Steven Johnson: A guided tour of the Ghost Map

135,115 views ใƒป 2007-05-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
If you haven't ordered yet, I generally find the rigatoni with the spicy tomato sauce
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ืื ื˜ืจื ื”ื–ืžื ืชื, ื”ืจื™ื’ื˜ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื ื˜ื™
00:32
goes best with diseases of the small intestine.
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง.
00:35
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
00:37
So, sorry -- it just feels like I should be doing stand-up up here because of the setting.
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ืกืœื™ื—ื”. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืขืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช 'ืกื˜ื ื“-ืืค' ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืคืื•ืจื”.
00:41
No, what I want to do is take you back to 1854
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ืœื, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืœ-1854
00:46
in London for the next few minutes, and tell the story --
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ื•ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ--
00:50
in brief -- of this outbreak,
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ื‘ืงืฆืจื”-- ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช,
00:53
which in many ways, I think, helped create the world that we live in today,
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™,
00:57
and particularly the kind of city that we live in today.
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ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:59
This period in 1854, in the middle part of the 19th century,
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ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 1854, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
01:03
in London's history, is incredibly interesting for a number of reasons.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
01:07
But I think the most important one is that
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ืืš ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื
01:10
London was this city of 2.5 million people,
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ืฉืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืช 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:13
and it was the largest city on the face of the planet at that point.
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช.
01:18
But it was also the largest city that had ever been built.
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ืืš ื’ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ืื™-ืคืขื.
01:20
And so the Victorians were trying to live through
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ื•ื”ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื• ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื’ื ืœืงื™ื™ื
01:23
and simultaneously invent a whole new scale of living:
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ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื:
01:27
this scale of living that we, you know, now call "metropolitan living."
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ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ื›ืจืš.
01:32
And it was in many ways, at this point in the mid-1850s, a complete disaster.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื”ื”ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืกื•ืŸ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
01:38
They were basically a city living with a modern kind of industrial metropolis
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจืš ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™
01:42
with an Elizabethan public infrastructure.
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ืขื ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืชื ื™ืช.
01:45
So people, for instance, just to gross you out for a second,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืขื™ืœ ืืชื›ื ืงืฆืช, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื”
01:50
had cesspools of human waste in their basement. Like, a foot to two feet deep.
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ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืคื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:56
And they would just kind of throw the buckets down there
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจื•ืงื ื™ื ืฉื ืืช ื”ื“ืœื™ื™ื
01:59
and hope that it would somehow go away,
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ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืขืœื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•,
02:01
and of course it never really would go away.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืขืœื.
02:04
And all of this stuff, basically, had accumulated to the point
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื“ ืœื“ืจื’ื”
02:07
where the city was incredibly offensive to just walk around in.
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ืฉืขืฆื ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:11
It was an amazingly smelly city. Not just because of the cesspools,
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืกืจื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื. ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื,
02:15
but also the sheer number of livestock in the city would shock people.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ.
02:18
Not just the horses, but people had cows in their attics that they would use for milk,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืกื•ืกื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’ ืคืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœื‘,
02:22
that they would hoist up there and keep them in the attic
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ื”ื ื”ื ื™ืคื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื’
02:25
until literally their milk ran out and they died,
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ืขื“ ืฉื—ืœื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืžืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•,
02:27
and then they would drag them off to the bone boilers down the street.
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ื•ืื– ื’ืจืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืืœ ืžืจืชื™ื— ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘.
02:33
So, you would just walk around London at this point
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื”ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื–
02:36
and just be overwhelmed with this stench.
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ืžื•ื›ื™ ื”ืœื ืžื”ืกืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:39
And what ended up happening is that an entire emerging public health system
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื–
02:44
became convinced that it was the smell that was killing everybody,
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ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขื” ืฉื”ืจื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื,
02:48
that was creating these diseases
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ื•ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืŸ
02:50
that would wipe through the city every three or four years.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.
02:53
And cholera was really the great killer of this period.
