Are we sexual omnivores? | Christopher Ryan

395,762 views ใƒป 2014-02-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shir Ben Asher Kestin
00:12
I'm going to go off script
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื›ื ืก
00:13
and make Chris quite nervous here
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืจื™ืก ืœื”ืœื—ืฅ
00:15
by making this audience participation.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื”.
00:18
All right. Are you with me? Yeah. Yeah. All right.
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ืงื“ื™ืžื”. ืืชื ืืชื™? ื›ืŸ. ื›ืŸ. ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
00:21
So what I'd like to do is have you raise your hand
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืชืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“
00:23
if you've ever heard a heterosexual couple having sex.
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ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืื™ ืคืขื ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืืฉื” ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
00:27
Could be the neighbors, hotel room,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ืื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžืœื•ืŸ,
00:30
your parents. Sorry.
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื. ืกืœื™ื—ื”.
00:32
Okay. Pretty much everybody.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื.
00:34
Now raise your hand if the man was making
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืื ื”ื’ื‘ืจ
00:35
more noise than the woman.
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ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขืฉ ืžื”ืื™ืฉื”.
00:39
I see one guy there.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ืฉื.
00:41
It doesn't count if it was you, sir.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืชื”, ืื“ื•ื ื™.
00:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:44
So his hand's down. And one woman. Okay.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื“. ื•ื’ื ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช. ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
00:48
Sitting next to a loud guy.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืจื•ืขืฉ.
00:50
Now what does this tell us?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•?
00:52
It tells us that human beings
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ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
00:53
make noise when they have sex,
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ืžืจืขื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ,
00:55
and it's generally the woman who makes more noise.
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ื•ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืจืขื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:57
This is known as female copulatory vocalization
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ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›'ืจืขืฉื™ ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื™ื'
01:00
to the clipboard crowd.
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ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื™.
01:01
I wasn't even going to mention this,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
01:03
but somebody told me that Meg Ryan might be here,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืžื’ ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืงื”ืœ,
01:06
and she is the world's most famous
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:09
female copulatory vocalizer.
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ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืจืขืฉื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:11
So I thought, got to talk about that.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
01:13
We'll get back to that a little bit later.
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜.
01:16
Let me start by saying human beings
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
01:18
are not descended from apes,
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ืื™ื ื ืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื,
01:20
despite what you may have heard. We are apes.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืคื™ื.
01:22
We are more closely related to the chimp and the bonobo
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ืช
01:25
than the African elephant is to the Indian elephant,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
01:28
as Jared Diamond pointed out in one of his early books.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’'ืจื“ ื“ื™ืืžื•ื ื“ ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:31
We're more closely related to chimps and bonobos
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™
01:36
than chimps and bonobos are related
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
01:37
to any other primate --
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ืœื›ืœ ืงื•ืฃ-ืื“ื ืื—ืจ --
01:39
gorillas, orangutans, what have you.
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ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืจื ื’ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
01:41
So we're extremely closely related to them,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืื“,
01:44
and as you'll see in terms of our behavior,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:47
we've got some relationship as well.
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ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืงืฉืจื™ื.
01:49
So what I'm asking today, the question
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ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:51
I want to explore with you today is,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:54
what kind of ape are we in terms of our sexuality?
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฃ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช?
01:58
Now, since Darwin's day there's been
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ืžืื– ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื
02:00
what Cacilda and I have called
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ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืงืกื™ืœื“ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื™ื
02:02
the standard narrative of human sexual evolution,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:05
and you're all familiar with it,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
02:06
even if you haven't read this stuff.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ืงืจืืชื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
02:09
The idea is that, as part of human nature,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ, ืฉื›ื—ืœืง ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื,
02:12
from the beginning of our species' time,
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ืžืื– ืฉื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
02:14
men have sort of leased women's reproductive potential
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื 'ื—ื›ืจื•' ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื
02:18
by providing them with certain goods and services.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืืกืคืงืช ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:22
Generally we're talking about meat, shelter, status,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื—ืกื”, ืžืขืžื“,
02:25
protection, things like that.
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ื”ื’ื ื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
02:28
And in exchange, women have offered fidelity,
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืืช ื ืืžื ื•ืชืŸ,
02:30
or at least a promise of fidelity.
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ืืžื ื•ืช.
02:33
Now this sets men and women up in an oppositional relationship.
