Don't fear intelligent machines. Work with them | Garry Kasparov

647,411 views ใƒป 2017-06-20

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
This story begins in 1985,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘-1985,
00:15
when at age 22,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืœ 22
00:17
I became the World Chess Champion
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื—ืžื˜
00:20
after beating Anatoly Karpov.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ืชื™ ืืช ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืงืืจืคื•ื‘.
00:24
Earlier that year,
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ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”
00:25
I played what is called simultaneous exhibition
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ืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™"
00:29
against 32 of the world's best chess-playing machines
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ื ื’ื“ 32 ืžืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:33
in Hamburg, Germany.
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ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
ื ื™ืฆื—ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื,
00:36
I won all the games,
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00:38
and then it was not considered much of a surprise
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ืคืชืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
00:41
that I could beat 32 computers at the same time.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก 32 ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
00:46
To me, that was the golden age.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:49
(Laughter)
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืฉื•ืช,
00:51
Machines were weak,
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00:53
and my hair was strong.
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ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:55
(Laughter)
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00:58
Just 12 years later,
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12 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
01:00
I was fighting for my life against just one computer
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ื ืœื—ืžืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
01:05
in a match
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง
01:07
called by the cover of "Newsweek"
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ืฉื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืขืจ ื”"ื ื™ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ืง"
01:09
"The Brain's Last Stand."
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ื›"ืžืื‘ืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—".
01:11
No pressure.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฅ.
01:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
01:15
From mythology to science fiction,
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01:17
human versus machine
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ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื”
01:20
has been often portrayed as a matter of life and death.
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ืชื•ืืจื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžืื‘ืง ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
01:23
John Henry,
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืจื™,
01:25
called the steel-driving man
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"ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™",
01:27
in the 19th century African American folk legend,
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ื‘ืื’ื“ืช ื”ืขื ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช
01:31
was pitted in a race
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01:32
against a steam-powered hammer
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ืžื•ืœ ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™
01:35
bashing a tunnel through mountain rock.
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ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืช ืคืกื™ ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ืจื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืกืœืข ื”ืจืจื™.
01:38
John Henry's legend is a part of a long historical narrative
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ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืืจื•ืš
01:43
pitting humanity versus technology.
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ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:48
And this competitive rhetoric is standard now.
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ื•ื”ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
01:51
We are in a race against the machines,
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ืื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
01:54
in a fight or even in a war.
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ื‘ืžืื‘ืง, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
01:57
Jobs are being killed off.
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชื—ืกืœื™ื.
01:59
People are being replaced as if they had vanished from the Earth.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืขืœืžื• ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
02:04
It's enough to think that the movies like "The Terminator" or "The Matrix"
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืจืง ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช" ื•"ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก"
02:07
are nonfiction.
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ืื™ื ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:11
There are very few instances of an arena
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœื–ื™ืจื”
02:17
where the human body and mind can compete on equal terms
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื
02:21
with a computer or a robot.
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ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
02:24
Actually, I wish there were a few more.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
02:27
Instead,
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื’ื ืงืœืœื”
02:29
it was my blessing and my curse
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02:34
to literally become the proverbial man
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ืœื’ืœื ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
02:37
in the man versus machine competition
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ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”
02:40
that everybody is still talking about.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืื“ื-ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžืื– ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืจื™,
02:45
In the most famous human-machine competition since John Henry,
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ืฉื™ื—ืงืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
02:50
I played two matches
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02:52
against the IBM supercomputer, Deep Blue.
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ื ื’ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘-ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™-ื‘ื™-ืื, "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง".
ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ --
02:59
Nobody remembers that I won the first match --
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03:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช)
03:07
In Philadelphia, before losing the rematch the following year in New York.
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ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืกืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
03:12
But I guess that's fair.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
03:16
There is no day in history, special calendar entry
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื”,
03:21
for all the people who failed to climb Mt. Everest
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ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜
03:24
before Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกืจ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื”ื™ืœืจื™ ื•ื˜ื ื–ื™ื ื’ ื ื•ืจื’ื™ื™
03:27
made it to the top.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื”.
03:29
And in 1997, I was still the world champion
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ื•ื‘-1997 ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:36
when chess computers finally came of age.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืœื‘ืฉืœื•ืช,
03:41
I was Mt. Everest,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜,
03:43
and Deep Blue reached the summit.
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ื•"ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง" ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืกื’ื”.
03:46
I should say of course, not that Deep Blue did it,
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ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœื "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง" ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
03:50
but its human creators --
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ืืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื --
03:52
Anantharaman, Campbell, Hoane, Hsu.
