Steven Cowley: Fusion is energy's future

116,311 views ใƒป 2009-12-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shahar Roth ืžื‘ืงืจ: Nimrod Bar
00:15
The key question is, "When are we going to get fusion?"
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ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื™ื, "ืžืชื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™?"
00:20
It's really been a long time since we've known about fusion.
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ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžืื– ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
00:23
We've known about fusion since 1920,
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920,
00:25
when Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืกืจ ืืจืช'ื•ืจ ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
00:27
and the British Association for the Advancement of Science
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ื•ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข
00:30
conjectured that that's why the sun shines.
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ืฉื™ืขืจื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจื™ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืื•ืจ.
00:33
I've always been very worried about resource.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
00:36
I don't know about you, but
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ื›ื, ืื‘ืœ
00:38
when my mother gave me food,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžื ืฉืœื™ ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ
00:40
I always sorted the ones I disliked
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™
00:43
from the ones I liked.
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ืžืืœื• ืฉื›ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืชื™.
00:45
And I ate the disliked ones first,
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ื•ืื›ืœืชื™ ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
00:47
because the ones you like, you want to save.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืช ืืœื• ืฉืืชื” ืื•ื”ื‘, ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ.
00:51
And as a child you're always worried about resource.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ ืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
00:54
And once it was sort of explained to me
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืœื™
00:57
how fast we were using up the world's resources,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ืœื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:01
I got very upset,
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ื”ืชืจื’ื–ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“,
01:03
about as upset as I did when I realized
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื’ื–ืชื™ ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
01:05
that the Earth will only last about five billion years
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ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื
01:07
before it's swallowed by the sun.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืœืข ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:10
Big events in my life,
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ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
01:13
a strange child.
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ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
01:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:16
Energy, at the moment, is dominated by resource.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื›ืจื’ืข, ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
01:19
The countries that make a lot of money out of energy
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
01:22
have something underneath them.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื—ืชืŸ.
01:25
Coal-powered industrial revolution in this country --
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ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช-ืคื—ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื• --
01:29
oil, gas, sorry.
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ืฉืžืŸ, ื’ื–, ืกืœื™ื—ื”.
01:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:36
Gas, I'm probably the only person
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ื’ื–, ืื ื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
01:38
who really enjoys it when Mister Putin
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ื ื”ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
01:40
turns off the gas tap, because my budget goes up.
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ืกื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื– ื”ื’ื–, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื– ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื’ื“ืœ.
01:43
We're really dominated now
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื›ืขืช
01:48
by those things that we're using up faster and faster and faster.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ืœื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:53
And as we try to lift billions of people out of poverty
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™
01:56
in the Third World, in the developing world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
02:00
we're using energy faster and faster.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:02
And those resources are going away.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
02:04
And the way we'll make energy in the future
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
02:06
is not from resource,
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ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉืื‘ื™ื,
02:09
it's really from knowledge.
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ืืœื ืžื™ื“ืข.
02:11
If you look 50 years into the future,
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ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• 50 ืฉื ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
02:14
the way we probably will be making energy
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:16
is probably one of these three,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
02:19
with some wind, with some other things,
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ืขื ืจื•ื—, ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:21
but these are going to be the base load energy drivers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
02:24
Solar can do it, and we certainly have to develop solar.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช.
02:29
But we have a lot of knowledge to gain before we can make solar
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช
02:32
the base load energy supply for the world.
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ืœืกืคืงื™ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:36
Fission.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
02:39
Our government is going to put in six new nuclear power stations.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:43
They're going to put in six new nuclear power stations,
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ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
02:45
and probably more after that.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืชื—ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš.
02:47
China is building nuclear power stations. Everybody is.
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ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
02:49
Because they know that that is one sure way
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช
02:52
to do carbon-free energy.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืœื ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
02:56
But if you wanted to know what the perfect energy source is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื
02:59
the perfect energy source is one
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“
03:01
that doesn't take up much space,
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ืฉืœื ืชื•ืคืก ืžืงื•ื ืจื‘,
03:04
has a virtually inexhaustible supply,
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ื™ืฉ ืืกืคืงื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžืžื ื•,
03:07
is safe, doesn't put any carbon into the atmosphere,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืœื ืคื•ืœื˜ ื›ืœืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
03:11
doesn't leave any long-lived radioactive waste:
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ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืคืกื•ืœืช ืจื“ื™ื•-ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ืš,
03:15
it's fusion.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจื™ืขื™ื ื™.
03:17
But there is a catch. Of course there is always a catch in these cases.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ื“. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
03:19
Fusion is very hard to do.
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ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
03:22
We've been trying for 50 years.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ืฉื ื™ื.
03:25
Okay. What is fusion? Here comes the nuclear physics.
