Sonia Shah: 3 reasons we still haven't gotten rid of malaria

185,206 views ใƒป 2013-09-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shir Ben Asher Kestin ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So over the long course of human history,
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ืื– ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:16
the infectious disease that's killed more humans
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงืช ืฉื”ืจื’ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
00:18
than any other is malaria.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืœืจื™ื”.
00:21
It's carried in the bites of infected mosquitos,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื,
00:24
and it's probably our oldest scourge.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
00:26
We may have had malaria since we evolved from the apes.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžืื– ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ืžื”ืงื•ืคื™ื.
00:30
And to this day, malaria takes a huge toll on our species.
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:33
We've got 300 million cases a year
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
00:36
and over half a million deaths.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช.
00:39
Now this really makes no sense.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
00:42
We've known how to cure malaria
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืจืคื ืžืœืจื™ื”
00:44
since the 1600s.
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ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 1600.
00:46
That's when Jesuit missionaries in Peru
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ื–ื” ืžืชื™ ืฉืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•
00:48
discovered the bark of the cinchona tree,
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ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ื›ื™ื ื™ืŸ,
00:51
and inside that bark was quinine,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ื ื™ืŸ,
00:53
still an effective cure for malaria to this day.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืœืจื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:56
So we've known how to cure malaria for centuries.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืจืคื ืžืœืจื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
00:59
We've known how to prevent malaria since 1897.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžืื– 1897.
01:02
That's when the British army surgeon Ronald Ross
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ืื– ื”ืžื ืชื— ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืจื•ื ืืœื“ ืจื•ืก
01:05
discovered that it was mosquitos that carried malaria,
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
01:08
not bad air or miasmas, as was previously thought.
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ืœื ืื•ื™ืจ ืจืข ืื• ืžื™ืื–ืžื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
01:12
So malaria should be a relatively simple disease to solve,
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ืื– ืžืœืจื™ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื” ื“ื™ ืงืœื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
01:18
and yet to this day, hundreds of thousands of people
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
01:22
are going to die from the bite of a mosquito.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ืžืขืงื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉ.
01:25
Why is that?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื”?
01:26
This is a question that's
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ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื”
01:28
personally intrigued me for a long time.
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ืฉืกื™ืงืจื ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
01:30
I grew up as the daughter of Indian immigrants
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ื›ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
01:33
visiting my cousins in India every summer,
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ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ,
01:35
and because I had no immunity to the local malarias,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:38
I was made to sleep under this hot, sweaty mosquito net every night
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ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืจืฉืช ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืžื” ื•ืžื™ื•ื–ืขืช ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”
01:42
while my cousins, they were allowed to sleep
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ
01:44
out on the terrace and have
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช
01:45
this nice, cool night breeze wafting over them.
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ืžื‘ืจื™ื–ื” ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื ืขื™ืžื” ื•ืงืจื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื.
01:48
And I really hated the mosquitos for that.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืฉื ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš.
01:52
But at the same time, I come from a Jain family,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื™ ื‘ืื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’'ื™ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
01:55
and Jainism is a religion that espouses
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ื•ื’'ื™ื™ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืช ืฉืžืืžืฆืช
01:57
a very extreme form of nonviolence.
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
02:00
So Jains are not supposed to eat meat.
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ืื– ื’'ื™ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ.
02:04
We're not supposed to walk on grass,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื“ืฉื,
02:06
because you could, you know,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:07
inadvertently kill some insects when you walk on grass.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ืžื” ื—ืจืงื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืœ ื“ืฉื.
02:09
We're certainly not supposed to swat mosquitos.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื.
02:12
So the fearsome power of this little insect
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ืื– ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื™ืžืชื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
02:15
was apparent to me from a very young age,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
02:17
and it's one reason why I spent five years as a journalist
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช
02:20
trying to understand, why has malaria
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœืžื” ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
02:23
been such a horrible scourge for all of us for so very long?
