John Bohannon: Dance vs. powerpoint, a modest proposal

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Danijela Rako

(Music)

(Glazba)

Good afternoon.

Dobar dan.

As you're all aware, we face difficult economic times.

Kao što svi znate, suočeni smo s teškim ekonomskim vremenima.

I come to you with a modest proposal

Dolazim k vama sa skromnim prijedlogom

for easing the financial burden.

za olakšavanje financijskog tereta.

This idea came to me while talking to

Do ove ideje došao sam dok sam razgovarao s

a physicist friend of mine at MIT.

prijateljem fizičarem na MIT-u (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

He was struggling to explain something to me:

Trudio se objasniti mi nešto:

a beautiful experiment that uses lasers to cool down matter.

prekrasan eksperiment koji koristi lasere kako bi ohladio materiju.

Now he confused me from the very start,

Na samom početku me zbunio,

because light doesn't cool things down.

jer svjetlost ne hladi stvari.

It makes it hotter. It's happening right now.

Ona ih čini toplijima. To se događa upravo sada.

The reason that you can see me standing here is because

Razlog zbog kojeg me možete vidjeti kako ovdje stojim jest taj

this room is filled with more than 100 quintillion photons,

što je ova prostorija ispunjena s više od 100 kvadrilijuna (10ˆ24) fotona

and they're moving randomly through the space, near the speed of light.

koji se kreću nasumično kroz prostor brzinom približnom brzini svjetlosti.

All of them are different colors,

Svi oni su različitih boja,

they're rippling with different frequencies,

šire se u različitim frekvencijama

and they're bouncing off every surface, including me,

i odskakuju od svake površine, uključujući i mene,

and some of those are flying directly into your eyes,

a neki od njih lete izravno u vaše oči

and that's why your brain is forming an image of me standing here.

i zbog toga vaš mozak oblikuje sliku mene kako stojim ovdje.

Now a laser is different.

Međutim, laser je drugačiji.

It also uses photons, but they're all synchronized,

On također koristi fotone, ali oni su svi usklađeni

and if you focus them into a beam,

i ako ih usmjerite u zraku

what you have is an incredibly useful tool.

ono što dobijete je nevjerojatno korisno oruđe.

The control of a laser is so precise

Kontrola lasera je tako precizna

that you can perform surgery inside of an eye,

da možete izvesti operaciju oka,

you can use it to store massive amounts of data,

možete ga koristiti za pohranu ogromne količine podataka

and you can use it for this beautiful experiment

te ga možete koristiti za ovaj prekrasan eksperiment

that my friend was struggling to explain.

kojeg se moj prijatelj trudio objasniti.

First you trap atoms in a special bottle.

Prvo zarobite atome u posebnu bocu.

It uses electromagnetic fields to isolate the atoms

Ona koristi elektromagnetsko polje kako bi izolirala atome

from the noise of the environment.

od buke iz okoline.

And the atoms themselves are quite violent,

Atomi sami po sebi također su veoma nasilni,

but if you fire lasers that are precisely tuned to the right frequency,

ali ako pucate laserima koji su točno namješteni na pravu frekvenciju,

an atom will briefly absorb those photons

atom će nakratko upiti te fotone

and tend to slow down.

i usporiti.

Little by little it gets colder

Malo pomalo postaje hladniji

until eventually it approaches absolute zero.

dok se u konačnici ne približi apsolutnoj nuli.

Now if you use the right kind of atoms and you get them cold enough,

Ako koristite pravu vrstu atoma i dovoljno ih ohladite,

something truly bizarre happens.

dogodit će se nešto uistinu neobično.

It's no longer a solid, a liquid or a gas.

To više nije čvrsta tvar, tekućina ili plin.

It enters a new state of matter called a superfluid.

Ono ulazi u novo stanje tvari zvano supertekućina.

The atoms lose their individual identity,

Atomi gube svoj vlastiti identitet,

and the rules from the quantum world take over,

a pravila kvantnog svijeta stupaju na snagu

and that's what gives superfluids such spooky properties.

i to je ono što supertekućini daje tako zastrašujuća svojstva.

