Steven Cowley: Fusion is energy's future

116,231 views ・ 2009-12-22

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Danilo Vivar Reviewer: Polimar Balatbat
00:15
The key question is, "When are we going to get fusion?"
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Ang pangunahing tanong ay “Kailan natin makukuha ang enerhiya mula sa fyusyon?”
00:20
It's really been a long time since we've known about fusion.
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Matagal na rin ang panahon magmula ng ito ay madiskubre.
00:23
We've known about fusion since 1920,
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Alam na natin ito mula pa noong 1920,
00:25
when Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington
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noong si Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington
00:27
and the British Association for the Advancement of Science
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at ang British Association for the Advancement of Science
00:30
conjectured that that's why the sun shines.
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ay nagpanukala na ito ang dahilan kung bakit sumisikat ang haring araw.
00:33
I've always been very worried about resource.
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Ako’y laging nagaalala tungkol sa pagkukunan ng enerhiya.
00:36
I don't know about you, but
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Hindi ko alam kung ano nasa isip nyo, pero
00:38
when my mother gave me food,
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pag ako ay binigyan ng pagkain ng nanay ko
00:40
I always sorted the ones I disliked
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lagi kong pinipili ang mga hindi ko gusto
00:43
from the ones I liked.
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sa mga gusto ko.
00:45
And I ate the disliked ones first,
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at una kong kinakain ang mga hindi ko gusto,
00:47
because the ones you like, you want to save.
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dahil ang mga gusto mo ay nais mong tipirin.
00:51
And as a child you're always worried about resource.
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At sa pagiging bata nagaalala ka na sa pagkukunan ng enerhiya.
00:54
And once it was sort of explained to me
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At ng maipaliwanag sa akin
00:57
how fast we were using up the world's resources,
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kung gaano kabilis gamitin ng tao ang energhiya ng daigdig,
01:01
I got very upset,
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Ako ay nagalala,
01:03
about as upset as I did when I realized
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katulad din ng aking pagaalala ng maisip ko
01:05
that the Earth will only last about five billion years
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na ang mundo ay tatagal lamang ng limang bilyong taon
01:07
before it's swallowed by the sun.
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bago ito lamunin ng araw.
01:10
Big events in my life,
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Mga mahahalagang pangyayari sa buhay ko,
01:13
a strange child.
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ng inosenteng bata.
01:15
(Laughter)
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(Tawanan)
01:16
Energy, at the moment, is dominated by resource.
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Halos lahat ng enerhiya sa ngayon ay nagmumula sa minahan.
01:19
The countries that make a lot of money out of energy
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Ang mga bansa na kumikita ng maraming pera sa energhiya
01:22
have something underneath them.
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ay mayroong nakabaong energhiya sa ilalim ng kanilang lupa.
01:25
Coal-powered industrial revolution in this country --
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Na may maunlad na industriya na pinatatakbo ng panggatong na karbon
01:29
oil, gas, sorry.
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Langis at gas, paumanhin po.
01:33
(Laughter)
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(Tawanan)
01:36
Gas, I'm probably the only person
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Gas, ako lang siguro ang tao
01:38
who really enjoys it when Mister Putin
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na masaya ng ipinasara ni Mister Putin
01:40
turns off the gas tap, because my budget goes up.
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ang linya ng tubo ng gas, dahil tumaas ang badyet ko.
01:43
We're really dominated now
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Nadodominahan tayo ngayon
01:48
by those things that we're using up faster and faster and faster.
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ng mga ginagamit nating bagay na mabilis maubos
01:53
And as we try to lift billions of people out of poverty
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At habang pinipilit nating hanguin ang bilyong tao sa kahirapan
01:56
in the Third World, in the developing world,
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sa ikatlong mundo, ng mga umuunlad na bansa,
02:00
we're using energy faster and faster.
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gumagamit tayo ng napakaraming enerhiya.
02:02
And those resources are going away.
