Steven Johnson: A guided tour of the Ghost Map

135,115 views ใƒป 2007-05-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seungwon Hong ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:25
If you haven't ordered yet, I generally find the rigatoni with the spicy tomato sauce
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์•„์ง ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ์•ˆํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—” ๋งค์šด ํ† ๋งˆํ†  ์†Œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์นœ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ํ† ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€
00:32
goes best with diseases of the small intestine.
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์žฅ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
00:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:37
So, sorry -- it just feels like I should be doing stand-up up here because of the setting.
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๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ์žฅ์†Œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ผญ ์Šคํƒ ๋“œ ์—… ๊ฐœ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
00:41
No, what I want to do is take you back to 1854
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ตฌ์š”. ์ €๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ 1854๋…„์˜
00:46
in London for the next few minutes, and tell the story --
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:50
in brief -- of this outbreak,
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์งง๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
which in many ways, I think, helped create the world that we live in today,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด์š”.
00:57
and particularly the kind of city that we live in today.
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ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋„์‹œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
This period in 1854, in the middle part of the 19th century,
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1854๋…„ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ, 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์˜
01:03
in London's history, is incredibly interesting for a number of reasons.
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
But I think the most important one is that
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ์ ์€
01:10
London was this city of 2.5 million people,
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 250๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
01:13
and it was the largest city on the face of the planet at that point.
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๋‹น์‹œ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
But it was also the largest city that had ever been built.
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๋˜ ์ด์ œ๊ป ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋„์‹œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปธ์ง€์š”.
01:20
And so the Victorians were trying to live through
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:23
and simultaneously invent a whole new scale of living:
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๋™์‹œ์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š๋ผ ์• ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
this scale of living that we, you know, now call "metropolitan living."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ ์–‘์‹์„ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
01:32
And it was in many ways, at this point in the mid-1850s, a complete disaster.
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1850๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ชจ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—‰๋ง์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:38
They were basically a city living with a modern kind of industrial metropolis
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์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‹ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์„
01:42
with an Elizabethan public infrastructure.
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์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค ์•ˆ์—์„œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
So people, for instance, just to gross you out for a second,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์‹์‚ฌ ์ค‘ ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€
01:50
had cesspools of human waste in their basement. Like, a foot to two feet deep.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ ์ง€ํ•˜์— 1, 2 ํ”ผํŠธ ๊นŠ์ด์˜ ๋ถ„๋‡จ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:56
And they would just kind of throw the buckets down there
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์˜ค๋ฌผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ์—†์–ด์ง€๊ฒ ์ง€ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:59
and hope that it would somehow go away,
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๋“คํ†ต์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์Ÿ์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
and of course it never really would go away.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜ค๋ฌผ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
02:04
And all of this stuff, basically, had accumulated to the point
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์ด ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์€ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งˆ์ €
02:07
where the city was incredibly offensive to just walk around in.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•  ์ง€๊ฒฝ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
It was an amazingly smelly city. Not just because of the cesspools,
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์€ ์ง€๋…ํ•œ ์•…์ทจ๋ฅผ ํ’๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜€์–ด์š”. ์ด๊ฑด ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:15
but also the sheer number of livestock in the city would shock people.
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์‹œ๋‚ด์— ๋†€๋ž„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋งŽ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฐ€์ถ•๋„ ์ด์œ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Not just the horses, but people had cows in their attics that they would use for milk,
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์€ ๋ง๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์œกํ•œ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฝ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด ๊ธธ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
that they would hoist up there and keep them in the attic
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์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ ค์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฝ ์•ˆ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋‘”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:25
until literally their milk ran out and they died,
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์„๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ์งœ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:27
and then they would drag them off to the bone boilers down the street.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฃฝ์€ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ง‘์–ด ๋‚ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๋“์ด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„˜๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
So, you would just walk around London at this point
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:36
and just be overwhelmed with this stench.
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์ˆœ์‹๊ฐ„์— ์•…์ทจ์— ์••๋„๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
And what ended up happening is that an entire emerging public health system
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ณด๊ฑด ์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
became convinced that it was the smell that was killing everybody,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ง์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:48
that was creating these diseases
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3, 4๋…„ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์„ ํœฉ์“ฐ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์›์ธ์€
02:50
that would wipe through the city every three or four years.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:53
And cholera was really the great killer of this period.
