Sonia Shah: 3 reasons we still haven't gotten rid of malaria

184,337 views ใƒป 2013-09-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : lin piao
00:12
So over the long course of human history,
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๊ธฐ๋‚˜๊ธด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
00:16
the infectious disease that's killed more humans
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ง์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€
00:18
than any other is malaria.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
It's carried in the bites of infected mosquitos,
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์ด ๋ณ‘์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์–ด ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:24
and it's probably our oldest scourge.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ณจ์นซ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
We may have had malaria since we evolved from the apes.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์œ ์ธ์›์—์„œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์–ด์™”๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
00:30
And to this day, malaria takes a huge toll on our species.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:33
We've got 300 million cases a year
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1๋…„์— 3์–ต๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
00:36
and over half a million deaths.
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50๋งŒ๋ช…์ด์ƒ์ด ์ฃฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
Now this really makes no sense.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์š”.
00:42
We've known how to cure malaria
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 1600๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
00:44
since the 1600s.
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์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:46
That's when Jesuit missionaries in Peru
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ํŽ˜๋ฃจ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ˜ํšŒ ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด
00:48
discovered the bark of the cinchona tree,
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๊ธฐ๋‚˜๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๊ป์งˆ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:51
and inside that bark was quinine,
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ํ‚ค๋‹ˆ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
still an effective cure for malaria to this day.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:56
So we've known how to cure malaria for centuries.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
We've known how to prevent malaria since 1897.
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๋˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ 1897๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
01:02
That's when the British army surgeon Ronald Ross
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์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์ธ ๋กœ๋‚ ๋“œ ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐ€
01:05
discovered that it was mosquitos that carried malaria,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
not bad air or miasmas, as was previously thought.
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๊ทธ ์ด์ „์— ์ด์œ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‚˜์œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:12
So malaria should be a relatively simple disease to solve,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:18
and yet to this day, hundreds of thousands of people
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:22
are going to die from the bite of a mosquito.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ๋ ค ์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Why is that?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
01:26
This is a question that's
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜ค๋žœ๋™์•ˆ
01:28
personally intrigued me for a long time.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
01:30
I grew up as the daughter of Indian immigrants
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์ €๋Š” ์ธ๋„ ์ด๋ฏผ์ž์˜ ๋”ธ๋กœ ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ
01:33
visiting my cousins in India every summer,
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๋งค๋…„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์ธ๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
and because I had no immunity to the local malarias,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:38
I was made to sleep under this hot, sweaty mosquito net every night
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฐค๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฅ๊ณ  ๋•€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ž์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:42
while my cousins, they were allowed to sleep
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ œ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ๋“ค์€ ์•ผ์™ธ ํ…Œ๋ผ์Šค์—์„œ
01:44
out on the terrace and have
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์ž๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๋ฝ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
01:45
this nice, cool night breeze wafting over them.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐค ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ์ฌ๋ฉฐ ์ž ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:48
And I really hated the mosquitos for that.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฏธ์›Œํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:52
But at the same time, I come from a Jain family,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €๋Š” ์ž์ด๋‚˜๊ต ์ง‘์•ˆ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
and Jainism is a religion that espouses
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์ž์ด๋‚˜๊ต๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜
01:57
a very extreme form of nonviolence.
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๋น„ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์—์š”.
02:00
So Jains are not supposed to eat meat.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์ด๋‚˜ ๊ต๋„๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
We're not supposed to walk on grass,
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์ž”๋””์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ .
02:06
because you could, you know,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
02:07
inadvertently kill some insects when you walk on grass.
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์ž”๋””์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑท๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜๋„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
We're certainly not supposed to swat mosquitos.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋•Œ๋ ค ์žก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:12
So the fearsome power of this little insect
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋‘๋ ค์›€์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋Š”
02:15
was apparent to me from a very young age,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:17
and it's one reason why I spent five years as a journalist
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ
02:20
trying to understand, why has malaria
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๋‘๋ ค์šด ๊ณจ์นซ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ 
02:23
been such a horrible scourge for all of us for so very long?