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ืื ื ืชืจืืžืืŸ, ืงืžืคื‘ืœ, ื”ื•ืŸ, ืกื•.
ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข.
03:56
Hats off to them.
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03:58
As always, machine's triumph was a human triumph,
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ื›ืชืžื™ื“, ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื,
04:03
something we tend to forget when humans are surpassed by our own creations.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ื›ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชืขืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
04:10
Deep Blue was victorious,
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"ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง" ื ื™ืฆื—,
04:13
but was it intelligent?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื•ืŸ?
04:15
No, no it wasn't,
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ืœื, ืžืžืฉ ืœื.
04:18
at least not in the way Alan Turing and other founders of computer science
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื˜ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื’ ื•ืฉืืจ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
04:23
had hoped.
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ืงื™ื•ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.
04:25
It turned out that chess could be crunched by brute force,
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื—ืžื˜, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื’ืก,
ืžืขืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
04:30
once hardware got fast enough
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04:34
and algorithms got smart enough.
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ื•ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
04:38
Although by the definition of the output,
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ืื ื›ื™, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืฆืจื” ื•ืœืคื™ ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
04:42
grandmaster-level chess,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ืจื‘-ืืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื—ืžื˜,
04:45
Deep Blue was intelligent.
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"ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง" ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื•ืŸ.
04:49
But even at the incredible speed,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ
04:52
200 million positions per second,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ 200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
04:57
Deep Blue's method
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ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง"
04:59
provided little of the dreamed-of insight into the mysteries of human intelligence.
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ืกื™ืคืงื” ืจืง ืงืžืฆื•ืฅ ืžื—ืœื•ื ื”ืคืขื ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
05:08
Soon,
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ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜
05:10
machines will be taxi drivers
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
05:13
and doctors and professors,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืžืจืฆื•ืช,
05:15
but will they be "intelligent?"
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ืืš ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” "ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช"?
05:19
I would rather leave these definitions
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช
05:22
to the philosophers and to the dictionary.
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ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ื.
05:27
What really matters is how we humans
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
05:32
feel about living and working with these machines.
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
ื›ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง" ื‘-1996, ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ,
05:38
When I first met Deep Blue in 1996 in February,
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05:43
I had been the world champion for more than 10 years,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘-182 ืืœื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื
05:48
and I had played 182 world championship games
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ื•ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืฆืžืจืช ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
05:52
and hundreds of games against other top players in other competitions.
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05:57
I knew what to expect from my opponents
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ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืœืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™
06:02
and what to expect from myself.
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ื•ืœืžื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื™.
06:04
I was used to measure their moves
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ื”ืชืจื’ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื”ื
06:09
and to gauge their emotional state
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ื•ืœืืžื•ื“ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™
06:13
by watching their body language and looking into their eyes.
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ืœืคื™ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.
06:17
And then I sat across the chessboard from Deep Blue.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™ื“ ืœื•ื— ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜, ืžื•ืœ "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง".
06:24
I immediately sensed something new,
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ื–ื™ื”ื™ืชื™ ืžื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”,
06:27
something unsettling.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื˜ืจื™ื“.
06:31
You might experience a similar feeling
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื“ื•ืžื”
06:35
the first time you ride in a driverless car
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืชืกืขื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืœื ื ื”ื’
06:37
or the first time your new computer manager issues an order at work.
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ืื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ืชื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชื ืคื™ืง ื”ื–ืžื ื”.
06:45
But when I sat at that first game,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื—
06:50
I couldn't be sure
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06:52
what is this thing capable of.
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ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:56
Technology can advance in leaps, and IBM had invested heavily.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื™-ื‘ื™-ืื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ.
07:00
I lost that game.
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ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื—ืง.
07:04
And I couldn't help wondering,
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืฉืœื ืœืชื”ื•ืช,
ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื ื•ืฆื—.
07:06
might it be invincible?
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07:08
Was my beloved game of chess over?
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ื”ืื ืชืžื• ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™?
07:12
These were human doubts, human fears,
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ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืกืคืงื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
07:16
and the only thing I knew for sure
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื—
07:19
was that my opponent Deep Blue had no such worries at all.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื™, "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง", ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
07:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:25
I fought back
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ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”
07:28
after this devastating blow
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ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžื›ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ืช
ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
07:31
to win the first match,
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07:32
but the writing was on the wall.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
07:36
I eventually lost to the machine
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื”
07:38
but I didn't suffer the fate of John Henry
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืจื™
07:41
who won but died with his hammer in his hand.