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ื›ื–ื” ืคื’ืข ื ื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ?
02:28
And I think there's three main reasons why.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
02:30
Those three reasons add up to the fourth reason,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช,
02:33
which is probably the biggest reason of all.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ.
02:36
The first reason is certainly scientific.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
02:39
This little parasite that causes malaria,
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ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืœืจื™ื”,
02:41
it's probably one of the most complex
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
02:43
and wily pathogens known to humankind.
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ื•ื”ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:45
It lives half its life inside the cold-blooded mosquito
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืœื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื ืงืจ
02:49
and half its life inside the warm-blooded human.
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ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื ื—ื.
02:53
These two environments are totally different,
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
02:56
but not only that, they're both utterly hostile.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:59
So the insect is continually trying to fight off the parasite,
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ืื– ื”ื—ืจืง ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื˜ืคื™ืœ,
03:03
and so is the human body continually trying to fight it off.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื ืกื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื•.
03:06
This little creature survives under siege like that,
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ืจื“ ืชื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื”,
03:10
but not only does it survive, it has thrived.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืจื“, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื’ืฉื’.
03:13
It has spread. It has more ways to evade attack than we know.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืชืงืคื” ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
03:17
It's a shape-shifter, for one thing.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื”-ืฆื•ืจื”.
03:19
Just as a caterpillar turns into a butterfly,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื—ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืคืจืคืจ,
03:23
the malaria parasite transforms itself like that
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ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื›ื”
03:25
seven times in its life cycle.
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ืฉื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
03:28
And each of those life stages not only looks totally different from each other,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืจืง ื ืจืื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืื—ืจ,
03:33
they have totally different physiology.
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ื’ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
03:36
So say you came up with some great drug
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
03:38
that worked against one stage of the parasite's life cycle.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื ื’ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ,
03:41
It might do nothing at all to any of the other stages.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:44
It can hide in our bodies, undetected,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื•, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ,
03:47
unbeknownst to us, for days, for weeks,
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ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
03:49
for months, for years, in some cases even decades.
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
03:53
So the parasite is a very big scientific challenge to tackle,
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ืื– ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืชื’ืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:58
but so is the mosquito that carries the parasite.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืืช ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœ.
04:01
Only about 12 species of mosquitos
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ืจืง ื›-12 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื
04:03
carry most of the world's malaria,
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ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:05
and we know quite a bit about the kinds of
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ
04:07
watery habitats that they specialize in.
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ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
04:10
So you might think, then, well, why don't we just
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ืื– ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื–, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜
04:13
avoid the places where the killer mosquitos live? Right?
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ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื? ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:16
We could avoid the places where the killer grizzly bears live
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
04:18
and we avoid the places where the killer crocodiles live.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืงืจื•ืงื•ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:21
But say you live in the tropics
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ื—ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืจื•ืคื™
04:24
and you walk outside your hut one day
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ืงืชื” ืฉืœืš ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
04:27
and you leave some footprints in the soft dirt
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื›ืžื” ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืคืจ ื”ืจืš
04:29
around your home.
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ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืชืš.
04:31
Or say your cow does, or say your pig does,
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ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœืš ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืฉืœืš ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช
04:35
and then, say, it rains,
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ื•ืื–, ื ื ื™ื—, ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื,
04:37
and that footprint fills up with a little bit of water.
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ื•ื”ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืชืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื,
04:39
That's it. You've created the perfect
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”. ื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
04:41
malarial mosquito habitat that's right outside your door.
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ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืคืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืชืš.
04:45
So it's not easy for us to extricate ourselves from these insects.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:48
We kind of create places that they love to live
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื
04:50
just by living our own lives.
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ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
04:52
So there's a huge scientific challenge,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืชื’ืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืขื ืง,
04:54
but there's a huge economic challenge too.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืชื’ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื ืง.