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๊ธฐ์ž๋กœ์„œ 5๋…„๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
And I think there's three main reasons why.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
Those three reasons add up to the fourth reason,
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๊ทธ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:33
which is probably the biggest reason of all.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
02:36
The first reason is certainly scientific.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”.
02:39
This little parasite that causes malaria,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์œ ํ•ด ๋ณ‘๊ท ์€
02:41
it's probably one of the most complex
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ 
02:43
and wily pathogens known to humankind.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ตํ™œํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
02:45
It lives half its life inside the cold-blooded mosquito
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์ด ๋…€์„์€ ํ‰์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋ƒ‰ํ˜ˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชธ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
02:49
and half its life inside the warm-blooded human.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜์€ ์˜จํ˜ˆ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
These two environments are totally different,
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์ด ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ
02:56
but not only that, they're both utterly hostile.
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๊ทธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ ๋‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
So the insect is continually trying to fight off the parasite,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณค์ถฉ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ด ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด์™€ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:03
and so is the human body continually trying to fight it off.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‹ธ์›Œ ๋–จ์ณ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์—์š”.
03:06
This little creature survives under siege like that,
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ‹ˆ๋ฐ”๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
but not only does it survive, it has thrived.
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์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:13
It has spread. It has more ways to evade attack than we know.
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๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…€์„์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:17
It's a shape-shifter, for one thing.
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ์ด ๋…€์„์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
Just as a caterpillar turns into a butterfly,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์• ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋น„๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด
03:23
the malaria parasite transforms itself like that
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์€ ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ์—
03:25
seven times in its life cycle.
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๋ชจ๋‘ 7๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
And each of those life stages not only looks totally different from each other,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
03:33
they have totally different physiology.
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์ƒํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
So say you came up with some great drug
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์ƒ์•  ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—
03:38
that worked against one stage of the parasite's life cycle.
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์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์•ฝ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„
03:41
It might do nothing at all to any of the other stages.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:44
It can hide in our bodies, undetected,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ง€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ฑ„
03:47
unbeknownst to us, for days, for weeks,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡ ์ผ, ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ,
03:49
for months, for years, in some cases even decades.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์›”, ๋ช‡ ๋…„, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ๋ช‡ ์‹ญ๋…„์”ฉ ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
So the parasite is a very big scientific challenge to tackle,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๋„์ „์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
but so is the mosquito that carries the parasite.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ณ‘์›๊ท ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์—์š”.
04:01
Only about 12 species of mosquitos
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์•ฝ 12์ข…๋งŒ์ด
04:03
carry most of the world's malaria,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ท ์„ ์˜ฎ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
and we know quite a bit about the kinds of
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”
04:07
watery habitats that they specialize in.
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๋ฌผ๊ธฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์„œ์‹์ง€์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
So you might think, then, well, why don't we just
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ . ์Œ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์ €
04:13
avoid the places where the killer mosquitos live? Right?
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์‚ด์ธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ? ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
04:16
We could avoid the places where the killer grizzly bears live
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ํšŒ์ƒ‰๊ณฐ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:18
and we avoid the places where the killer crocodiles live.
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์‚ด์ธ ์•…์–ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณณ๋„ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
04:21
But say you live in the tropics
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ด๋Œ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์— ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
04:24
and you walk outside your hut one day
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ์ง‘ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์„œ
04:27
and you leave some footprints in the soft dirt
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋•…์— ๋ฐœ์ž์šฑ์„
04:29
around your home.
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๋‚จ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
Or say your cow does, or say your pig does,
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ํ˜น์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์†Œ๋‚˜ ๋ผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:35
and then, say, it rains,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธฐํ•˜๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:37
and that footprint fills up with a little bit of water.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ž์šฑ์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
That's it. You've created the perfect
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ–์—
04:41
malarial mosquito habitat that's right outside your door.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
So it's not easy for us to extricate ourselves from these insects.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ณค์ถฉ์„ ๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
We kind of create places that they love to live
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์‚ด๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”
04:50
just by living our own lives.
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์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ฃผ๊ณค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:52
So there's a huge scientific challenge,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฑด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋„์ „์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:54
but there's a huge economic challenge too.