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ืฉื ื™ืฆื—, ืืš ืžืช ื›ืฉืคื˜ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•.
07:44
[John Henry Died with a Hammer in His Hand Palmer C. Hayden]
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07:47
[The Museum of African American Art, Los Angeles]
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07:49
It turned out that the world of chess
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜
07:52
still wanted to have a human chess champion.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื” ื‘ืืœื•ืฃ ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
07:56
And even today,
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ื•ืืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื,
ื›ืฉื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
08:00
when a free chess app on the latest mobile phone
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08:03
is stronger than Deep Blue,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž"ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง",
08:05
people are still playing chess,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉื—ืžื˜,
08:08
even more than ever before.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื.
08:11
Doomsayers predicted that nobody would touch the game
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ืจื•ืื™-ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื‘ืื• ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ื™ื’ืข ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง
ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
08:15
that could be conquered by the machine,
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08:17
and they were wrong, proven wrong,
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ื•ื”ื ื˜ืขื•, ื˜ืขื• ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ,
08:19
but doomsaying has always been a popular pastime
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™-ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
08:23
when it comes to technology.
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08:26
What I learned from my own experience
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ื”ืœืงื— ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื”ืชื ืกื•ืชื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช
ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืคื—ื“ื™ื ื•
08:29
is that we must face our fears
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08:33
if we want to get the most out of our technology,
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
08:38
and we must conquer those fears
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ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืืœื”
08:40
if we want to get the best out of our humanity.
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
ืœื™ืงืงืชื™ ืืช ืคืฆืขื™,
08:48
While licking my wounds,
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08:49
I got a lot of inspiration
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ืืš ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืจืื” ืจื‘ื”
ืžื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ื’ื“ "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง".
08:53
from my battles against Deep Blue.
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08:55
As the old Russian saying goes, if you can't beat them, join them.
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ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื™ืžืจื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, "ืื ืื™ื ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืกื, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื."
09:00
Then I thought,
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ื•ืื– ืชื”ื™ืชื™,
09:02
what if I could play with a computer --
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ืžื” ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ --
09:04
together with a computer at my side, combining our strengths,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื:
ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ื•ื—-ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
09:09
human intuition plus machine's calculation,
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09:12
human strategy, machine tactics,
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ืื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
09:15
human experience, machine's memory.
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ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฉื•ื—ืง ืื™-ืคืขื?
09:18
Could it be the perfect game ever played?
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชื’ืฉื
09:22
My idea came to life
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09:24
in 1998 under the name of Advanced Chess
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ื‘-1998, ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื "ืฉื—ืžื˜ ืžืชืงื“ื",
09:28
when I played this human-plus-machine competition against another elite player.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืจื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ืื“ื-ื•ืขื•ื“-ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฆืžืจืช ื ื•ืกืฃ.
09:35
But in this first experiment,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
09:37
we both failed to combine human and machine skills effectively.
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ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
09:46
Advanced Chess found its home on the internet,
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ื”ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ืžืฆื ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
ื•ื‘-2005, ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ืฉื—ืžื˜ "ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™",
09:50
and in 2005, a so-called freestyle chess tournament
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื’ืœื™ืช.
09:55
produced a revelation.
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09:59
A team of grandmasters and top machines participated,
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ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™-ืืžืŸ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื,
10:02
but the winners were not grandmasters,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™-ืืžืŸ
10:05
not a supercomputer.
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ื•ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘-ืขืœ.
10:07
The winners were a pair of amateur American chess players
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ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืฉื—ืžื˜ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื
ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
10:12
operating three ordinary PCs at the same time.
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10:17
Their skill of coaching their machines
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ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื
10:20
effectively counteracted the superior chess knowledge
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื—ืžื˜
10:26
of their grandmaster opponents
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ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื”ื, ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืืžืŸ
ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:28
and much greater computational power of others.
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10:33
And I reached this formulation.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช:
10:36
A weak human player plus a machine
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื”
10:39
plus a better process is superior
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ืคืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:43
to a very powerful machine alone,
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ืžืžื›ื•ื ื” ืจื‘ืช-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœื‘ื“ื”,
10:45
but more remarkably, is superior to a strong human player
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ - ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื—ื–ืง
10:49
plus machine
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื”
ืขื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื—ื•ืช.
10:53
and an inferior process.