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
02:37
The war between the sexes is built right into our DNA, according to this vision. Right?
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืžืขืช ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”- DNA ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื•. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:43
What Cacilda and I have argued is that no,
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ืงืกื™ืœื“ื” ื•ืื ื™ ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช,
02:47
this economic relationship,
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
02:49
this oppositional relationship,
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™,
02:51
is actually an artifact of agriculture,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
02:54
which only arose about 10,000 years ago at the earliest.
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ 10,000 ืฉื ื”.
02:57
Anatomically modern human beings
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ืช
03:00
have been around for about 200,000 years,
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ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš 200,000 ืฉื ื”,
03:03
so we're talking about five percent, at most,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 5% ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:06
of our time as a modern, distinct species.
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ื‘ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ืœ.
03:10
So before agriculture,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
03:13
before the agricultural revolution,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช,
03:15
it's important to understand that human beings
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื
03:18
lived in hunter-gatherer groups that are
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ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื- ืœืงื˜ื™ื
03:21
characterized wherever they're found in the world
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ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื’ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:24
by what anthropologists called fierce egalitarianism.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื 'ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื–ื”'.
03:29
They not only share things,
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ื”ื ืœื ืกืชื ื—ืœืงื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:30
they demand that things be shared:
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ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื:
03:33
meat, shelter, protection, all these things
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ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื—ืกื”, ื”ื’ื ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื
03:35
that were supposedly being traded to women
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ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืกื•ืคืงื• ืœื ืฉื™ื
03:38
for their sexual fidelity, it turns out,
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ืชืžื•ืจืช ื ืืžื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ
03:41
are shared widely among these societies.
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ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:44
Now I'm not saying that our ancestors
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•
03:46
were noble savages, and I'm not saying
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ื”ื™ื• ืคืจืื™ื ืืฆื™ืœื™ื, ืื ื™ ื’ื ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
03:48
modern day hunter-gatherers are noble savages either.
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ื ืคืจืื™ื ืืฆื™ืœื™ื.
03:51
What I'm saying is that this is simply
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ
03:53
the best way to mitigate risk
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื
03:55
in a foraging context.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:57
And there's really no argument about this among anthropologists.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
04:00
All Cacilda and I have done is extend this sharing behavior to sexuality.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืกื™ืœื“ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื–ื” ืืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:05
So we've argued that human sexuality
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
04:07
has essentially evolved, until agriculture,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื“ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช,
04:12
as a way of establishing and maintaining
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช
04:15
the complex, flexible social systems, networks,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื”,
04:19
that our ancestors were very good at,
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ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ,
04:21
and that's why our species has survived so well.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช.
04:26
Now, this makes some people uncomfortable,
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ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:28
and so I always need to take a moment in these talks
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™
04:31
to say, listen,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื•,
04:32
I'm saying our ancestors were promiscuous,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื™ืจื ื™ื™ื,
04:35
but I'm not saying they were having sex with strangers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื–ืจื™ื.
04:37
There were no strangers. Right?
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืจื™ื. ื›ืŸ?
04:39
In a hunter-gatherer band, there are no strangers.
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืจื™ื.
04:41
You've known these people your entire life.
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ื”ื›ืจืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš.
04:43
So I'm saying, yes, there were overlapping sexual relationships,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื,
04:47
that our ancestors probably had several different sexual relationships
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ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื
04:51
going on at any given moment in their adult lives.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
04:54
But I'm not saying they were having sex with strangers.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื–ืจื™ื.
04:57
I'm not saying that they didn't love the people they were having sex with.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืžื ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
05:00
And I'm not saying there was no pair-bonding going on.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
05:03
I'm just saying it wasn't sexually exclusive.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
05:06
And those of us who have chosen to be monogamous --
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ื•ืืœื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ื• ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื™ื --
05:10
my parents, for example, have been married
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื•
05:12
for 52 years monogamously,
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ื›ื‘ืจ 52 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™,
05:15
and if it wasn't monogamously, Mom and Dad,
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ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื™ื, ืื™ืžื ื•ืื‘ื,
05:17
I don't want to hear about itโ€”
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืคืจื˜ื™ื -- (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:19
I'm not criticizing this and I'm not saying
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
05:22
there's anything wrong with this.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
05:23
What I'm saying is that to argue
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื”
05:25
that our ancestors were sexual omnivores
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ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• 'ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื›ืœ' ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช
05:30
is no more a criticism of monogamy
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืžื™ื”
05:32
than to argue that our ancestors were dietary omnivores
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• 'ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื›ืœ' ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช
05:36
is a criticism of vegetarianism.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช.