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์ „์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
Malaria occurs in some of the poorest
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ 
04:58
and most remote places on Earth,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์™ธ๋”ด ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
and there's a reason for that.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
If you're poor, you're more likely to get malaria.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
If you're poor, you're more likely to live
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๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ์ด ์ž˜ ๋น ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€
05:06
in rudimentary housing on marginal land that's poorly drained.
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์ข์€ ๋•…์œ„์— ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ง‘์— ์‚ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
These are places where mosquitos breed.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
05:13
You're less likely to have door screens or window screens.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ์ณ์ง„ ํ˜„๊ด€๋ฌธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
You're less likely to have electricity
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
05:19
and all the indoor activities that electricity makes possible,
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ์‹ค๋‚ด ํ™œ๋™๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ž–์•„์š”.
05:22
so you're outside more.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•ผ์™ธ์— ๋” ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
You're getting bitten by mosquitos more.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
05:25
So poverty causes malaria,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
but what we also know now is that malaria itself
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€
05:30
causes poverty.
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๊ฐ€๋‚œ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
For one thing, it strikes hardest during harvest season,
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ™•์˜ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
so exactly when farmers need to be out in the fields
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์ด ๋ฐญ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณก์‹์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘ฌ๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ฃ .
05:37
collecting their crops, they're home sick with a fever.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์€ ๋ฐญ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ์•ˆ๋‹ฌ์ด ๋‚  ๋•Œ์—์š”.
05:41
But it also predisposes people to death
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ
05:44
from all other causes.
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๋‚ด๋ชจ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
So this has happened historically.
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์ด๊ฑด ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ„์† ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
We've been able to take malaria out of a society.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฉ๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
05:50
Everything else stays the same,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์ธ ์ฑ„๋กœ์š”.
05:52
so we still have bad food, bad water, bad sanitation,
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ดˆ๋ผํ•œ ์Œ์‹, ์ข‹์ง€์•Š์€ ๋ฌผ, ๊บ ๋—ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค,
05:54
all the things that make people sick.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ณ‘๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
But just if you take malaria out,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋งŒ ์—†์• ๋ฉด
05:58
deaths from everything else go down.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ง๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
And the economist Jeff Sachs has actually quantified
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์ธ ์ œํ”„ ์‚ญ์Šค๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
06:05
what this means for a society.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ฐ์ˆ ํ™” ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
What it means is, if you have malaria in your society,
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๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด๋ž€, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด
06:10
your economic growth is depressed
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด
06:12
by 1.3 percent every year,
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๋งค๋…„ 1.3%์”ฉ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
year after year after year, just this one disease alone.
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ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•ด๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์—์š”. ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‹จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
So this poses a huge economic challenge,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋„์ „์„ ๋˜์ ธ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
because say you do come up with your great drug
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ข‹์€ ์•ฝ์ด๋‚˜
06:25
or your great vaccine -- how do you deliver it
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ฅด๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:27
in a place where there's no roads,
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๊ธธ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:29
there's no infrastructure,
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๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
06:31
there's no electricity for refrigeration to keep things cold,
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๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•  ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ์— ์“ธ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
06:34
there's no clinics, there's no clinicians
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ „ํ•ด ์ค„
06:37
to deliver these things where they're needed?
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๋ณ‘์›์ด๋‚˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
06:39
So there's a huge economic challenge in taming malaria.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์žก๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š” ์—„์ฐฝ๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋„์ „์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
But along with the scientific challenge and the economic challenge,
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋„์ „ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„
06:46
there's also a cultural challenge,
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๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ๋„์ „๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
and this is probably the part about malaria
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์ด๊ฑด ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
06:51
that people don't like to talk about.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผํ…๋ฐ์š”.
06:54
And it's the paradox that the people
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
06:56
who have the most malaria in the world
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๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •์„
06:58
tend to care about it the least.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
This has been the finding of medical anthropologists again and again.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์˜ํ•™ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด ์™”๋˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—์š”.
07:04
They ask people in malarious parts of the world,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
"What do you think about malaria?"