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
It arrived in London in 1832, and every four or five years
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— 1832๋…„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
03:00
another epidemic would take 10,000, 20,000 people in London
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์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์€ 4, 5๋…„ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋Ÿฐ๋˜๊ณผ ์ „ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ
03:04
and throughout the U.K.
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1, 2๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์•—์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
And so the authorities became convinced that this smell was this problem.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ์ด ์•…์ทจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
We had to get rid of the smell.
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:12
And so, in fact, they concocted a couple of early, you know,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์‹ค์€, ๋ณด๊ฑด๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์‹œ ํ–‰์ • ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด์—
03:15
founding public-health interventions in the system of the city,
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๊ณต๊ณต๋ณด๊ฑด์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•  ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
one of which was called the "Nuisances Act,"
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฒ•(๏ฅงๆณ•ๅฆจๅฎณ้˜ฒๆญขๆณ•;Nuisance Act)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
03:21
which they got everybody as far as they could
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์ด ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด๋“ค์ด ํž˜ ๋‹ฟ๋Š”๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„์šฐ๊ณ 
03:23
to empty out their cesspools and just pour all that waste into the river.
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๊ทธ ์˜ค๋ฌผ์„ ํ…œ์ฆˆ ๊ฐ•์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
Because if we get it out of the streets, it'll smell much better,
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋ฌผ์ด ์น˜์›Œ์ง€๋ฉด ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:32
and -- oh right, we drink from the river.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ -- ๋งž๋„ค์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๊ฐ•๋ฌผ์„ ์‹์ˆ˜๋กœ ์“ฐ์ฃ 
03:36
So what ended up happening, actually,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€
03:38
is they ended up increasing the outbreaks of cholera
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๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
because, as we now know, cholera is actually in the water.
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ท ์ด ์‹ค์€ ๋ฌผ ์†์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
It's a waterborne disease, not something that's in the air.
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๊ณ 
03:47
It's not something you smell or inhale; it's something you ingest.
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋“ค์ด ์‰ฌ์–ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
And so one of the founding moments of public health in the 19th century
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ณด๊ฑด์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œ์ •์€
03:54
effectively poisoned the water supply of London much more effectively
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๋งค์šฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž์›์„ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
than any modern day bioterrorist could have ever dreamed of doing.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ์–ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:01
So this was the state of London in 1854,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 1854๋…„ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
and in the middle of all this carnage and offensive conditions,
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ธ๋ช…์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๊ฒฐํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
04:11
and in the midst of all this scientific confusion
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ๋Š” ์›์ธ์„ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด
04:14
about what was actually killing people,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
it was a very talented classic 19th century multi-disciplinarian named John Snow,
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์กด ์Šค๋…ธ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์—„๊ฒฉ์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€์ฃ .
04:23
who was a local doctor in Soho in London,
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์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์†Œํ˜ธ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
04:26
who had been arguing for about four or five years
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๊ทธ๋Š” 4, 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
04:28
that cholera was, in fact, a waterborne disease,
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ธ์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
and had basically convinced nobody of this.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
The public health authorities had largely ignored what he had to say.
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๋ณด๊ฑด ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
And he'd made the case in a number of papers and done a number of studies,
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์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ํˆ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
04:42
but nothing had really stuck.
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์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
And part of -- what's so interesting about this story to me
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:46
is that in some ways, it's a great case study in how cultural change happens,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
how a good idea eventually comes to win out over much worse ideas.
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์ข‹์€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ด๊ตฌ์š”.
04:56
And Snow labored for a long time with this great insight that everybody ignored.
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์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜œ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
And then on one day, August 28th of 1854,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋Š ๋‚ , 1854๋…„ 8์›” 28์ผ์—
05:05
a young child, a five-month-old girl whose first name we don't know,
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๋ฃจ์ด์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„๋งŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ 5๊ฐœ์›” ๋œ ์—ฌ์ž์•„์ด๊ฐ€
05:09
we know her only as Baby Lewis, somehow contracted cholera,
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
came down with cholera at 40 Broad Street.
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๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์ฑ„ ๋ธŒ๋กœ๋“œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฟ 40๋ฒˆ์ง€๋กœ ์™”์–ด์š”.
