John Bohannon: Dance vs. powerpoint, a modest proposal

11,807 views ใƒป 2015-07-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
(Music)
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[ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”]
00:37
Good afternoon.
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ืขืจื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:39
As you're all aware, we face difficult economic times.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืงืฉื”.
00:43
I come to you with a modest proposal
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืืœื™ื›ื ืขื ื”ืฆืขื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”
00:46
for easing the financial burden.
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ืœื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ืกืคื™.
00:48
This idea came to me while talking to
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ืฉืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™
00:50
a physicist friend of mine at MIT.
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก.
00:53
He was struggling to explain something to me:
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืžืฅ ืžืื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื•:
00:56
a beautiful experiment that uses lasers to cool down matter.
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
01:00
Now he confused me from the very start,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
01:02
because light doesn't cool things down.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื ืžืงืจืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:04
It makes it hotter. It's happening right now.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžื ืื•ืชื. ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:08
The reason that you can see me standing here is because
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื
01:10
this room is filled with more than 100 quintillion photons,
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ืฉื”ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืžืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื,
01:14
and they're moving randomly through the space, near the speed of light.
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ื•ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:18
All of them are different colors,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:19
they're rippling with different frequencies,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื“ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:21
and they're bouncing off every surface, including me,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—, ื’ื ืžืžื ื™,
01:24
and some of those are flying directly into your eyes,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื˜ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื,
01:26
and that's why your brain is forming an image of me standing here.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืžื•ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœื™, ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ.
01:30
Now a laser is different.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:31
It also uses photons, but they're all synchronized,
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื ื›ืจื ื™ื,
01:35
and if you focus them into a beam,
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ื•ืื ืžืžืงื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืงืจืŸ,
01:38
what you have is an incredibly useful tool.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
01:40
The control of a laser is so precise
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช,
01:43
that you can perform surgery inside of an eye,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
01:45
you can use it to store massive amounts of data,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช,
01:48
and you can use it for this beautiful experiment
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ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื™ืคื”ืคื”
01:50
that my friend was struggling to explain.
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ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื™.
01:53
First you trap atoms in a special bottle.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:56
It uses electromagnetic fields to isolate the atoms
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
01:59
from the noise of the environment.
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ืžืจืขืฉ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
02:01
And the atoms themselves are quite violent,
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ื•ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
02:04
but if you fire lasers that are precisely tuned to the right frequency,
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ืืš ืื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœืชื“ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:08
an atom will briefly absorb those photons
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ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื™ืกืคื•ื’ ืœืจื’ืข ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
02:10
and tend to slow down.
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ื•ื™ืื˜ ืžืขื˜.
02:12
Little by little it gets colder
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ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจืจ
02:15
until eventually it approaches absolute zero.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืืคืก ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
02:20
Now if you use the right kind of atoms and you get them cold enough,
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ื•ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืงืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:23
something truly bizarre happens.
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ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืืžืช.
02:27
It's no longer a solid, a liquid or a gas.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื•ืฆืง, ื ื•ื–ืœ ืื• ื’ื–.
02:30
It enters a new state of matter called a superfluid.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ื ื•ื–ืœ-ืขืœ.
02:34
The atoms lose their individual identity,
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ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
02:36
and the rules from the quantum world take over,
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ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื.
02:39
and that's what gives superfluids such spooky properties.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
02:43
For example, if you shine light through a superfluid,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ื–ืœ-ืขืœ,
02:46
it is able to slow photons down
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
02:49
to 60 kilometers per hour.
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ืœ-60 ืงืž"ืฉ.
02:59
Another spooky property is that it flows
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ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืจื
03:02
with absolutely no viscosity or friction,
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ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืฆืžื™ื’ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš,
03:05
so if you were to take the lid off that bottle,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืžืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง,
03:07
it won't stay inside.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
03:09
A thin film will creep up the inside wall,
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ืคืก ื“ืง ื™ื–ื—ืœ ื•ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
03:12
flow over the top and right out the outside.
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ื™ื–ืจื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืคื”, ื•ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
03:16
Now of course, the moment that it does hit the outside environment,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
03:19
and its temperature rises by even a fraction of a degree,
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ื•ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืžืขืœื”,
03:23
it immediately turns back into normal matter.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืžื™ื“ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:25
Superfluids are one of the most fragile things we've ever discovered.
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ื ื•ื–ืœื™-ืขืœ ื”ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•.