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"๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
07:09
And they don't say, "It's a killer disease. We're scared of it."
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์ฃ . "๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋ง์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ด์ฃ . ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œ์š”."
07:13
They say, "Malaria is a normal problem of life."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” "๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:18
And that was certainly my personal experience.
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์ตœ์†Œํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—์š”.
07:20
When I told my relatives in India
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์ธ๋„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ ์นœ์ฒ™๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
07:22
that I was writing a book about malaria,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
07:24
they kind of looked at me like
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ €๋ฅผ
07:26
I told them I was writing a book about warts or something.
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์ •๋ง ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
Like, why would you write about something so boring,
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๋งˆ์น˜, ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์€ ๋ญํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์“ฐ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ง€?
07:31
so ordinary? You know?
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๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ์ด์š”.
07:33
And it's simple risk perception, really.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง์ด์ง€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์š”.
07:36
A child in Malawi, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ง๋ผ์œ„์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:38
she might have 12 episodes of malaria before the age of two,
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๋‘์‚ด๋„ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— 12๋ฒˆ์€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
but if she survives,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•„๋„
07:45
she'll continue to get malaria throughout her life,
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ‰์ƒ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฒช์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
07:48
but she's much less likely to die of it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ ์ฃฝ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ ์ ์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
07:50
And so in her lived experience,
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์—
07:52
malaria is something that comes and goes.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ๋‚ซ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ‘์ผ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
07:56
And that's actually true for most of the world's malaria.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธด ํ•˜์ฃ .
07:58
Most of the world's malaria comes and goes on its own.
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‚ซ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
It's just, there's so much malaria
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ค‘๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ
08:04
that this tiny fraction of cases that end in death
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์ด
08:08
add up to this big, huge number.
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๋”ํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
So I think people in malarious parts of the world
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
08:13
must think of malaria the way
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ
08:15
those of us who live in the temperate world
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์˜จํ™”ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
08:16
think of cold and flu. Right?
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชธ์‚ด๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋„์ฏค์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
08:18
Cold and flu have a huge burden on our societies
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชธ์‚ด์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
08:22
and on our own lives,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์—๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:24
but we don't really even take
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
08:25
the most rudimentary precautions against it because
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
we consider it normal to get cold and flu
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชธ์‚ด์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ 
08:30
during cold and flu season.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”.
08:32
And so this poses a huge cultural challenge in taming malaria,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์žก๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ฃผ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋„์ „์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
because if people think it's normal to have malaria,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด
08:41
then how do you get them to run to the doctor
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์„œ
08:44
to get diagnosed, to pick up their prescription,
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์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
08:47
to get it filled, to take the drugs,
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์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
08:49
to put on the repellents, to tuck in the bed nets?
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
08:52
This is a huge cultural challenge in taming this disease.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ฃผ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
So take all that together.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ชจ์•„๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
08:58
We've got a disease. It's scientifically complicated,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ 
09:03
it's economically challenging to deal with,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ „์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
09:05
and it's one for which the people who stand
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์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ๋œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
09:07
to benefit the most care about it the least.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
And that adds up to the biggest problem of all,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ๋”ํ•ด์ ธ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
which, of course, is the political problem.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:14
How do you get a political leader to do anything
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์ •์น˜ ์ง€๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
09:17
about a problem like this?
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๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ ?
09:19
And the answer is, historically, you don't.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ต์€, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Most malarious societies throughout history
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š”
09:26
have simply lived with the disease.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
So the main attacks on malaria have come
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์€
09:30
from outside of malarious societies,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:33
from people who aren't constrained
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ ฅํ•œ ์ •์น˜์—
09:34
by these rather paralyzing politics.
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์ œํ•œ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์–ด์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
But this, I think, introduces a whole host of other kinds of difficulties.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
The first concerted attack against malaria
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ‡ด์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Š”
09:43
started in the 1950s.
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1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:45
It was the brainchild of the U.S. State Department.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:48
And this effort well understood the economic challenge.