04:56
Malaria occurs in some of the poorest
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ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:58
and most remote places on Earth,
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ื•ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
05:00
and there's a reason for that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš.
05:02
If you're poor, you're more likely to get malaria.
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ืื ืืชื” ืขื ื™, ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”.
05:04
If you're poor, you're more likely to live
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ืื ืืชื” ืขื ื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืชื—ื™ื™ื”
05:06
in rudimentary housing on marginal land that's poorly drained.
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ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืžื ื•ืงื–ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
05:10
These are places where mosquitos breed.
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ืืœื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื.
05:13
You're less likely to have door screens or window screens.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืชื•ืช ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช.
05:17
You're less likely to have electricity
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื—ืฉืžืœ
05:19
and all the indoor activities that electricity makes possible,
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
05:22
so you're outside more.
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ืื– ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:23
You're getting bitten by mosquitos more.
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ืืชื” ื ืขืงืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:25
So poverty causes malaria,
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ืื– ืขื•ื ื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืœืจื™ื”,
05:27
but what we also know now is that malaria itself
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”
05:30
causes poverty.
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ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ื ื™.
05:31
For one thing, it strikes hardest during harvest season,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ,
05:34
so exactly when farmers need to be out in the fields
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ืื– ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
05:37
collecting their crops, they're home sick with a fever.
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ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื, ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื.
05:41
But it also predisposes people to death
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžื•ื•ืช
05:44
from all other causes.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
05:45
So this has happened historically.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
05:47
We've been able to take malaria out of a society.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
05:50
Everything else stays the same,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื ืฉืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
05:52
so we still have bad food, bad water, bad sanitation,
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ืื– ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื’ืจื•ืข, ืžื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”,
05:54
all the things that make people sick.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืช.
05:56
But just if you take malaria out,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืจืง ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
05:58
deaths from everything else go down.
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ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื•.
06:02
And the economist Jeff Sachs has actually quantified
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื’'ืฃ ืกืืงืก ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื™ืžืช
06:05
what this means for a society.
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ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
06:07
What it means is, if you have malaria in your society,
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœืš,
06:10
your economic growth is depressed
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ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืžื“ื•ื›ืืช
06:12
by 1.3 percent every year,
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ื‘ 1.3 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
06:16
year after year after year, just this one disease alone.
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ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื”, ืจืง ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื‘ื“ื”.
06:20
So this poses a huge economic challenge,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืชื’ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื ืง,
06:22
because say you do come up with your great drug
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื ื™ื— ืฉื›ืŸ ืชืžืฆื ืชืจื•ืคื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช
06:25
or your great vaccine -- how do you deliver it
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ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ-- ืื™ืš ืชื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื–ื”
06:27
in a place where there's no roads,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื,
06:29
there's no infrastructure,
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ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช,
06:31
there's no electricity for refrigeration to keep things cold,
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ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื,
06:34
there's no clinics, there's no clinicians
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืจืคืื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื
06:37
to deliver these things where they're needed?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš?
06:39
So there's a huge economic challenge in taming malaria.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืชื’ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื ืง ื‘ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”.
06:43
But along with the scientific challenge and the economic challenge,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
06:46
there's also a cultural challenge,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืชื’ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
06:48
and this is probably the part about malaria
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ื•ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื—ืœืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”
06:51
that people don't like to talk about.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
06:54
And it's the paradox that the people
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื
06:56
who have the most malaria in the world
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:58
tend to care about it the least.
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื›ืš ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช.
07:01
This has been the finding of medical anthropologists again and again.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืฆื ืฉืœ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื.
07:04
They ask people in malarious parts of the world,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ ืžืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
07:07
"What do you think about malaria?"
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"ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”?"
07:09
And they don't say, "It's a killer disease. We're scared of it."
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื–ืืช ืžื—ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื”."
07:13
They say, "Malaria is a normal problem of life."
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื."
07:18
And that was certainly my personal experience.