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At ang mga pinagkukunan ng enerhiya ay nauubos.
02:04
And the way we'll make energy in the future
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At ang pagkukunan ng energhiya sa hinaharap
02:06
is not from resource,
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ay hindi sa tradisyonal na pagmimina,
02:09
it's really from knowledge.
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ito ay manggagaling sa tunay na kaalman sa agham.
02:11
If you look 50 years into the future,
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Kung titingin tayo ng mga 50 taon sa hinaharap,
02:14
the way we probably will be making energy
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Ang maaaring pagkunan ng enerhiya
02:16
is probably one of these three,
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ay maaaring isa dito sa tatlo,
02:19
with some wind, with some other things,
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maaaring sa hangin, kasama ng iba pang mga bagay,
02:21
but these are going to be the base load energy drivers.
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ngunit ito ay dapat na pangunahing pagmumulan ng enerhiya.
02:24
Solar can do it, and we certainly have to develop solar.
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Maari ding mula sa enerhiya ng araw, at dapat natin itong isaalang alang.
02:29
But we have a lot of knowledge to gain before we can make solar
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Ngunit marami pa tayong dapat pagaralan bago natin magamit ang enerhiya ng araw
02:32
the base load energy supply for the world.
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bilang pangunahing pagkukunan ng enerhiya ng mundo.
02:36
Fission.
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Paghihiwalay ng atomika o fisyon.
02:39
Our government is going to put in six new nuclear power stations.
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Ang ating gobyerno ay magtatayo ng anim na bagong nuklear na planta ng kuryente.
02:43
They're going to put in six new nuclear power stations,
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Sila ay maglalagay ng anim na nuklear na planta ng kuryente,
02:45
and probably more after that.
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at maaaring mahigit pa sa anim.
02:47
China is building nuclear power stations. Everybody is.
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Ang tsina ay magtatayo din ng nuklear na planta ng kuryente. Lahat na yata.
02:49
Because they know that that is one sure way
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Dahil alam nila na ito ay isang tamang paraan
02:52
to do carbon-free energy.
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upang maiwasan ang karbon sa paggamit ng enerhiya.
02:56
But if you wanted to know what the perfect energy source is,
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Pero kung gusto nyong malaman, ang perpektong pagmumulan ng enerhiya ay,
02:59
the perfect energy source is one
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ang perpektong pagmumulan ng enerhiya ay yung
03:01
that doesn't take up much space,
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hindi gagamit ng malaking ispasiyo sa pagtatayo ng planta,
03:04
has a virtually inexhaustible supply,
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tunay na hindi mauubos na enerhiya,
03:07
is safe, doesn't put any carbon into the atmosphere,
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ligtas, at hindi magkakalat ng karbon sa hangin,
03:11
doesn't leave any long-lived radioactive waste:
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walang pangmatagalang basurang radyaktibo:
03:15
it's fusion.
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ito ay pagsasanib ng atomika o fyusyon.
03:17
But there is a catch. Of course there is always a catch in these cases.
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Pero may dapat makuha. At laging may dapat isaalang alang sa nga kasong ito.
03:19
Fusion is very hard to do.
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Napakahirap gawin ng fyusyon.
03:22
We've been trying for 50 years.
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50 taon na naming pinipilit gawin ito.
03:25
Okay. What is fusion? Here comes the nuclear physics.
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Okey. Ano ang fyusyon? Eto na ang nuklear pisika.
03:28
And sorry about that, but this is what turns me on.
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Pasensya na kayo, pero ito ang bumubuhay sa akin.
03:31
(Laughter)
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(Tawanan)
03:33
I was a strange child.
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Ako nga ay inosenteng bata.
03:37
Nuclear energy comes for a simple reason.
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Ang enerhiyang nuklear ay galing sa simpleng dahilan.
03:41
The most stable nucleus is iron, right in the middle of the periodic table.