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ืื•ืงื™. ืžื”ื• ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™? ื”ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
03:28
And sorry about that, but this is what turns me on.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืœื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื™.
03:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:33
I was a strange child.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
03:37
Nuclear energy comes for a simple reason.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
03:41
The most stable nucleus is iron, right in the middle of the periodic table.
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ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
03:45
It's a medium-sized nucleus.
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™.
03:47
And you want to go towards iron if you want to get energy.
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ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:51
So, uranium, which is very big, wants to split.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืคืฆืœ.
03:54
But small atoms want to join together,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื™ื—ื“,
03:57
small nuclei want to join together
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ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื™ื—ื“
03:59
to make bigger ones to go towards iron.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ.
04:01
And you can get energy out this way.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
04:03
And indeed that's exactly what stars do.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
04:05
In the middle of stars, you're joining hydrogen together to make helium
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ื•ื
04:09
and then helium together to make carbon,
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ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ.
04:11
to make oxygen, all the things that you're made of
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื ืืชื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื
04:13
are made in the middle of stars.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
04:16
But it's a hard process to do
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข
04:18
because, as you know, the middle of a star is quite hot,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ื ืœืžื“ื™,
04:21
almost by definition.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื”.
04:25
And there is one reaction
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช
04:28
that's probably the easiest fusion reaction to do.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข.
04:33
It's between two isotopes of hydrogen, two kinds of hydrogen:
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ,
04:37
deuterium, which is heavy hydrogen,
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ื“ืื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื›ื‘ื“,
04:40
which you can get from seawater,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืžื™-ื™ื,
04:42
and tritium which is super-heavy hydrogen.
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ื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ืกื•ืคืจ-ื›ื‘ื“.
04:46
These two nuclei, when they're far apart, are charged.
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ืฉื ื™ ื’ืจื™ืขื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
04:50
And you push them together and they repel.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื, ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:53
But when you get them close enough,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
04:55
something called the strong force starts to act
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง" ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ
04:57
and pulls them together.
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ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื ื–ื” ืืœ ื–ื”.
04:59
So, most of the time they repel.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
05:01
You get them closer and closer and closer and then at some point
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ืืชื” ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
05:03
the strong force grips them together.
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“.
05:06
For a moment they become helium 5,
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ืœืจื’ืข ืงื˜ ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื•ื 5,
05:08
because they've got five particles inside them.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
05:10
So, that's that process there. Deuterium and tritium goes together
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื“ืื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื
05:12
makes helium 5.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœื™ื•ื 5.
05:14
Helium splits out, and a neutron comes out
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ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ืžืชืคืฆืœ, ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืงืข ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
05:17
and lots of energy comes out.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:19
If you can get something to about 150 million degrees,
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 150 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืช,
05:22
things will be rattling around so fast
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ื•ืขืข ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ
05:24
that every time they collide in just the right configuration,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื ื’ืฉื• ื‘ืชืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
05:28
this will happen, and it will release energy.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื”, ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
05:30
And that energy is what powers fusion.
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ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
05:34
And it's this reaction that we want to do.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข.
05:37
There is one trickiness about this reaction.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•.
05:40
Well, there is a trickiness that you have to make it 150 million degrees,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœ- 150 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืช,
05:43
but there is a trickiness about the reaction yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื”.
05:46
It's pretty hot.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ื—ืžื”.
05:48
The trickiness about the reaction is that
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ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื
05:50
tritium doesn't exist in nature.
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ืฉื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
05:52
You have to make it from something else.
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ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
05:54
And you make if from lithium. That reaction at the bottom,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื™ืชื™ื•ื. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
05:57
that's lithium 6, plus a neutron,
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื 6, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
06:01
will give you more helium, plus tritium.
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ื.
06:03
And that's the way you make your tritium.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ื.
06:05
But fortunately, if you can do this fusion reaction,
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ืืš ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•,
06:08
you've got a neutron, so you can make that happen.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
06:12
Now, why the hell would we bother to do this?
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ื›ืขืช, ืœืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืฉื ื˜ืจื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
06:15
This is basically why we would bother to do it.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ื ื˜ืจื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
06:18
If you just plot how much fuel
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ืื ืชืฆื™ื™ืจ ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง
06:22
we've got left, in units of
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ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ืœื ื•, ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ
06:24
present world consumption.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
06:26
And as you go across there you see
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื ื•ืขื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
06:29
a few tens of years of oil -- the blue line, by the way,
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ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง - ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื“ืจืš-ืื’ื‘,
06:31
is the lowest estimate of existing resources.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
06:34
And the yellow line is the most optimistic estimate.
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ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:38
And as you go across there you will see
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืœื›ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช
06:40
that we've got a few tens of years, and perhaps 100 years
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ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ 100 ืฉื ื™ื,
06:42
of fossil fuels left.