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์ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋„์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
They knew they had to focus on cheap, easy-to-use tools,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ’์‹ธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:54
and they focused on DDT.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ DDT ๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
They understood the cultural challenge.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋„์ „๋„ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:58
In fact, their rather patronizing view was that
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋งŒํ•œ ์ž์„ธ๋Š”
10:01
people at risk of malaria shouldn't be asked to do anything at all.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฌป์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
Everything should be done to them and for them.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
But they greatly underestimated the scientific challenge.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋„์ „์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:10
They had so much faith in their tools
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:13
that they stopped doing malaria research.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
And so when those tools started to fail,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:18
and public opinion started to turn against those tools,
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๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
10:21
they had no scientific expertise to figure out what to do.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
The whole campaign crashed, malaria resurged back,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ ธ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๊ณ  ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜์‚ด์•„๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
10:29
but now it was even worse than before
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‚˜๋นด์–ด์š”.
10:30
because it was corralled into the hardest-to-reach places
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ง€์—ญ์—
10:33
in the most difficult-to-control forms.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ˆจ์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
One WHO official at the time actually called that whole campaign
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๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ
10:40
"one of the greatest mistakes ever made in public health."
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"๊ณต๊ณต ๋ณด๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
The latest effort to tame malaria started in the late 1990s.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ‡ด์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” 1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:47
It's similarly directed and financed primarily
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐํš๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:51
from outside of malarious societies.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์›์„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
Now this effort well understands the scientific challenge.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋„์ „์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
10:56
They are doing tons of malaria research.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
And they understand the economic challenge too.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋„์ „๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
11:00
They're focusing on very cheap, very easy-to-use tools.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ’์‹ธ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๋„๊ตฌ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:04
But now, I think, the dilemma is the cultural challenge.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋„์ „์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
The centerpiece of the current effort is the bed net.
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ํ˜„์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ฃผ์•ˆ์ ์€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
It's treated with insecticides.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ์ œ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
11:13
This thing has been distributed across the malarious world
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ „์—ญ์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
by the millions.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๊ฐœ์˜€์ฃ .
11:17
And when you think about the bed net,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
11:19
it's sort of a surgical intervention.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์˜ํ•™์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ฐœ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
11:22
You know, it doesn't really have any value
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ์™ธ์—๋Š”
11:24
to a family with malaria except that it helps prevent malaria.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
And yet we're asking people to use these nets every night.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
They have to sleep under them every night.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ž์•ผํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
11:33
That's the only way they are effective.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
11:35
And they have to do that
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋ง‰์•„๋„
11:36
even if the net blocks the breeze,
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ž์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:39
even if they might have to get up in the middle of the night
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๋ฐค์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•ด๋„
11:42
and relieve themselves,
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๊ผญ ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ž์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:44
even if they might have to move all their furnishings
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์น˜๋ ค๋ฉด
11:46
to put this thing up,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:48
even if, you know, they might live in a round hut
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋‘๋ง‰์€ ์›ํ˜•์ธ๋ฐ
11:50
in which it's difficult to string up a square net.
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์‚ฌ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์น˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์น˜๊ณ  ์ž์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:54
Now that's no big deal if you're fighting a killer disease.
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ญ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
11:59
I mean, these are minor inconveniences.
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์ œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๋ถˆํŽธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
But that's not how people with malaria think of malaria.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:05
So for them, the calculus must be quite different.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ, ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์–ด์š”.
12:10
Imagine, for example, if a bunch of well-meaning Kenyans
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ์˜์˜ ์ผ€๋ƒ์ธ๋“ค์ด
12:14
came up to those of us in the temperate world and said,
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์˜จํ™”ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์™€
12:16
"You know, you people have a lot of cold and flu.
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"๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชธ์‚ด์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์•“๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
12:19
We've designed this great, easy-to-use, cheap tool,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ’์‹ผ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:22
we're going to give it to you for free.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๊ณต์งœ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
12:23
It's called a face mask,
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์–ผ๊ตด ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ผ๋Š”๊ฑด๋ฐ,
12:25
and all you need to do is
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๋‹น์‹ ๋“ค์ด ํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณค
12:29
wear it every day during cold and flu season
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ชธ์‚ด์ด ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๋งค์ผ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
when you go to school and when you go to work."