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Bakal ang pinakamatatag na elemento, na nakalagay sa gitna ng periodic table.
03:45
It's a medium-sized nucleus.
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Ang nukleyus nito ay may katamtamang sukat.
03:47
And you want to go towards iron if you want to get energy.
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At kailangan maging bakal kung gusto mong makakuha ng enerhiya.
03:51
So, uranium, which is very big, wants to split.
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Ang yureyniyum, may napakalaking atomika, ay naghihiwalay.
03:54
But small atoms want to join together,
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Pero ang maliliit na atomika ay nagsasanib,
03:57
small nuclei want to join together
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ang maliit na mga nukleyus ay nagsasanib
03:59
to make bigger ones to go towards iron.
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upang makagawa ng mas malaking atomika upang maging bakal.
04:01
And you can get energy out this way.
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At makakakuha ka ng enerhiya sa paraang ito.
04:03
And indeed that's exactly what stars do.
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At ito nga ang eksaktong nagaganap sa bituin.
04:05
In the middle of stars, you're joining hydrogen together to make helium
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Sa gitna ng mga bituin, nagsasanib ang haydrodyen para maging helium
04:09
and then helium together to make carbon,
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at ang pagsasanib ng helium para gumawa ng karbon,
04:11
to make oxygen, all the things that you're made of
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para gumawa ng oksiheno, lahat ng mga ginagawa mo
04:13
are made in the middle of stars.
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ay ginagawa sa gitna ng mga bituin.
04:16
But it's a hard process to do
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Pero ito ay proseso na mahirap gawin
04:18
because, as you know, the middle of a star is quite hot,
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Dahil alam mo na ang gitna ng bituin ay masyadong mainit,
04:21
almost by definition.
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halos sa kanyang kahulugan.
04:25
And there is one reaction
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At may isang reaksyon
04:28
that's probably the easiest fusion reaction to do.
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na maaaring pinakamadaling gawing reaksyon ng fyusyon.
04:33
It's between two isotopes of hydrogen, two kinds of hydrogen:
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Ito ay sa gitna ng dalawang isotopya ng haydrodyen, dalawang uri ng haydrodyen:
04:37
deuterium, which is heavy hydrogen,
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deyuteryum, ang may mabigat na haydrodyen,
04:40
which you can get from seawater,
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na pwedeng makuha sa tubig dagat,
04:42
and tritium which is super-heavy hydrogen.
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at trityum na may pinakamabigat na haydrodyen.
04:46
These two nuclei, when they're far apart, are charged.
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Itong dalawang nukleyus, kapag magkalayo ay nagkakarga.
04:50
And you push them together and they repel.
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At kapag tinulak mo sila para magsama ay umuurong pahiwalay.
04:53
But when you get them close enough,
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Pero kapag napaglapit sila ng husto,
04:55
something called the strong force starts to act
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ang bagay na tinatawag na malakas na pwersa ay nagsisimulang umaksyon
04:57
and pulls them together.
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at humihila sa kanila para magsanib.
04:59
So, most of the time they repel.
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Mas madalas silang umuurong pahiwalay.
05:01
You get them closer and closer and closer and then at some point
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Kapag napaglapit mo sila ng malapit na malapit sa puntong iyon
05:03
the strong force grips them together.
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ang malakas na pwersa ang magbubuklod sa kanila.
05:06
For a moment they become helium 5,
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Sa pagkakataong iyon sila ay magiging helyum 5,
05:08
because they've got five particles inside them.
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dahil may limang elemento na sa loob nila.
05:10
So, that's that process there. Deuterium and tritium goes together
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Yan ang nangyayaring proseso. Ang deyuteryum at trityum ay nagsasanib
05:12
makes helium 5.
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upang makagawa ng helyum 5.
05:14
Helium splits out, and a neutron comes out
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Ang helyum ay humihiwalay, at lumalabas ang nyutron
05:17
and lots of energy comes out.