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
07:20
When I told my relatives in India
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ื›ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
07:22
that I was writing a book about malaria,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”,
07:24
they kind of looked at me like
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ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœื™ ื›ืื™ืœื•
07:26
I told them I was writing a book about warts or something.
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ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
07:28
Like, why would you write about something so boring,
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ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืœืžื” ืฉืชื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืขืžื,
07:31
so ordinary? You know?
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื’ื™ืœ? ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?
07:33
And it's simple risk perception, really.
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
07:36
A child in Malawi, for example,
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ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืžืœืื•ื•ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ,
07:38
she might have 12 episodes of malaria before the age of two,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื” 12 ื”ืชืงืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
07:43
but if she survives,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ืช,
07:45
she'll continue to get malaria throughout her life,
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ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื” ืžืœืจื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:48
but she's much less likely to die of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ืช ืžื–ื”.
07:50
And so in her lived experience,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
07:52
malaria is something that comes and goes.
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ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื‘ื ื•ื”ื•ืœืš.
07:56
And that's actually true for most of the world's malaria.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:58
Most of the world's malaria comes and goes on its own.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžืขืฆืžื”.
08:01
It's just, there's so much malaria
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœืจื™ื”
08:04
that this tiny fraction of cases that end in death
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ืฉื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช
08:08
add up to this big, huge number.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืขื ืง.
08:11
So I think people in malarious parts of the world
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื•ื›ื™ ืžืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
08:13
must think of malaria the way
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื”
08:15
those of us who live in the temperate world
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ืฉืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’
08:16
think of cold and flu. Right?
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืคืขืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:18
Cold and flu have a huge burden on our societies
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื˜ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:22
and on our own lives,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:24
but we don't really even take
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื
08:25
the most rudimentary precautions against it because
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ
08:27
we consider it normal to get cold and flu
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืคืขืช
08:30
during cold and flu season.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืช.
08:32
And so this poses a huge cultural challenge in taming malaria,
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืขื ืง ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
08:37
because if people think it's normal to have malaria,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื”,
08:41
then how do you get them to run to the doctor
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืจื•ืคื
08:44
to get diagnosed, to pick up their prescription,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื‘ื—ื ื”, ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืจืฉื ืฉืœื”ื,
08:47
to get it filled, to take the drugs,
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
08:49
to put on the repellents, to tuck in the bed nets?
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ื—ื™ ื™ืชื•ืฉื™ื, ืœื”ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช?
08:52
This is a huge cultural challenge in taming this disease.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
08:57
So take all that together.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“.
08:58
We've got a disease. It's scientifically complicated,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื—ืœื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
09:03
it's economically challenging to deal with,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
09:05
and it's one for which the people who stand
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ืืช ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
09:07
to benefit the most care about it the least.
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ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช.
09:09
And that adds up to the biggest problem of all,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ,
09:11
which, of course, is the political problem.
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
09:14
How do you get a political leader to do anything
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
09:17
about a problem like this?
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื–ืืช?
09:19
And the answer is, historically, you don't.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืืชื” ืœื.
09:24
Most malarious societies throughout history
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
09:26
have simply lived with the disease.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื™ื• ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
09:28
So the main attacks on malaria have come
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ืื– ื”ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืื•
09:30
from outside of malarious societies,
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
09:33
from people who aren't constrained
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ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืื•ืœืฆื™ื
09:34
by these rather paralyzing politics.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ ืžืฉืชืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
09:37
But this, I think, introduces a whole host of other kinds of difficulties.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื.
09:41
The first concerted attack against malaria
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ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืœืจื™ื”
09:43
started in the 1950s.
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ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 1950.
09:45
It was the brainchild of the U.S. State Department.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืจื™ ืžืืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
09:48
And this effort well understood the economic challenge.
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ื•ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
09:51
They knew they had to focus on cheap, easy-to-use tools,
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืงืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
09:54
and they focused on DDT.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘- DDT.