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื—ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
02:55
It arrived in London in 1832, and every four or five years
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘-1832, ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ 4-5 ืฉื ื™ื
03:00
another epidemic would take 10,000, 20,000 people in London
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื” ืžื’ืคื” ืฉืงื˜ืœื” 10 ืื• 20 ืืœืฃ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
03:04
and throughout the U.K.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช.
03:06
And so the authorities became convinced that this smell was this problem.
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขื• ืฉื”ืจื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:10
We had to get rid of the smell.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืจื™ื—.
03:12
And so, in fact, they concocted a couple of early, you know,
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ื•ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
03:15
founding public-health interventions in the system of the city,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
03:19
one of which was called the "Nuisances Act,"
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ืฉืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ืงืจืื” "ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื˜ืจื“",
03:21
which they got everybody as far as they could
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ืฉื›ืคื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•,
03:23
to empty out their cesspools and just pour all that waste into the river.
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ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ื”ืจ.
03:28
Because if we get it out of the streets, it'll smell much better,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ืกืœืงื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ื— ื™ืฉืชืคืจ,
03:32
and -- oh right, we drink from the river.
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ื•-- ืจื’ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืจ.
03:36
So what ended up happening, actually,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืขืฆื,
03:38
is they ended up increasing the outbreaks of cholera
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื”
03:40
because, as we now know, cholera is actually in the water.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•, ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืžื™ื.
03:44
It's a waterborne disease, not something that's in the air.
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ื–ืืช ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืฉืืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
03:47
It's not something you smell or inhale; it's something you ingest.
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ืœื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
03:50
And so one of the founding moments of public health in the 19th century
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ืžืจื’ืขื™ ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19
03:54
effectively poisoned the water supply of London much more effectively
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืขืœื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:58
than any modern day bioterrorist could have ever dreamed of doing.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื”.
04:01
So this was the state of London in 1854,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘-1854,
04:05
and in the middle of all this carnage and offensive conditions,
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ื•ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:11
and in the midst of all this scientific confusion
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ื•ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
04:14
about what was actually killing people,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
04:17
it was a very talented classic 19th century multi-disciplinarian named John Snow,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืงืœืกื™ ื”ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19,
04:23
who was a local doctor in Soho in London,
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื ื•ืื•, ืจื•ืคื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ืกื•ื”ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
04:26
who had been arguing for about four or five years
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ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
04:28
that cholera was, in fact, a waterborne disease,
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื—ืœื” ื ื™ืฉืืช ื‘ืžื™ื,
04:31
and had basically convinced nobody of this.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ื‘ื›ืš ืื™ืฉ.
04:34
The public health authorities had largely ignored what he had to say.
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ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.
04:38
And he'd made the case in a number of papers and done a number of studies,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจื˜ ืืช ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืขืจืš ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื.
04:42
but nothing had really stuck.
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ืืš ื ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
04:44
And part of -- what's so interesting about this story to me
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื,
04:46
is that in some ways, it's a great case study in how cultural change happens,
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ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
04:51
how a good idea eventually comes to win out over much worse ideas.
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ืื™ืš ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื•ื—ืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
04:56
And Snow labored for a long time with this great insight that everybody ignored.
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ื•ืกื ื•ืื• ื˜ืจื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช.
05:00
And then on one day, August 28th of 1854,
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื‘-28 ืœืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1854,
05:05
a young child, a five-month-old girl whose first name we don't know,
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ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื‘ืช 5 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฉืฉืžื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข,
05:09
we know her only as Baby Lewis, somehow contracted cholera,
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ื•ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ืจืง ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืœื•ืื™ืก, ื ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœืจื”.
05:13
came down with cholera at 40 Broad Street.
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ื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ื“ ืžืก' 40.
05:16
You can't really see it in this map, but this is the map
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ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืคื”, ืืš ื–ืืช ื”ืžืคื”
05:19
that becomes the central focus in the second half of my book.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™.