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at napakaraming lumalabas na enerhiya dito.
05:19
If you can get something to about 150 million degrees,
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kapag nakuha mo ang mga 150 milyong temperatura,
05:22
things will be rattling around so fast
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ito ay dumadagundong sa kabilisan
05:24
that every time they collide in just the right configuration,
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sa kada oras na sila ay nagbabangga sa tamang kaayusan,
05:28
this will happen, and it will release energy.
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ito ang nangyayari, ang enerhiya ay lumalabas.
05:30
And that energy is what powers fusion.
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At iyan ang enerhiya ng fyusyon.
05:34
And it's this reaction that we want to do.
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At ito ang reaksyon na gusto nating gawin.
05:37
There is one trickiness about this reaction.
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May isang hindi karaniwan sa reaksyong ito.
05:40
Well, there is a trickiness that you have to make it 150 million degrees,
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Ang di nga karaniwan dito ay kailangang maabot mo ang 150 milyong temperatura,
05:43
but there is a trickiness about the reaction yet.
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pero may hindi nga karaniwan tungkol sa reaksyon.
05:46
It's pretty hot.
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Ito ay sobrang init.
05:48
The trickiness about the reaction is that
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Ang hindi karaniwan tungkol sa reaksyon ay
05:50
tritium doesn't exist in nature.
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wala pa talagang trityum.
05:52
You have to make it from something else.
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Kailangan mo pa itong gawin mula sa ibang bagay.
05:54
And you make if from lithium. That reaction at the bottom,
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At magagawa mo ito mula sa lityum. Ang reaksyon sa may ilalim,
05:57
that's lithium 6, plus a neutron,
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ito ang lityum 6, kasama ng nyutron,
06:01
will give you more helium, plus tritium.
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na magbibigay ng maraming helyum, kasama ang trityum.
06:03
And that's the way you make your tritium.
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At yan ang paraan upang makagawa ng trityum.
06:05
But fortunately, if you can do this fusion reaction,
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Pero kung magagawa mo itong reaksyon ng fyusyon,
06:08
you've got a neutron, so you can make that happen.
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may nyutron ka na, kaya nagawa mo na ang dapat gawin.
06:12
Now, why the hell would we bother to do this?
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Ngayon bakit kailangang gawin ang lintik na ito?
06:15
This is basically why we would bother to do it.
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Ito ang pangunahing dahilan kung bakit dapat nating gawin ito.
06:18
If you just plot how much fuel
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Kung ibabalangkas mo kung gaano karaming gasolina
06:22
we've got left, in units of
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ang bahaging natitira sa atin sa
06:24
present world consumption.
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pandaigdigang konsumo ngayon.
06:26
And as you go across there you see
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At kung titingnan mo ang kabuuan
06:29
a few tens of years of oil -- the blue line, by the way,
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ang ilang sampung taon ng langis—ang asul na linyang ito,
06:31
is the lowest estimate of existing resources.
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ay ang pinakamababang kalkula sa natitirang pagkukunan.
06:34
And the yellow line is the most optimistic estimate.
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At ang dilaw na linya ay ang pinaka optimistang kalkula.
06:38
And as you go across there you will see
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At kung titingnan mo pa ang kabuuan nito mapapansin mo
06:40
that we've got a few tens of years, and perhaps 100 years
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may ilang sampung taon na lang tayo, at maaaring isang daang taon
06:42
of fossil fuels left.
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ang natitirang namimina tulad ng langis, karbon at gas,
06:45
And god knows we don't really want to burn all of it,
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At alam ng diyos ayaw nating sunugin ang lahat ng ito,
06:47
because it will make an awful lot of carbon in the air.
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dahil ito ang gagawa ng napakaraming karbon sa hangin.
06:49
And then we get to uranium.
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At tayo ay gagamit ng yureyniyum.
06:52
And with current reactor technology
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At sa teknolohiyang reaktor ngayon
06:54
we really don't have very much uranium.