03:28
And this is the great pleasure of science:
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืžื“ืข:
03:31
the defeat of our intuition through experimentation.
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ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
03:35
But the experiment is not the end of the story,
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ืืš ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
03:37
because you still have to transmit that knowledge to other people.
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ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
03:40
I have a Ph.D in molecular biology.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
03:43
I still barely understand what most scientists are talking about.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:46
So as my friend was trying to explain that experiment,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
03:49
it seemed like the more he said,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
03:52
the less I understood.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื™.
03:55
Because if you're trying to give someone the big picture
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื”
03:57
of a complex idea, to really capture its essence,
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ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื•,
04:02
the fewer words you use, the better.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืœื™ื, ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:05
In fact, the ideal may be to use no words at all.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืœื™ื.
04:08
I remember thinking, my friend could have explained
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
04:10
that entire experiment with a dance.
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ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœ.
04:13
Of course, there never seem to be any dancers around when you need them.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื.
04:17
Now, the idea is not as crazy as it sounds.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข.
04:19
I started a contest four years ago called Dance Your Ph.D.
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ืœืคื ื™ 4 ืฉื ื™ื ื™ื™ืกื“ืชื™ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜".
04:23
Instead of explaining their research with words,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžืœื™ื,
04:25
scientists have to explain it with dance.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœ.
04:28
Now surprisingly, it seems to work.
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ื•ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืข, ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—.
04:31
Dance really can make science easier to understand.
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ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ืื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
04:34
But don't take my word for it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืกืžื›ื• ืขืœื™.
04:36
Go on the Internet and search for "Dance Your Ph.D."
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ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื—ืคืฉื•: Dance Your Ph.D.
04:39
There are hundreds of dancing scientists waiting for you.
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ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืœื›ื ืฉื ืžืื•ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื-ืจืงื“ื ื™ื.
04:42
The most surprising thing that I've learned while running this contest
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืฉื ื™ื”ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช
04:44
is that some scientists are now working directly with dancers on their research.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื”ื.
04:49
For example, at the University of Minnesota,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื”,
04:51
there's a biomedical engineer named David Odde,
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ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืื•ื“ื™,
04:54
and he works with dancers to study how cells move.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืชืื™ื ื ืขื™ื.
04:57
They do it by changing their shape.
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื”.
04:59
When a chemical signal washes up on one side,
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ื›ืฉืื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ืืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื,
05:02
it triggers the cell to expand its shape on that side,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“,
05:05
because the cell is constantly touching and tugging at the environment.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ืžืชื—ื›ืš ื‘ื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
05:09
So that allows cells to ooze along in the right directions.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
05:12
But what seems so slow and graceful from the outside
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื ื ื™
05:16
is really more like chaos inside,
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ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ื”ื• ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื,
05:19
because cells control their shape with a skeleton of rigid protein fibers,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื,
05:23
and those fibers are constantly falling apart.
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
05:26
But just as quickly as they explode,
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ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื,
05:29
more proteins attach to the ends and grow them longer,
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
05:31
so it's constantly changing
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื”
05:33
just to remain exactly the same.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:36
Now, David builds mathematical models of this and then he tests those in the lab,
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ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
05:39
but before he does that, he works with dancers
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ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ืจืงื“ื ื™ื
05:42
to figure out what kinds of models to build in the first place.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
05:46
It's basically efficient brainstorming,
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ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ,
05:49
and when I visited David to learn about his research,
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ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื•,
05:51
he used dancers to explain it to me
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื™
05:55
rather than the usual method: PowerPoint.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื’ืช "ืคืื•ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื™ื ื˜".
05:59
And this brings me to my modest proposal.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื”.
06:01
I think that bad PowerPoint presentations
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืฆื’ื•ืช "ืคืื•ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื™ื ื˜" ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช
06:04
are a serious threat to the global economy.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืื™ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
06:07
(Laughter) (Applause)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง] [ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
06:15
Now it does depend on how you measure it, of course,
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:20
but one estimate has put the drain at 250 million dollars per day.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื”ื•ื 250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื.