For example, if you shine light through a superfluid,

Primjerice, ukoliko usmjerite svjetlost kroz supertekućinu

it is able to slow photons down

ona je u stanju usporiti fotone

to 60 kilometers per hour.

na 60 km/h.

Another spooky property is that it flows

Drugo zastrašujuće svojstvo jest da teče

with absolutely no viscosity or friction,

bez imalo viskoznosti i trenja

so if you were to take the lid off that bottle,

tako da ako otvorite poklopac te boce

it won't stay inside.

ona neće ostati unutra.

A thin film will creep up the inside wall,

Tanki film gmizat će uz unutrašnji zid

flow over the top and right out the outside.

preliti se preko ruba te izići van.

Now of course, the moment that it does hit the outside environment,

Naravno, u trenutku u kojem dođe u dodir s vanjskom okolinom,

and its temperature rises by even a fraction of a degree,

te se njena temperatura povisi samo za djelić stupnja

it immediately turns back into normal matter.

ona se odmah vraća u normalno stanje tvari.

Superfluids are one of the most fragile things we've ever discovered.

Supertekućina je jedna od najkrhkijih stvari ikad otkrivenih.

And this is the great pleasure of science:

I to je veliko zadovoljstvo znanosti:

the defeat of our intuition through experimentation.

poraz naše intuicije eksperimentiranjem.

But the experiment is not the end of the story,

Ali eksperiment nije kraj priče,

because you still have to transmit that knowledge to other people.

jer još uvijek trebate prenijeti to znanje na druge ljude.

I have a Ph.D in molecular biology.

Ja imam doktorat iz molekularne biologije.

I still barely understand what most scientists are talking about.

Još uvijek jedva razumijem o čemu većina znanstvenika priča.

So as my friend was trying to explain that experiment,

I kako je moj prijatelj pokušavao objasniti taj eksperiment,

it seemed like the more he said,

činilo se da što mi je više objašnjavao

the less I understood.

to sam ga manje razumio.

Because if you're trying to give someone the big picture

Jer, ukoliko želite nekome dati cjelokupnu sliku

of a complex idea, to really capture its essence,

složene ideje, da bi uistinu došli do biti,

the fewer words you use, the better.

što manje riječi koristite to bolje.

In fact, the ideal may be to use no words at all.

Zapravo, možda bi bilo idealno ne koristiti riječi uopće.

I remember thinking, my friend could have explained

Sjećam se da sam razmišljao kako je moj prijatelj mogao objasniti

that entire experiment with a dance.

taj cijeli eksperiment plesom.

Of course, there never seem to be any dancers around when you need them.

Naravno, uvijek se čini da nema plesača uokolo, kada ih trebate.

Now, the idea is not as crazy as it sounds.

Ideja nije luda kao što se čini.

I started a contest four years ago called Dance Your Ph.D.

Prije četiri godine započeo sam natjecanje pod imenom „Otpleši svoj doktorat“.

Instead of explaining their research with words,

Umjesto da objašnjavaju svoje istraživanje riječima.

scientists have to explain it with dance.

znanstvenici ga moraju objasniti plesom.

Now surprisingly, it seems to work.

Iznenađujuće, čini se da funkcionira.

Dance really can make science easier to understand.

Ples uistinu može učiniti znanost jednostavnijom.

But don't take my word for it.

Ali nemojte me uzeti za riječ.

Go on the Internet and search for "Dance Your Ph.D."

Idite na Internet i potražite „Dance Your Ph.D.“

There are hundreds of dancing scientists waiting for you.

Ondje su stotine rasplesanih znanstvenika koji vas čekaju.

The most surprising thing that I've learned while running this contest

Iznenađujuća stvar koju sam naučio vodeći to natjecanje

is that some scientists are now working directly with dancers on their research.

jest da neki znanstvenici sada rade izravno s plesačima na svojim istraživanjima.