05:39
You can choose to be a vegetarian,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
05:41
but don't think that just because you've made that decision,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช,
05:44
bacon suddenly stops smelling good.
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ืจื™ื— ื‘ืฉืจ ืฆืœื•ื™ ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœื’ืจื•ืช ืืชื›ื.
05:46
Okay? So this is my point.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
05:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:52
That one took a minute to sink in, huh?
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ืœืงื— ืœื›ื ืจื’ืข ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื”?
05:55
Now, in addition to being a great genius,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื’ืื•ืŸ,
05:57
a wonderful man, a wonderful husband,
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ืื“ื ื ืคืœื, ื‘ืขืœ ื ื”ื“ืจ
06:00
a wonderful father, Charles Darwin
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ื•ืื‘ ืœืžื•ืคืช, ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ
06:01
was also a world-class Victorian prude.
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ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžืชื—ืกื“ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
06:05
All right? He was perplexed
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ื•ืš
06:07
by the sexual swellings of certain primates,
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ืœืžืจืื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
06:10
including chimps and bonobos,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™,
06:12
because these sexual swellings tend to provoke
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ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
06:14
many males to mate with the females.
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ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืขื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืงื‘ื”.
06:17
So he couldn't understand why on Earth would the female have developed this thing
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข, ื‘ืฉื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
06:20
if all they were supposed to be doing is forming their pair bond, right?
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ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:24
Chimps and bonobos, Darwin didn't really know this,
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ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื™ื, ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช,
06:26
but chimps and bonobos mate
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช
06:28
one to four times per hour
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื ืœืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื”
06:30
with up to a dozen males per day
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ืขื ืขื“ 12 ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžืžื”,
06:33
when they have their sexual swellings.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืชื ืคื—ื•ืช.
06:36
Interestingly, chimps have sexual swellings
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ืžืชื ืคื—ื•ืช
06:38
through 40 percent, roughly,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›- 40%, ื‘ืขืจืš
06:40
of their menstrual cycle,
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ืžืžืฉืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
06:42
bonobos 90 percent,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘- 90%,
06:45
and humans are among the only species on the planet
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
06:48
where the female is available for sex
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ
06:50
throughout the menstrual cycle,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืฅ,
06:52
whether she's menstruating, whether she's post-menopausal,
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ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ,
06:55
whether she's already pregnant.
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ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
06:56
This is vanishingly rare among mammals.
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ื–ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
07:00
So it's a very interesting aspect of human sexuality.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฆื“ ืžืจืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
07:04
Now, Darwin ignored the reflections
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ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
07:07
of the sexual swelling in his own day,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
07:10
as scientists tend to do sometimes.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื.
07:14
So what we're talking about is sperm competition.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข.
07:16
Now the average human ejaculate has about 300 million sperm cells,
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืคื•ืœื˜ ื›- 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ ื–ืจืข,
07:20
so it's already a competitive environment.
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื“.
07:22
The question is whether these sperm are competing against other men's sperm
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืื™ ื–ืจืข ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ
07:26
or just their own.
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ืื• ืจืง ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชืื™ ื–ืจืข ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื.
07:27
There's a lot to talk about in this chart.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื”.
07:29
The one thing I'll call your attention to right away
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
07:32
is the little musical note above the female chimp and bonobo and human.
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ื”ืชื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืžืขืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื”, ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื”ื ื ืกื™ ื•ื”ืื“ื.
07:36
That indicates female copulatory vocalization.
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ื”ืชื• ืžืกืžืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื™ื.
07:39
Just look at the numbers.
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ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
07:41
The average human has sex
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ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืžืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ
07:43
about 1,000 times per birth.
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1,000 ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืœื™ื“ื”.
07:46
If that number seems high for some of you,
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ืื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
07:49
I assure you it seems low for others in the room.
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื ืžื•ืš ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
07:52
We share that ratio with chimps and bonobos.
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ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื™ื.
07:55
We don't share it with the other three apes,
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ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืื“ ืžืฉืืจ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื,
07:57
the gorilla, the orangutan and the gibbon,
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืจื ื’ื•ื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
07:59
who are more typical of mammals,
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ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
08:01
having sex only about a dozen times per birth.