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wala tayong napakaraming yureyniyum.
06:57
And we will have to extract uranium from sea water,
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At kukunin natin ang yureyniyum sa tubig dagat,
06:59
which is the yellow line,
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Ito ngang dilaw na linya,
07:01
to make conventional nuclear power stations
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upang gumawa ng karaniwang nuklear na planta ng kuryente
07:04
actually do very much for us.
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na tunay na kailangan natin.
07:06
This is a bit shocking, because in fact our government
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Ito ay nakakagulat dahil sa katunayan ang ating gobyerno
07:08
is relying on that for us to meet Kyoto,
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ay umaasa dito para matugunan ang usaping Kyoto,
07:11
and do all those kind of things.
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at para gawin ang lahat ng bagay na ito.
07:13
To go any further you would have to have breeder technology.
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Higit pa dyan kailangan mong magkaroon ng teknolohiyang reaktor.
07:15
And breeder technology is fast breeders. And that's pretty dangerous.
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Ang teknolohiyang reaktor ay napakalakas na reaktor. At ito ay mapanganib din.
07:19
The big thing, on the right,
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At itong malaking bagay sa kanan,
07:21
is the lithium we have in the world.
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ay ang lityum na mayroon sa mundo.
07:23
And lithium is in sea water. That's the yellow line.
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Ang lityum ay nasa tubig dagat. Itong dilaw na linya.
07:26
And we have 30 million years worth of fusion fuel in sea water.
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At mayroon tayong 30 milyong taong dami ng enerhiyang fyusyon sa tubig dagat.
07:30
Everybody can get it. That's why we want to do fusion.
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Ang lahat ay pwedeng kumuha nito. Kaya gusto nating gamitin ang fyusyon.
07:33
Is it cost-competitive?
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Ang halaga ba nito upang magamit ay maaabot?
07:36
We make estimates of what we think it would cost
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Natantya na namin ang maaaring gastos nito
07:38
to actually make a fusion power plant.
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upang gumawa ng fyusyon na planta ng kuryente.
07:40
And we get within about the same price
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At nakalkula namin na halos pareho din ang presyo nito
07:43
as current electricity.
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kumpara sa presyo ng kuryente ngayon.
07:45
So, how would we make it?
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Ngayon, paano nating gagawin ito?
07:47
We have to hold something at 150 million degrees.
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Dapat nating makontrol ang 150 milyong temperatura.
07:50
And, in fact, we've done this.
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At katunayan, nagawa na namin ito.
07:53
We hold it with a magnetic field.
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Nakontrol namin ito gamit ang magnetismong patlang.
07:55
And inside it, right in the middle of this toroidal shape, doughnut shape,
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Sa loob nito, sa may gitna ng pabilog na hugis, katulad ng hugis ng donat,
08:00
right in the middle is 150 million degrees.
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Sa gitna ay may 150 milyong temperatura.
08:02
It boils away in the middle at 150 million degrees.
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Ito ay kumukulo sa gitna ng 150 milyong temperatura.
08:06
And in fact we can make fusion happen.
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At katunayan nagawa na naming mangyari ang fyusyon.
08:08
And just down the road, this is JET.
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Ito ay sa pamamagitan ng kung tawagin ay JET.
08:10
It's the only machine in the world that's actually done fusion.
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Ito lamang ang makina sa mundo na nakagawa ng fyusyon.
08:12
When people say fusion is 30 years away, and always will be,
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Kapag sinabi ng tao na sa 30 taon pa ito magagawa, at ito nga lagi,
08:15
I say, "Yeah, but we've actually done it." Right?
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Sabi ko, “tama, pero ang totoo nagawa na namin ito.”
08:18
We can do fusion. In the center of this device
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Nakagawa na kami ng fyusyon. Sa gitna ng aparatong ito
08:20
we made 16 megawatts of fusion power in 1997.