09:56
They understood the cultural challenge.
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
09:58
In fact, their rather patronizing view was that
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื“ื™ ืžืชื ืฉืืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
10:01
people at risk of malaria shouldn't be asked to do anything at all.
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ืฉืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืœืจื™ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ.
10:04
Everything should be done to them and for them.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
10:07
But they greatly underestimated the scientific challenge.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
10:10
They had so much faith in their tools
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
10:13
that they stopped doing malaria research.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”.
10:16
And so when those tools started to fail,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ,
10:18
and public opinion started to turn against those tools,
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ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
10:21
they had no scientific expertise to figure out what to do.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
10:25
The whole campaign crashed, malaria resurged back,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜, ืžืœืจื™ื” ืฆืฆื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”,
10:29
but now it was even worse than before
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
10:30
because it was corralled into the hardest-to-reach places
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื
10:33
in the most difficult-to-control forms.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
10:36
One WHO official at the time actually called that whole campaign
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ื’ื•ืจื ืจืฉืžื™ ืื—ื“ ืž- WHO ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
10:40
"one of the greatest mistakes ever made in public health."
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"ืื—ืช ืžื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ."
10:45
The latest effort to tame malaria started in the late 1990s.
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ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 1990 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช.
10:47
It's similarly directed and financed primarily
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™
10:51
from outside of malarious societies.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืžืœืจื™ื”.
10:53
Now this effort well understands the scientific challenge.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™.
10:56
They are doing tons of malaria research.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”.
10:58
And they understand the economic challenge too.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
11:00
They're focusing on very cheap, very easy-to-use tools.
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ื”ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
11:04
But now, I think, the dilemma is the cultural challenge.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืฉื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
11:08
The centerpiece of the current effort is the bed net.
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ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืœื”.
11:11
It's treated with insecticides.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื—ืจืงื™ื.
11:13
This thing has been distributed across the malarious world
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžืœืจื™ื”
11:15
by the millions.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
11:17
And when you think about the bed net,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืœื”,
11:19
it's sort of a surgical intervention.
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ื–ืืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ืช.
11:22
You know, it doesn't really have any value
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืขืจืš
11:24
to a family with malaria except that it helps prevent malaria.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืœืจื™ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืœืจื™ื”.
11:27
And yet we're asking people to use these nets every night.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”.
11:31
They have to sleep under them every night.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืชื—ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”.
11:33
That's the only way they are effective.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
11:35
And they have to do that
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
11:36
even if the net blocks the breeze,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืžืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื–ื”,
11:39
even if they might have to get up in the middle of the night
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืงื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืœื™ืœื”
11:42
and relieve themselves,
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ื•ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช,
11:44
even if they might have to move all their furnishings
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
11:46
to put this thing up,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
11:48
even if, you know, they might live in a round hut
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืชื” ืขื’ื•ืœื”
11:50
in which it's difficult to string up a square net.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ื˜ ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืจืฉืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืขืช.
11:54
Now that's no big deal if you're fighting a killer disease.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ืืชื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
11:59
I mean, these are minor inconveniences.
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื˜ืจื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
12:01
But that's not how people with malaria think of malaria.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœืจื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืœืจื™ื”.
12:05
So for them, the calculus must be quite different.
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
12:10
Imagine, for example, if a bunch of well-meaning Kenyans
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
12:14
came up to those of us in the temperate world and said,
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
12:16
"You know, you people have a lot of cold and flu.
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"ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืคืขืช.
12:19
We've designed this great, easy-to-use, cheap tool,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื›ื ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืงืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื–ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
12:22
we're going to give it to you for free.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
12:23
It's called a face mask,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืžืกื™ื›ืช ืคื ื™ื,
12:25
and all you need to do is
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื
12:29
wear it every day during cold and flu season
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ืœื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืช
12:31
when you go to school and when you go to work."
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”."