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ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
06:45
And god knows we don't really want to burn all of it,
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ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื•.
06:47
because it will make an awful lot of carbon in the air.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
06:49
And then we get to uranium.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื.
06:52
And with current reactor technology
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ื•ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช
06:54
we really don't have very much uranium.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื.
06:57
And we will have to extract uranium from sea water,
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ื•ืื– ื ืืœืฅ ืœื–ืงืง ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžืžื™-ื™ื,
06:59
which is the yellow line,
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื• ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘,
07:01
to make conventional nuclear power stations
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช
07:04
actually do very much for us.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
07:06
This is a bit shocking, because in fact our government
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:08
is relying on that for us to meet Kyoto,
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ืกื•ืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•,
07:11
and do all those kind of things.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:13
To go any further you would have to have breeder technology.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื”ืœืื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืคื™ืงื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืขื™ื.
07:15
And breeder technology is fast breeders. And that's pretty dangerous.
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™-ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ.
07:19
The big thing, on the right,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
07:21
is the lithium we have in the world.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:23
And lithium is in sea water. That's the yellow line.
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ื•ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื™-ื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื• ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
07:26
And we have 30 million years worth of fusion fuel in sea water.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ ื“ืœืง ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื‘ืžื™-ื”ื™ื ืœ-30 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:30
Everybody can get it. That's why we want to do fusion.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื•. ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
07:33
Is it cost-competitive?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช?
07:36
We make estimates of what we think it would cost
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืœื”
07:38
to actually make a fusion power plant.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
07:40
And we get within about the same price
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ
07:43
as current electricity.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:45
So, how would we make it?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช?
07:47
We have to hold something at 150 million degrees.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 150 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืช.
07:50
And, in fact, we've done this.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
07:53
We hold it with a magnetic field.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™.
07:55
And inside it, right in the middle of this toroidal shape, doughnut shape,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื–ื”, ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ื“ื•ื ืื˜,
08:00
right in the middle is 150 million degrees.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•, ื™ืฉ 150 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืช.
08:02
It boils away in the middle at 150 million degrees.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืชื— ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 150 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ืช.
08:06
And in fact we can make fusion happen.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
08:08
And just down the road, this is JET.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš, ื–ื”ื• JET.
08:10
It's the only machine in the world that's actually done fusion.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
08:12
When people say fusion is 30 years away, and always will be,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 30 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื”
08:15
I say, "Yeah, but we've actually done it." Right?
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืื•ืชื•." ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:18
We can do fusion. In the center of this device
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”
08:20
we made 16 megawatts of fusion power in 1997.
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ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• 16 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘- 1997.
08:23
And in 2013 we're going to fire it up again
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ื•ื‘- 2013 ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘
08:26
and break all those records.
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ื•ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
08:28
But that's not really fusion power. That's just making some fusion happen.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ื–ื” ืจืง ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช
08:31
We've got to take that, we've got to make that into a fusion reactor.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
08:34
Because we want 30 million years worth of fusion power for the Earth.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืชืกืคื™ืง ืœ- 30 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
08:39
This is the device we're building now.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
08:41
It gets very expensive to do this research.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”.
08:43
It turns out you can't do fusion on a table top
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
08:45
despite all that cold fusion nonsense. Right?
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืงืจ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
08:48
You can't. You have to do it in a very big device.
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ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ. ืขืœื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
08:51
More than half the world's population is involved in building this device
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื”
08:54
in southern France, which is a nice place to put an experiment.
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืฆืจืคืช. ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
08:57
Seven nations are involved in building this.
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ืฉื‘ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื•.
09:01
It's going to cost us 10 billion. And we'll produce half a gigawatt of fusion power.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื ื• 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฆื™ ื’ื™ื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
09:05
But that's not electricity yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ืฉืžืœ.
09:08
We have to get to this.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”.
09:10
We have to get to a power plant.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
09:12
We have to start putting electricity on the grid
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
09:14
in this very complex technology.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
09:16
And I'd really like it to happen a lot faster than it is.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:19
But at the moment, all we can imagine is sometime in the 2030s.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืจื’ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2030.
09:24
I wish this were different. We really need it now.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
09:26
We're going to have a problem with power
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
09:28
in the next five years in this country.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•.
09:30
So 2030 looks like an infinity away.
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ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช 2030 ื ืจืื™ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
09:34
But we can't abandon it now; we have to push forward,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ื›ืขืช; ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
09:36
get fusion to happen.
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
09:38
I wish we had more money, I wish we had more resources.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
09:40
But this is what we're aiming at,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืืœื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
09:42
sometime in the 2030s --
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ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2030 --
09:44
real electric power from fusion. Thank you very much.
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ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžื”ื™ืชื•ืš ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
09:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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