05:24
It's in the middle of Soho, in this working class neighborhood,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืกื•ื”ื•, ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
05:26
this little girl becomes sick and it turns out that the cesspool,
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ื”ืชื™ื ืงื•ืช ื—ืœืชื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคื›ื™ื,
05:30
that they still continue to have, despite the Nuisances Act,
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื˜ืจื“,
05:33
bordered on an extremely popular water pump,
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ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืื‘ืช ืžื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:37
local watering hole that was well known for the best water in all of Soho,
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ื‘ืืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื”ื•,
05:41
that all the residents from Soho and the surrounding neighborhoods would go to.
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ื•ืฉื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ื”ื• ื•ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืืœื™ื”.
05:45
And so this little girl inadvertently ended up
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš,
05:48
contaminating the water in this popular pump,
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ื–ื™ื”ืžื” ืืช ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
05:50
and one of the most terrifying outbreaks in the history of England
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
05:56
erupted about two or three days later.
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื” ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
05:58
Literally, 10 percent of the neighborhood died in seven days,
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10% ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš, ืžืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš 7 ื™ืžื™ื,
06:02
and much more would have died if people hadn't fled
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•
06:04
after the initial outbreak kicked in.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื”.
06:07
So it was this incredibly terrifying event.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:09
You had these scenes of entire families dying
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉื’ืกืกื•
06:12
over the course of 48 hours of cholera,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 48 ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื”,
06:14
alone in their one-room apartments, in their little flats.
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ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
06:19
Just an extraordinary, terrifying scene.
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ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื™ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจื.
06:22
Snow lived near there, heard about the outbreak,
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ืกื ื•ืื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื, ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช,
06:26
and in this amazing act of courage went directly into the belly of the beast
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ื•ื‘ืืงื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžืฅ ื ื›ื ืก ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืœื•ืข ื”ืืจื™
06:29
because he thought an outbreak that concentrated
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ื›ื™ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืžื’ืคื” ื›ื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช
06:32
could actually potentially end up convincing people that,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
06:36
in fact, the real menace of cholera was in the water supply and not in the air.
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ืฉืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
06:42
He suspected an outbreak that concentrated
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื“ ืฉืžื’ืคื” ื›ื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช
06:44
would probably involve a single point source.
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ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“.
06:48
One single thing that everybody was going to
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ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”
06:50
because it didn't have the traditional slower path
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ืช
06:53
of infections that you might expect.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื•.
06:56
And so he went right in there and started interviewing people.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:59
He eventually enlisted the help of this amazing other figure,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืขื–ืจืชื• ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ื•,
07:03
who's kind of the other protagonist of the book --
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจ.
07:05
this guy, Henry Whitehead, who was a local minister,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ืจื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืžืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™,
07:08
who was not at all a man of science, but was incredibly socially connected;
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ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
07:11
he knew everybody in the neighborhood.
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ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”,
07:13
And he managed to track down, Whitehead did,
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืืชืจ, ืื•ืชื• ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”ื“,
07:15
many of the cases of people who had drunk water from the pump,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืฉืชื• ืžื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืื‘ื”,
07:18
or who hadn't drunk water from the pump.
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ืื• ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื ืฉืชื• ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื”.
07:20
And eventually Snow made a map of the outbreak.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืกื ื•ืื• ืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช.
07:25
He found increasingly that people who drank from the pump were getting sick.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื™ ืฉืฉืชื” ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื—ืœื”.
07:28
People who hadn't drunk from the pump were not getting sick.
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืฉืชื• ืžืžื ื” ืœื ื—ืœื•.
07:31
And he thought about representing that
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™,
07:33
as a kind of a table of statistics of people living in different neighborhoods,
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ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
07:36
people who hadn't, you know, percentages of people who hadn't,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื,
07:38
but eventually he hit upon the idea
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ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
07:40
that what he needed was something that you could see.
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ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช.
07:42
Something that would take in a sense a higher-level view
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืกืคืง ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืœืžืขืœื”
07:44
of all this activity that had been happening in the neighborhood.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื”.
07:47
And so he created this map,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
07:50
which basically ended up representing all the deaths in the neighborhoods
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ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช
07:54
as black bars at each address.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืกื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช.