For example, at the University of Minnesota,

Primjerice, na Sveučilištu Minnesota

there's a biomedical engineer named David Odde,

postoji biomedicinski inženjer David Odde

and he works with dancers to study how cells move.

koji radi s plesačima pri proučavanju kako se stanice kreću.

They do it by changing their shape.

One to čine mjenjajući svoj oblik.

When a chemical signal washes up on one side,

Kada kemijski signal dopre s jedne strane,

it triggers the cell to expand its shape on that side,

on aktivira stanice da prošire svoj oblik s te strane

because the cell is constantly touching and tugging at the environment.

jer stanica neprestao dodiruje okolinu.

So that allows cells to ooze along in the right directions.

To omogućava stanicama da se kreću u pravim smjerovima.

But what seems so slow and graceful from the outside

Ali, ono što se čini polaganim i dostojanstvenim izvana

is really more like chaos inside,

iznutra nalikuje više na kaos

because cells control their shape with a skeleton of rigid protein fibers,

jer stanice kontroliraju svoj oblik kosturom od nesavitljivih proteinskih vlakana,

and those fibers are constantly falling apart.

a ta vlakna se neprestano raspadaju.

But just as quickly as they explode,

Ali onom brzinom kojom eksplodiraju,

more proteins attach to the ends and grow them longer,

više proteina prihvaća se za krajeve te ih izdužuje

so it's constantly changing

tako da se neprestano mijenjaju

just to remain exactly the same.

kako bi ostale potpuno iste.

Now, David builds mathematical models of this and then he tests those in the lab,

David pravi matematičke modele od toga, a zatim ih testira u laboratoriju,

but before he does that, he works with dancers

ali prije nego to učini, radi s plesačima

to figure out what kinds of models to build in the first place.

kako bi shvatio koje modele uopće treba praviti.

It's basically efficient brainstorming,

To je u biti učinkovita oluja ideja

and when I visited David to learn about his research,

i kada sam posjetio Davida kako bih naučio o njegovom istraživanju,

he used dancers to explain it to me

on je koristio plesače da mi to objasni

rather than the usual method: PowerPoint.

umjesto uobičajene metode: PowerPointa.

And this brings me to my modest proposal.

I to me dovodi do mog skromnog prijedloga.

I think that bad PowerPoint presentations

Smatram da su loše PowerPoint prezentacije

are a serious threat to the global economy.

ozbiljna prijetnja globalnoj ekonomiji.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh) (Pljesak)

Now it does depend on how you measure it, of course,

Naravno, ovisi o tome kako to mjerite,

but one estimate has put the drain at 250 million dollars per day.

ali po nekim procjenama šteta iznosi 250 milijuna dolara dnevno.

Now that assumes half-hour presentations

To podrazumijeva polusatne prezentacije

for an average audience of four people

za prosječan publiku od četiri osobe

with salaries of 35,000 dollars,

s plaćom od 35 000 dolara

and it conservatively assumes that

te otprilike dovodi do procjene

about a quarter of the presentations are a complete waste of time,

da je oko četvrtine prezentacija potpuni gubitak vremena

and given that there are some apparently

te uzmimo da je

30 million PowerPoint presentations created every day,

30 milijuna PowerPoint prezentacija napravljeno svaki dan,

that would indeed add up to an annual waste

to bi svakako dovelo do godišnjeg gubitka

of 100 billion dollars.

od 100 milijardi dolara.

Of course, that's just the time we're losing

Naravno, to je samo vrijeme koje smo izgubili

sitting through presentations.

sjedeći na tim prezentacijama.

There are other costs, because PowerPoint is a tool,

Postoje i drugi troškovi, jer PowerPoint je alat

and like any tool, it can and will be abused.

i kao svaki drugi alat, može i bit će zloupotrebljen.

To borrow a concept from my country's CIA,

Posudit ću CIA-inu ideju;

it helps you to soften up your audience.

Ono vam pomaže omekšati publiku.

It distracts them with pretty pictures, irrelevant data.