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ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš 12 ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืœื™ื“ื”.
08:04
Humans and bonobos are the only animals that have sex face-to-face
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื
08:08
when both of them are alive.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:15
And you'll see that the human, chimp and bonobo
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืžื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื ื ืกื™ื™ื
08:19
all have external testicles, which in our book
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ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื’ื ืืฉื›ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ื•
08:21
we equate to a special fridge you have in the garage
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ืžื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžืงืจืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื—ื ื™ื”
08:25
just for beer.
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ืจืง ืœืฉื ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื”.
08:27
If you're the kind of guy who has a beer fridge
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ืื ืืชื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืงืจืจ ืœื‘ื™ืจื”
08:30
in the garage, you expect a party to happen
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ื‘ื—ื ื™ื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ
08:32
at any moment, and you need to be ready.
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ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข, ื•ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื.
08:34
That's what the external testicles are.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื›ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
08:36
They keep the sperm cells cool
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื–ืจืข ืงืจื™ืจื™ื
08:39
so you can have frequent ejaculations.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช.
08:41
I'm sorry. It's true.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื–ื• ื”ืืžืช.
08:45
The human, some of you will be happy to hear,
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื—ืœืงื›ื ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข,
08:48
has the largest, thickest penis of any primate.
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืงื•ืคื™ ื”ืื“ื.
08:50
Now, this evidence goes way beyond anatomy.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืžืฆื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืžืฆื ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™.
08:53
It goes into anthropology as well.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.
08:56
Historical records are full of accounts of people
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ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
08:58
around the world who have sexual practices
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื• ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื
09:00
that should be impossible
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ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
09:02
given what we have assumed about human sexual evolution.
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ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
09:06
These women are the Mosuo from southwestern China.
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ื ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื•ืกื• ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื™ืŸ.
09:08
In their society, everyone, men and women,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื,
09:11
are completely sexually autonomous.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืœืื”.
09:13
There's no shame associated with sexual behavior.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉื”.
09:16
Women have hundreds of partners.
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ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื.
09:18
It doesn't matter. Nobody cares. Nobody gossips. It's not an issue.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”. ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื›ืคืช. ืืš ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืจื›ืœ. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:21
When the woman becomes pregnant,
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ื›ืฉืืฉื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
09:23
the child is cared for by her, her sisters, and her brothers.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื™ืœื•ื“, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื”.
09:26
The biological father is a nonissue.
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ื”ืื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
09:28
On the other side of the planet, in the Amazon,
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ื•ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
09:31
we've got many tribes which practice
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
09:34
what anthropologists call partible paternity.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช 'ืื‘ื”ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช'.
09:36
These people actually believe --
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช--
09:39
and they have no contact among them,
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
09:41
no common language or anything,
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ืœืœื ืฉืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืื• ืงืฉืจ ืื—ืจ,
09:42
so it's not an idea that spread,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื,
09:44
it's an idea that's arisen around the world --
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื--
09:46
they believe that a fetus is literally made
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ
09:48
of accumulated semen.
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ืžื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจืข.
09:51
So a woman who wants to have a child
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ื›ืš ืฉืืฉื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื•ืช
09:53
who's smart and funny and strong
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื”
09:55
makes sure she has lots of sex with the smart guy,
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ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
09:57
the funny guy and the strong guy,
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ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
09:59
to get the essence of each of these men into the baby,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
10:01
and then when the child is born,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื•ืœื“,
10:03
these different men will come forward
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ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื•
10:05
and acknowledge their paternity of the child.
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ื•ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืื‘ื”ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“.
10:08
So paternity is actually sort of a team endeavor
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื‘ื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™
10:11
in this society.
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ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
10:13
So there are all sorts of examples like this
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
10:15
that we go through in the book.
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ืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ.
10:17
Now, why does this matter?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
10:21
Edward Wilson says we need to understand
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ืื“ื•ื•ืจื“ ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:23
that human sexuality is first a bonding device
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ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงืฉืจ
10:26
and only secondarily procreation.
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ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
10:29
I think that's true. This matters because
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื“ืง. ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉื•ื
10:31
our evolved sexuality is in direct conflict
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื”
10:34
with many aspects of the modern world.