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ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ด์š”." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
12:34
Would we do that?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
12:36
And I wonder if that's how people
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์ €๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
12:38
in the malarious world thought of those nets
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„ ๋•Œ,
12:40
when they first received them?
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
Indeed, we know from studies
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
12:45
that only 20 percent of the bed nets
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์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋œ ์นจ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
12:48
that were first distributed were actually used.
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๊ฒจ์šฐ 20%์ •๋„๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
And even that's probably an overestimate,
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๊ณผ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:52
because the same people who distributed the nets
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
12:55
went back and asked the recipients,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
12:56
"Oh, did you use that net I gave you?"
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"์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
12:59
Which is like your Aunt Jane asking you,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ œ์ธ ์•„์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
13:01
"Oh, did you use that vase I gave you for Christmas?"
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"์ง€๋‚œ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค์— ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ค€ ๊ฝƒ๋ณ‘์„ ์จ๋ณธ ์  ์žˆ๋‹ˆ?"
13:04
So it's probably an overestimate.
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ ์ˆซ์ž๋Š” ๊ณผ์žฅ๋์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
But that's not an insurmountable problem.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
13:10
We can do more education,
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๊ต์œก์„ ๋” ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜์ฃ .
13:11
we can try to convince these people to use the nets.
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์ด ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๋„๋ก ๋‚ฉ๋“์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
And that's what happening now.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:15
We're throwing a lot more time and money
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ
13:17
into workshops and trainings and musicals and plays
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์›Œํฌ์ƒต์„ ์—ด๊ณ , ๊ต์œก, ์Œ์•…ํšŒ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ทน,
13:22
and school meetings,
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ํ•™๊ต ํšŒํ•ฉ ๋“ฑ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:24
all these things to convince people
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
13:26
to use the nets we gave you.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์‹œ๋„๋ก ์„ค๋“ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
And that might work.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
But it takes time. It takes money.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
It takes resources. It takes infrastructure.
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์ž์›๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์—ฌ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
It takes all the things that that cheap,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ’์‹ธ๊ณ  ์‹œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด
13:39
easy-to-use bed net was not supposed to be.
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์นจ๋Œ€์šฉ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ์—๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
So it's difficult to attack malaria from inside malarious societies,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:45
but it's equally tricky when we try to attack it
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํ‡ด์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„
13:48
from outside of those societies.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
We end up imposing our own priorities
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ๊ถํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:52
on the people of the malarious world.
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์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
That's exactly what we did in the 1950s,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
and that effort backfired.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
13:59
I would argue today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
when we are distributing tools that we've designed
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์—
14:04
and that don't necessarily make sense in people's lives,
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
14:08
we run the risk of making the same mistake again.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
That's not to say that malaria is unconquerable,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด์ถœ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
14:14
because I think it is,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ
14:15
but what if we attacked this disease
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
14:17
according to the priorities of the people who lived with it?
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์ด ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‡ด์น˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
14:21
Take the example of England and the United States.
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์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
14:23
We had malaria in those countries for hundreds of years,
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์ด๋“ค ๋‚˜๋ผ์—๋„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์™”๊ณ 
14:26
and we got rid of it completely,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‡ด์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:29
not because we attacked malaria. We didn't.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‡ด์ถœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
We attacked bad roads and bad houses
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋…ธํ›„ํ•œ ๊ธธ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ,
14:36
and bad drainage and lack of electricity and rural poverty.
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ํ•˜์ˆ˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ์—†์•ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
We attacked the malarious way of life,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ƒ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
and by doing that, we slowly built malaria out.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์ง€์š”.
14:50
Now attacking the malarious way of life,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ƒ์กด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ,
14:51
this is something -- these are things people care about today.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”. - ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:55
And attacking the malarious way of life,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์ƒ์กด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ,
14:57
it's not fast, it's not cheap, it's not easy,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๋„, ๊ฐ’์‹ธ์ง€๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
but I think it's the only lasting way forward.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š”, ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
Thank you so much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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