Ometa ih lijepim slikama i nevažnim podacima.

It allows you to create the illusion of competence,

Omogućava vam da stvorite iluziju sposobnosti,

the illusion of simplicity,

iluziju jednostavnosti

and most destructively, the illusion of understanding.

i, što je najpogubnije, iluziju razumijevanja.

So now my country is 15 trillion dollars in debt.

Moja država je dužna 15 bilijuna dolara.

Our leaders are working tirelessly to try and find ways to save money.

Naše vođe rade neumorno na pronalasku načina uštede novca.

One idea is to drastically reduce public support for the arts.

Jedna od ideja jest da se drastično smanji javna potpora umjetnosti.

For example, our National Endowment for the Arts,

Primjerice, naša Nacionalna zaklada za umjetnost

with its $150 million budget,

sa svojim proračunom od 150 milijuna dolara,

slashing that program would immediately reduce the national debt

ukidanje tog programa bi odmah smanjilo nacionalni dug

by about one one-thousandth of a percent.

za jednu tisućinku postotka.

One certainly can't argue with those numbers.

Jednostavno ne možemo proturječiti tim brojkama.

However, once we eliminate public funding for the arts,

Međutim, jednom kada ukinemo javno financiranje umjetnosti

there will be some drawbacks.

dogodit će se nekoliko posljedica.

The artists on the street will swell the ranks of the unemployed.

Umjetnici na ulicama povećat će brojke nezaposlenih.

Many will turn to drug abuse and prostitution,

Mnogi će se okrenuti zlouporabi droge i prostituciji,

and that will inevitably lower property values in urban neighborhoods.

i to će neizbježno smanjiti vrijednost zemljišta u gradskim četvrtima.

All of this could wipe out the savings we're hoping to make in the first place.

Sve ovo moglo bi izbrisati uštede koje smo prvobitno željeli napraviti.

I shall now, therefore, humbly propose my own thoughts,

Stoga ću sada skromno predložiti vlastite misli

which I hope will not be liable to the least objection.

za koje se nadam da neće biti ni najmanje prigovora.

Once we eliminate public funding for the artists,

Jednom kada uklonimo javno financiranje umjetnika,

let's put them back to work

zaposlimo ih ponovno

by using them instead of PowerPoint.

koristeći ih umjesto PowerPointa.

As a test case, I propose we start with American dancers.

Za probu, predlažem da krenemo s američkim plesačima.

After all, they are the most perishable of their kind,

Naposljetku, oni su najpotrošniji,

prone to injury and very slow to heal

podložni ozljedama i veoma sporom zacjeljivanju

due to our health care system.

zbog našeg zdravstvenog sistema.

Rather than dancing our Ph.Ds,

Umjesto da otplešemo svoje doktorate

we should use dance to explain all of our complex problems.

trebali bismo koristiti ples da objasnimo sve svoje složene probleme.

Imagine our politicians using dance

Zamislite naše političare kako koriste ples

to explain why we must invade a foreign country

kako bi objsnili zašto moramo napasti stranu zemlju

or bail out an investment bank.

ili pomoći investicijskoj banci.

It's sure to help.

To bi sigurno pomoglo.

Of course someday, in the deep future,

Naravno, jednog dana u dalekoj budućnosti

a technology of persuasion

tehnologija uvjeravanja

even more powerful than PowerPoint may be invented,

snažnija od PowerPointa bi mogla biti izumljena

rendering dancers unnecessary as tools of rhetoric.

ostavljajući plesače nepotrebnim alatima retorike.

However, I trust that by that day,

Međutim, vjerujem da ćemo do toga dana

we shall have passed this present financial calamity.

proći sadašnju ekonomsku propast.

Perhaps by then we will be able to afford the luxury

Možda ćemo tada biti u mogućnosti priuštiti si luksuz

of just sitting in an audience

da samo sjedimo u publici

with no other purpose

bez neke druge svrhe

than to witness the human form in motion.

osim da svjedočimo ljudskom obliku u pokretu.

(Music)

(Glazba)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)