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10:58
This convinced me that we would need
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื–ื“ืงืง
ืœืžืžืฉืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•
11:02
better interfaces to help us coach our machines
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11:06
towards more useful intelligence.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:10
Human plus machine isn't the future,
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ืื“ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
11:13
it's the present.
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ืืœื ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
11:14
Everybody that's used online translation
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘-ืขืช ื–ืจ,
11:19
to get the gist of a news article from a foreign newspaper,
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11:23
knowing its far from perfect.
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ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช.
11:25
Then we use our human experience
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื ื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
11:27
to make sense out of that,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ,
11:29
and then the machine learns from our corrections.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืžื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
11:32
This model is spreading and investing in medical diagnosis, security analysis.
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™, ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™.
11:38
The machine crunches data,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
11:41
calculates probabilities,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
ืขื•ืฉื” 80% ืžื”ื“ืจืš, 90%,
11:43
gets 80 percent of the way, 90 percent,
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11:46
making it easier for analysis
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ื•ืžืงืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
11:51
and decision-making of the human party.
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11:54
But you are not going to send your kids
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก
12:00
to school in a self-driving car with 90 percent accuracy,
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช 90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื“ื™ื•ืง,
12:04
even with 99 percent.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• 99%.
12:07
So we need a leap forward
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ืœื›ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื• ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”
12:10
to add a few more crucial decimal places.
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ืฉืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืฉืจื•ื ื™ืช.
20 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื™ ื ื’ื“ "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง",
12:19
Twenty years after my match with Deep Blue,
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12:24
second match,
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฉื ื™,
12:25
this sensational "The Brain's Last Stand" headline
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ืื•ืชื” ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžืจืขื™ืฉื” "ืžืื‘ืงื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—"
ื”ืคืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
12:32
has become commonplace
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12:33
as intelligent machines
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ื›ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช
12:36
move
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ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช
12:38
in every sector, seemingly every day.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื’ื–ืจ, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
12:42
But unlike in the past,
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12:45
when machines replaced
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ื›ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•
12:48
farm animals, manual labor,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื,
12:50
now they are coming after people with college degrees
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืชืืจื™ื
12:53
and political influence.
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ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉื ืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“,
12:56
And as someone who fought machines and lost,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืขื•ืœื•ืช.
12:58
I am here to tell you this is excellent, excellent news.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข
13:03
Eventually, every profession
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13:05
will have to feel these pressures
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ื™ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
13:07
or else it will mean humanity has ceased to make progress.
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ืื—ืจืช, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื ืขืฆืจื”.
13:14
We don't
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ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
13:17
get to choose
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13:20
when and where technological progress stops.
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ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืคื” ืชื™ืขืฆืจ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื•
13:25
We cannot
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13:27
slow down.
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ืœื”ืื˜.
13:29
In fact,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช,
13:31
we have to speed up.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืื™ืฅ.
13:36
Our technology excels at removing
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืœื•ืง
13:41
difficulties and uncertainties from our lives,
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ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืื™-ื•ื•ื“ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ
13:47
and so we must seek out
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13:49
ever more difficult,
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ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื“ืื™ื™ื.
13:51
ever more uncertain challenges.
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14:00
Machines have
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ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ
14:03
calculations.
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ื›ื•ื—-ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘;
14:05
We have understanding.
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ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื”.
14:07
Machines have instructions.
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ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช;
14:10
We have purpose.
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ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื”.
14:12
Machines have
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ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ
ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช;
14:17
objectivity.
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14:18
We have passion.
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ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื˜.
14:20
We should not worry about what our machines can do today.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
14:26
Instead, we should worry about what they still cannot do today,
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ืืœื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
14:31
because we will need the help of the new, intelligent machines
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช
14:36
to turn our grandest dreams into reality.
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ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•.
ื•ืื ื ื™ื›ืฉืœ,
14:42
And if we fail,
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14:44
if we fail, it's not because our machines are too intelligent,
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ืื ื ื™ื›ืฉืœ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™,
14:48
or not intelligent enough.
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ืื• ืœื ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง,
14:51
If we fail, it's because we grew complacent
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ืื ื ื™ื›ืฉืœ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืคื›ื ื• ืฉืื ื ื™ื
14:55
and limited our ambitions.
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ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื ื•.
14:58
Our humanity is not defined by any skill,
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช,
15:03
like swinging a hammer or even playing chess.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืคืช ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืื• ืืฃ ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื—ืžื˜.
15:06
There's one thing only a human can do.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืจืง ื”ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
15:09
That's dream.
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ืœื—ืœื•ื.
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:12
So let us dream big.
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15:14
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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