์ •์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
And if you ask these people
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
11:15
why they work on liquid metal battery,
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์™œ ์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
11:17
their answer would hearken back
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ 1962๋…„ ๋ผ์ด์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ
11:19
to President Kennedy's remarks
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๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ€๋„ค๋”” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜
11:21
at Rice University in 1962
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์—ฐ์„ค๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
when he said -- and I'm taking liberties here --
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-- ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
11:26
"We choose to work on grid-level storage,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:28
not because it is easy,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฌ์–ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
11:30
but because it is hard."
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ ."
11:32
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:39
So this is the evolution of the liquid metal battery.
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
We start here with our workhorse one watt-hour cell.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 1์™€ํŠธ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
I called it the shotglass.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒท๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค(์ž‘์€์ž”)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
We've operated over 400 of these,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  400๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ƒท๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
perfecting their performance with a plurality of chemistries --
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
11:53
not just magnesium and antimony.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋งˆ๊ทธ๋„ค์Š˜์ด๋‚˜ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ๋ชฌ๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:55
Along the way we scaled up to the 20 watt-hour cell.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 20์™€ํŠธ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
I call it the hockey puck.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜ํ‚คํฝ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
And we got the same remarkable results.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
And then it was onto the saucer.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ ‘์‹œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:04
That's 200 watt-hours.
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์ด๊ฑด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 200์™€ํŠธ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
The technology was proving itself
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์ €ํฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ํƒ„ํƒ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์ด
12:08
to be robust and scalable.
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์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
But the pace wasn't fast enough for us.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐœ์ „ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:13
So a year and a half ago,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ 1๋…„ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋„ ์ „์—,
12:15
David and I,
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ์™€
12:17
along with another research staff-member,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ €๋Š”
12:19
formed a company
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์†๋„์™€
12:21
to accelerate the rate of progress
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์ œ์กฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
12:23
and the race to manufacture product.
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ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:25
So today at LMBC,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ LMBC์—์„œ๋Š”
12:27
we're building cells 16 inches in diameter
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒท๊ธ€๋ž˜์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜
12:29
with a capacity of one kilowatt-hour --
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1,000๋ฐฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด
12:31
1,000 times the capacity
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 1ํ‚ฌ๋กœ์™€ํŠธ์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
12:34
of that initial shotglass cell.
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์ง€๋ฆ„ 40cm ์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
We call that the pizza.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ”ผ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:38
And then we've got a four kilowatt-hour cell on the horizon.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณง ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 4ํ‚ฌ๋กœ์™€ํŠธ ์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
It's going to be 36 inches in diameter.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ง€๋ฆ„์ด ์•ฝ 90cm ์ •๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
We call that the bistro table,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋น„์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
but it's not ready yet for prime-time viewing.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
And one variant of the technology
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
12:49
has us stacking these bistro tabletops into modules,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ” ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์Œ“๊ณ ,
12:53
aggregating the modules into a giant battery
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๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋“ค์„ ์•ฝ 12m ์ •๋„ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ ์•ˆ์—
12:56
that fits in a 40-foot shipping container
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๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—
12:58
for placement in the field.
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๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
And this has a nameplate capacity of two megawatt-hours --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด 2๋ฉ”๊ฐ€์™€ํŠธ ์งœ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์“ธ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ ,
13:03
two million watt-hours.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๋‹น 2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์™€ํŠธ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
That's enough energy
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์ด์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜
13:07
to meet the daily electrical needs
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200๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
13:09
of 200 American households.
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์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ๋‹น ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
So here you have it, grid-level storage:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
silent, emissions-free,
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์ €์†Œ์Œ, ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์Šค๋„ ์—†๊ณ ,
13:17
no moving parts,
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์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ๋„ ์—†๊ณ ,
13:19
remotely controlled,
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์›๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:21
designed to the market price point
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์ •๋ถ€ ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์—†์ด๋„
13:24
without subsidy.
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์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
So what have we learned from all this?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:29
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:35
So what have we learned from all this?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:37
Let me share with you
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
13:39
some of the surprises, the heterodoxies.
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๊ทธ ๋†€๋ผ์›€๊ณผ ์ด๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
They lie beyond the visible.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
Temperature:
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์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:46
Conventional wisdom says set it low,
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ํ”ํžˆ๋“ค ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
13:48
at or near room temperature,
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์ƒ์˜จ์ •๋„๋กœ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
and then install a control system to keep it there.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ ,
13:53
Avoid thermal runaway.
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์—ด ์†์‹ค์„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
13:55
Liquid metal battery is designed to operate at elevated temperature
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์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
13:58
with minimum regulation.
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๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
Our battery can handle the very high temperature rises
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์ด ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ์ง€์ „๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
14:04
that come from current surges.
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๊ณ ์˜จ์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน์—๋„ ์ž˜ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
Scaling: Conventional wisdom says
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ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”. ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
14:11
reduce cost by producing many.
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๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
Liquid metal battery is designed to reduce cost
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์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์†์€ ์ ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
14:16
by producing fewer, but they'll be larger.
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
And finally, human resources:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์  ์ž์›์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
14:21
Conventional wisdom says
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ
14:23
hire battery experts,
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๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋‚˜,
14:25
seasoned professionals,
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๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
14:27
who can draw upon their vast experience and knowledge.
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๊ฒฝํ—˜๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
To develop liquid metal battery,
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์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
14:32
I hired students and post-docs and mentored them.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ณผ์ • ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
In a battery,
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๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—,
14:37
I strive to maximize electrical potential;
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์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
when mentoring,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋„ ํ•  ๋•Œ,
14:42
I strive to maximize human potential.
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์ธ์  ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
14:44
So you see,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
14:46
the liquid metal battery story
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์•ก์ฒด๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
14:48
is more than an account
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ฐœ๋ช…
14:50
of inventing technology,
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์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
it's a blueprint
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐœ๋ช…๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋˜๋Š”
14:54
for inventing inventors, full-spectrum.
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์ „์ฒด ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ์‚ฐ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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