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ืœืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
10:37
The contradictions between what we're told
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ื™ืฉ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื ื•
10:39
we should feel and what we actually do feel
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช,
10:43
generates a huge amount of unnecessary suffering.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืœ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:48
My hope is that a more accurate,
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:50
updated understanding of human sexuality
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ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
10:52
will lead us to have greater tolerance for ourselves,
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ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืžืœืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•,
10:55
for each other,
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ื•ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
10:57
greater respect for unconventional relationship configurations
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ืฉื ื›ื‘ื“ ื’ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืœื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™
11:01
like same-sex marriage or polyamorous unions,
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ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื—ื“-ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืคื•ืœื™-ืืžื•ืจื™ื,
11:06
and that we'll finally put to rest the idea
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ื•ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
11:09
that men have some innate, instinctive right
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ืฉืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื“ืช
11:12
to monitor and control women's sexual behavior.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
11:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:19
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:21
And we'll see that it's not only gay people
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื
11:24
that have to come out of the closet.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืืจื•ืŸ.
11:25
We all have closets we have to come out of. Right?
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
11:29
And when we do come out of those closets,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื”ืืจื•ื ื•ืช,
11:30
we'll recognize that our fight is not with each other,
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ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
11:34
our fight is with an outdated, Victorian sense of human sexuality
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ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช, ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช, ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
11:39
that conflates desire with property rights,
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ,
11:42
generates shame and confusion
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืืฉืžื” ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ
11:45
in place of understanding and empathy.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื”.
11:48
It's time we moved beyond Mars and Venus,
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืชืงื“ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื•ืœื ื•ื’ื”,
11:50
because the truth is
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ื›ื™ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื
11:52
that men are from Africa
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ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”
11:53
and women are from Africa.
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”.
11:55
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
11:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:06
Chris Anderson: Thank you. Christopher Ryan: Thank you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืคืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
12:09
CA: So a question.
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ื›"ื: ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื”.
12:10
It's so perplexing, trying to use arguments
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ, ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื
12:14
about evolutionary history
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
12:17
to turn that into what we ought to do today.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:20
Someone could give a talk and say,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืื•ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
12:22
look at us, we've got these really sharp teeth
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ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื•ืช
12:25
and muscles and a brain that's really good
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ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื— ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“
12:27
at throwing weapons,
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ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง,
12:28
and if you look at lots of societies around the world,
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ื•ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
12:31
you'll see very high rates of violence.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื“.
12:34
Nonviolence is a choice like vegetarianism,
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ืื™-ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืžื—ื•ื ื•ืช,
12:37
but it's not who you are.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžืืชื ื•.
12:39
How is that different
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
12:41
from the talk you gave?
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ืžื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœืš?
12:44
CR: Well first of all, the evidence
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ื›"ืจ: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช
12:48
for high levels of violence in prehistory
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช
12:50
is very debatable.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืคื•ืงืคืงื•ืช.
12:53
But that's just an example.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
12:55
Certainly, you know, lots of people say to me,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
12:59
just because we lived a certain way in the past
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ืฉืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
13:01
doesn't mean we should live that way now, and I agree with that.
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
13:04
Everyone has to respond to the modern world.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
13:07
But the body does have its inherent
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื
13:11
evolved trajectories.
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ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
13:14
And so you could live on McDonald's and milkshakes,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืง'ื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก ื•ืžื™ืœืงืฉื™ื™ืง,
13:18
but your body will rebel against that. We have appetites.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืš. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืื‘ื•ืŸ.
13:21
I think it was Schopenhauer who said,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉื•ืคื ื”ืื•ืืจ ืืžืจ,
13:23
a person can do what they want
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
13:26
but not want what they want.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
13:28
And so what I'm arguing against
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื™
13:30
is the shame that's associated with desires.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ืฉื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื”.
13:32
It's the idea that if you love your husband or wife
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืื• ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”
13:35
but you still are attracted to other people,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
13:38
there's something wrong with you,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื’ื•ื,
13:39
there's something wrong with your marriage,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื’ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื,
13:41
something wrong with your partner.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื’ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืชืฃ.
13:42
I think a lot of families are fractured
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช
13:44
by unrealistic expectations
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
13:46
that are based upon this false vision of human sexuality.
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
13:50
That's what I'm trying to get at.
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ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ื•.
13:51
CA: Thank you. Communicated powerfully. Thanks a lot.
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ื›"ื: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ืžืกืจ ื—ื–ืง. ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
13:53
CR: Thank you, Chris. (Applause)
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ื›"ืจ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ื›ืจื™ืก. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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