06:25
Now that assumes half-hour presentations
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ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”
06:27
for an average audience of four people
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ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ 4 ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
06:29
with salaries of 35,000 dollars,
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ืฉืžืฉืชื›ืจื™ื 35,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
06:31
and it conservatively assumes that
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”, ืœืคื™ื”
06:33
about a quarter of the presentations are a complete waste of time,
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ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜,
06:37
and given that there are some apparently
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ื•ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื›ื ืจืื”
06:40
30 million PowerPoint presentations created every day,
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ื›-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื’ื•ืช "ืคืื•ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื™ื ื˜" ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื,
06:43
that would indeed add up to an annual waste
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ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืฉื ืชื™
06:46
of 100 billion dollars.
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ืฉืœ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
06:49
Of course, that's just the time we're losing
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื
06:51
sitting through presentations.
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฆื’ื•ืช.
06:53
There are other costs, because PowerPoint is a tool,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”"ืคืื•ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื™ื ื˜" ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™,
06:58
and like any tool, it can and will be abused.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™, ื’ื ืื•ืชื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืฆืœ ืœืจืขื” ื•ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืงื•ืจื”.
07:01
To borrow a concept from my country's CIA,
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ืื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื”ืกื™-ืื™ื™-ืื™ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื™,
07:04
it helps you to soften up your audience.
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ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืจื›ืš ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ.
07:07
It distracts them with pretty pictures, irrelevant data.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ื—ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื-ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื.
07:11
It allows you to create the illusion of competence,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,
07:15
the illusion of simplicity,
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ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
07:17
and most destructively, the illusion of understanding.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจืกื ื™ - ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื”.
07:22
So now my country is 15 trillion dollars in debt.
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ืืจืฆื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช 15 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:26
Our leaders are working tirelessly to try and find ways to save money.
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ื‘ืคืจืš ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ.
07:31
One idea is to drastically reduce public support for the arts.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช: ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
07:36
For example, our National Endowment for the Arts,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, "ืงืจืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช" ืฉืœื ื•,
07:38
with its $150 million budget,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ 150 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
07:41
slashing that program would immediately reduce the national debt
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
07:44
by about one one-thousandth of a percent.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืืœืคื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–.
07:47
One certainly can't argue with those numbers.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:49
However, once we eliminate public funding for the arts,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
07:54
there will be some drawbacks.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืš ื›ืžื” ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช.
07:57
The artists on the street will swell the ranks of the unemployed.
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ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:01
Many will turn to drug abuse and prostitution,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืคื ื• ืœืกืžื™ื ื•ืœื–ื ื•ืช,
08:04
and that will inevitably lower property values in urban neighborhoods.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:07
All of this could wipe out the savings we're hoping to make in the first place.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’.
08:12
I shall now, therefore, humbly propose my own thoughts,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืช-ืจื•ื—, ืืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื ื›ืขืช ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™,
08:15
which I hope will not be liable to the least objection.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืชื–ื›ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:19
Once we eliminate public funding for the artists,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืžื ื™ื,
08:21
let's put them back to work
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
08:22
by using them instead of PowerPoint.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘"ืคืื•ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื™ื ื˜".
08:25
As a test case, I propose we start with American dancers.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืงืจื”-ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื.
08:29
After all, they are the most perishable of their kind,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชื›ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื,
08:31
prone to injury and very slow to heal
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืฆืข ื•ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื
08:33
due to our health care system.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:36
Rather than dancing our Ph.Ds,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืจืงื“ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:39
we should use dance to explain all of our complex problems.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
08:42
Imagine our politicians using dance
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœ
08:45
to explain why we must invade a foreign country
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืืจืฅ ื–ืจื”
08:49
or bail out an investment bank.
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ืื• ืœื—ืœืฅ ื‘ื ืง ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช.
08:52
It's sure to help.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ.
08:54
Of course someday, in the deep future,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื™-ืื– ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
08:58
a technology of persuasion
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ื™ืžืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืข
09:00
even more powerful than PowerPoint may be invented,
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ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื” ืž"ืคืื•ื•ืจ-ืคื•ื™ื ื˜",
09:04
rendering dancers unnecessary as tools of rhetoric.
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ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ืœืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื”.
09:07
However, I trust that by that day,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื,
09:10
we shall have passed this present financial calamity.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
09:13
Perhaps by then we will be able to afford the luxury
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ืขื“ ืื–, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”:
09:16
of just sitting in an audience
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ืœืฉื‘ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืงื”ืœ
09:19
with no other purpose
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ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืžื˜ืจื”
09:21
than to witness the human form in motion.
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ืืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.
09:26
(Music)
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[ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”]
10:37
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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