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nakagawa kami ng 16 megawatts mula sa lakas ng fyusyon noong 1997.
08:23
And in 2013 we're going to fire it up again
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At sa 2013 gagamitin uli namin ito
08:26
and break all those records.
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upang mahigitan pa ang natala na nagawa namin noon.
08:28
But that's not really fusion power. That's just making some fusion happen.
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Pero di pa ito ang kuryente mula sa fyusyon. Ito ay para lang maganap ang fyusyon.
08:31
We've got to take that, we've got to make that into a fusion reactor.
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Kailangan pa naming makuha ito at gawin sa reaktor ng fyusyon.
08:34
Because we want 30 million years worth of fusion power for the Earth.
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Nais naming magbigay ng 30 milyong taong dami ng kuryente mula sa fyusyon sa mundo.
08:39
This is the device we're building now.
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Ito ang aparatong ginagawa naming ngayon.
08:41
It gets very expensive to do this research.
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Mahal ang inaabot upang gawin ang pagsasaliksik na ito.
08:43
It turns out you can't do fusion on a table top
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At lumilitaw na di mo magagawa ang fyusyon sa ibabaw ng mesa lamang.
08:45
despite all that cold fusion nonsense. Right?
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sa kabila ng kalokohang malamig na fyusyon. Tama?
08:48
You can't. You have to do it in a very big device.
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Di mo kaya. Kailangan gawin mo ito sa malaking aparato.
08:51
More than half the world's population is involved in building this device
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Mahigit kalahati ng populasyon sa mundo ang kasama sa paggawa ng aparato nito
08:54
in southern France, which is a nice place to put an experiment.
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sa timog ng Pransiya, ang mainam na lugar para gawin ang pagsasaliksik na ito.
08:57
Seven nations are involved in building this.
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Pitong bansa ang kasama sa paggawa nito.
09:01
It's going to cost us 10 billion. And we'll produce half a gigawatt of fusion power.
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Aabot ng 10 bilyong ang gastos. At gagawa kami ng kalahating gigawatt ng lakas fyusyon.
09:05
But that's not electricity yet.
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Pero hindi pa kuryente ito.
09:08
We have to get to this.
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Kailangan pa naming kunin ito.
09:10
We have to get to a power plant.
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Kailangan naming dalhin ito sa planta ng kuryente.
09:12
We have to start putting electricity on the grid
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Kailangang simulan naming ilagay ang kuryente sa kawad
09:14
in this very complex technology.
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dito sa di pangkarinawang teknolohiya.
09:16
And I'd really like it to happen a lot faster than it is.
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At gusto ko itong mangyari mas mabilis sa inaasahan.
09:19
But at the moment, all we can imagine is sometime in the 2030s.
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Pero sa ngayon, nakikita naming ito ay maaaring mangyari pa sa 2030.
09:24
I wish this were different. We really need it now.
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Sana mali ito. Dahil kailangan na natin ito ngayon.
09:26
We're going to have a problem with power
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Magkakaroon tayo ng problema sa kuryente
09:28
in the next five years in this country.
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sa susunod na limang taon.
09:30
So 2030 looks like an infinity away.
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Sa 2030 na pananaw ito ay napakalayo pa.
09:34
But we can't abandon it now; we have to push forward,
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Pero di dapat iwanan ito ngayon; kailangan nating isulong,
09:36
get fusion to happen.
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Gawin nating mangyari ang fyusyon.
09:38
I wish we had more money, I wish we had more resources.
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Sana marami tayong pera, sana marami tayong pagkukunan.
09:40
But this is what we're aiming at,
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Pero ito ang ating pinupuntirya,
09:42
sometime in the 2030s --
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Sa loob ng taong 2030-
09:44
real electric power from fusion. Thank you very much.
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Tunay na elektrisidad mula sa fusyon. Maraming salamat.
09:46
(Applause)
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(Palakpakan)
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