07:57
And you can see in this map, the pump right at the center of it
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืคื”, ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื›ืœ ื–ื”
08:00
and you can see that one of the residences down the way
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘
08:02
had about 15 people dead.
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ื”ื™ื• ื›-15 ืžืชื™ื.
08:04
And the map is actually a little bit bigger.
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ื”ืžืคื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
08:06
As you get further and further away from the pump,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืื‘ื”,
08:08
the deaths begin to grow less and less frequent.
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ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืคื•ื—ืชืช.
08:11
And so you can see this something poisonous
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืจืขื™ืœ
08:14
emanating out of this pump that you could see in a glance.
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื”, ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ.
08:18
And so, with the help of this map,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
08:20
and with the help of more evangelizing
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื˜ืคื” ื“ืชื™ืช
08:22
that he did over the next few years
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
08:24
and that Whitehead did, eventually, actually,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื”ื“, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
08:26
the authorities slowly started to come around.
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ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืื˜-ืื˜ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื•.
08:28
It took much longer than sometimes we like to think in this story,
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ื–ื” ืืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
08:31
but by 1866, when the next big cholera outbreak came to London,
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ืืš ืขื“ 1866, ื›ืฉืžื›ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
08:36
the authorities had been convinced -- in part because of this story,
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ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขื•-- ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”,
08:40
in part because of this map -- that in fact the water was the problem.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืคื”-- ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
08:44
And they had already started building the sewers in London,
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
08:46
and they immediately went to this outbreak
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ื•ื‘ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื ืžื™ื“ ืคืขืœื•
08:48
and they told everybody to start boiling their water.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืœื›ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืชื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžื™ื.
08:50
And that was the last time that London has seen a cholera outbreak since.
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ื•ืžืื– ืœื ืจืืชื” ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืจื”.
08:55
So, part of this story, I think -- well, it's a terrifying story,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™-- ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื—ืจื™ื“,
08:58
it's a very dark story and it's a story
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืคืœ ืžืื“, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
09:00
that continues on in many of the developing cities of the world.
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ืฉืฉื‘ ื•ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:04
It's also a story really that is fundamentally optimistic,
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•,
09:07
which is to say that it's possible to solve these problems
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
09:10
if we listen to reason, if we listen to the kind of wisdom of these kinds of maps,
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ืื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื ืฉื•ืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
09:14
if we listen to people like Snow and Whitehead,
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ืื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื ื•ืื• ื•-ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื”ื“,
09:16
if we listen to the locals who understand
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ืื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
09:18
what's going on in these kinds of situations.
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ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
09:21
And what it ended up doing is making the idea
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ื•ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื”
09:24
of large-scale metropolitan living a sustainable one.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืจืš ืจื—ื‘ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
09:28
When people were looking at 10 percent of their neighborhoods dying
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• 10% ืžืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื•ืกืกื™ื
09:31
in the space of seven days,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 7 ื™ืžื™ื,
09:33
there was a widespread consensus that this couldn't go on,
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ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืš,
09:36
that people weren't meant to live in cities of 2.5 million people.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
09:40
But because of what Snow did, because of this map,
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ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืกื ื•ืื• ืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืคื”,
09:42
because of the whole series of reforms
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช
09:44
that happened in the wake of this map,
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ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ืืช,
09:46
we now take for granted that cities have 10 million people,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื• ืฉืขืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืช 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
09:50
cities like this one are in fact sustainable things.
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ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
09:52
We don't worry that New York City is going to collapse in on itself
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืฉืžื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืชืงืจื•ืก
09:55
quite the way that, you know, Rome did,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืžื,
09:57
and be 10 percent of its size in 100 years or 200 years.
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ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืžืงื” ืœ-10% ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืš 100 ืื• 200 ืฉื ื”.
10:00
And so that in a way is the ultimate legacy of this map.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื–ืืช.
10:03
It's a map of deaths that ended up creating a whole new way of life,
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ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชื”, ืฉื‘ืจืื” ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™,
10:08
the life that we're enjoying here today. Thank you very much.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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