12:34
Would we do that?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
12:36
And I wonder if that's how people
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ื•ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
12:38
in the malarious world thought of those nets
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
12:40
when they first received them?
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”?
12:42
Indeed, we know from studies
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ืื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื
12:45
that only 20 percent of the bed nets
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ืฉืจืง 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช
12:48
that were first distributed were actually used.
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ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
12:51
And even that's probably an overestimate,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช,
12:52
because the same people who distributed the nets
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ืœืงื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช
12:55
went back and asked the recipients,
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ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื,
12:56
"Oh, did you use that net I gave you?"
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"ื”ื•, ื”ืื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื ื‘ื›ื™ืœื” ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœื›ื?"
12:59
Which is like your Aunt Jane asking you,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืืœ ืื•ืชืš,
13:01
"Oh, did you use that vase I gave you for Christmas?"
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"ื”ื•, ื”ืื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื’ืจื˜ืœ ืฉื ืชืชื™ ืœืš ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“?"
13:04
So it's probably an overestimate.
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ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื™ืชืจ.
13:06
But that's not an insurmountable problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”.
13:10
We can do more education,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
13:11
we can try to convince these people to use the nets.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืœื•ืช.
13:14
And that's what happening now.
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ื•ื–ื  ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
13:15
We're throwing a lot more time and money
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื›ืกืฃ
13:17
into workshops and trainings and musicals and plays
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ืขืœ ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืช-ื–ืžืจ ื•ื”ืฆื’ื•ืช
13:22
and school meetings,
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ื•ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ,
13:24
all these things to convince people
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื ืฉื™ื
13:26
to use the nets we gave you.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื›ื.
13:29
And that might work.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
13:31
But it takes time. It takes money.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืกืฃ.
13:34
It takes resources. It takes infrastructure.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื. ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช.
13:36
It takes all the things that that cheap,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืœื” ื–ื•ืœื”
13:39
easy-to-use bed net was not supposed to be.
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ื•ืงืœื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ.
13:42
So it's difficult to attack malaria from inside malarious societies,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืžืœืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืœืจื™ื”,
13:45
but it's equally tricky when we try to attack it
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื”
13:48
from outside of those societies.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
13:51
We end up imposing our own priorities
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืคื™ื ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:52
on the people of the malarious world.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžืœืจื™ื”.
13:54
That's exactly what we did in the 1950s,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 1950,
13:57
and that effort backfired.
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ื•ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
13:59
I would argue today,
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
14:00
when we are distributing tools that we've designed
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ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื•
14:04
and that don't necessarily make sense in people's lives,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
14:08
we run the risk of making the same mistake again.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
14:12
That's not to say that malaria is unconquerable,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ,
14:14
because I think it is,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ,
14:15
but what if we attacked this disease
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื ืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
14:17
according to the priorities of the people who lived with it?
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื”?
14:21
Take the example of England and the United States.
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
14:23
We had malaria in those countries for hundreds of years,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
14:26
and we got rid of it completely,
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ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื ื• ืžืžื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
14:29
not because we attacked malaria. We didn't.
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชืงืคื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”. ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช.
14:32
We attacked bad roads and bad houses
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ืชืงืคื ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื
14:36
and bad drainage and lack of electricity and rural poverty.
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ื•ื ื™ืงื•ื– ื’ืจื•ืข ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื.
14:41
We attacked the malarious way of life,
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ืชืงืคื ื• ืืช ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
14:44
and by doing that, we slowly built malaria out.
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื“ื—ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
14:50
Now attacking the malarious way of life,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
14:51
this is something -- these are things people care about today.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•-- ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื›ืคืช ืžืžื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
14:55
And attacking the malarious way of life,
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ื•ืชืงื™ืคืช ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”,
14:57
it's not fast, it's not cheap, it's not easy,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ื–ื•ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ,
15:02
but I think it's the only lasting way forward.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
15:05
Thank you so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
15:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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