05:16
You can't really see it in this map, but this is the map
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ์ง€๋„์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ง‘์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆœ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:19
that becomes the central focus in the second half of my book.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ œ ์ฑ… ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
It's in the middle of Soho, in this working class neighborhood,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๊ณ„์ธต ๋™๋„ค์˜€๋˜ ์ด ์†Œํ˜ธ์—์„œ
05:26
this little girl becomes sick and it turns out that the cesspool,
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๋ฃจ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์•“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ
05:30
that they still continue to have, despite the Nuisances Act,
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๋ถˆ๋ฒ•๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ธˆ์ง€๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋˜ ์˜ค๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ€
05:33
bordered on an extremely popular water pump,
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๋งค์šฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผํŽŒํ”„์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
local watering hole that was well known for the best water in all of Soho,
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์†Œํ˜ธ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์šฐ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:41
that all the residents from Soho and the surrounding neighborhoods would go to.
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์†Œํ˜ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๋ชจ๋‘์™€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And so this little girl inadvertently ended up
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์ด ์—ฌ์ž ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์‹ฌ๊ฒฐ์—
05:48
contaminating the water in this popular pump,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌผํŽŒํ”„๋ฅผ ์˜ค์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
05:50
and one of the most terrifying outbreaks in the history of England
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์˜๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์•…์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํžˆ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ€์œ ํ–‰์ด
05:56
erupted about two or three days later.
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2, 3์ผ ํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
Literally, 10 percent of the neighborhood died in seven days,
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๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ด์›ƒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ 10%๊ฐ€ 7์ผ ๋งŒ์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
and much more would have died if people hadn't fled
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์œ ํ–‰ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ”ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:04
after the initial outbreak kicked in.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
So it was this incredibly terrifying event.
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋ฌด์‹œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:09
You had these scenes of entire families dying
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์ฃผํƒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋‹จ์นธ ๋ฐฉ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋“ค์—์„œ๋งŒ
06:12
over the course of 48 hours of cholera,
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํผ์ง„ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์—
06:14
alone in their one-room apartments, in their little flats.
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์ „ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
Just an extraordinary, terrifying scene.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜๋„ ๊ณตํฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด์ฃ .
06:22
Snow lived near there, heard about the outbreak,
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์‚ด๋˜ ์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ์ด ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ 
06:26
and in this amazing act of courage went directly into the belly of the beast
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๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„์›์ง€๋กœ ๊ณง์žฅ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
because he thought an outbreak that concentrated
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
06:32
could actually potentially end up convincing people that,
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ˜‘์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:36
in fact, the real menace of cholera was in the water supply and not in the air.
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๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ ์†์— ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฉ๋“์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
06:42
He suspected an outbreak that concentrated
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์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:44
would probably involve a single point source.
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์–ด๋–ค ํ•œ ์ง€์ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
One single thing that everybody was going to
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์ง€์  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
because it didn't have the traditional slower path
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋กœ
06:53
of infections that you might expect.
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ํผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
And so he went right in there and started interviewing people.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
He eventually enlisted the help of this amazing other figure,
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:03
who's kind of the other protagonist of the book --
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ์ฑ…์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
this guy, Henry Whitehead, who was a local minister,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ํ—จ๋ฆฌ ํ™”์ดํŠธํ—ค๋“œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋กœ
07:08
who was not at all a man of science, but was incredibly socially connected;
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๋งฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
he knew everybody in the neighborhood.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์›ƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ง€๋ƒˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:13
And he managed to track down, Whitehead did,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ™”์ดํŠธํ—ค๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํŽŒํ”„์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์…จ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:15
many of the cases of people who had drunk water from the pump,
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๋งˆ์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ
07:18
or who hadn't drunk water from the pump.
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๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰์ ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
And eventually Snow made a map of the outbreak.
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
He found increasingly that people who drank from the pump were getting sick.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํŽŒํ”„์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Œ์„ ์ ์ฐจ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:28
People who hadn't drunk from the pump were not getting sick.
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๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ฉ€์ฉกํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:31
And he thought about representing that
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์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ์ธ๊ทผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์„œ
07:33
as a kind of a table of statistics of people living in different neighborhoods,
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๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„
07:36
people who hadn't, you know, percentages of people who hadn't,
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ํ†ต๊ณ„์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
but eventually he hit upon the idea
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
that what he needed was something that you could see.
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์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:42
Something that would take in a sense a higher-level view
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๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ „์—ผ ํ™œ๋™์„
07:44
of all this activity that had been happening in the neighborhood.
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๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
And so he created this map,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šค๋…ธ๋Š” ์ด ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
which basically ended up representing all the deaths in the neighborhoods
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ
07:54
as black bars at each address.
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์ฃผ์†Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฒ€์€ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
And you can see in this map, the pump right at the center of it
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ์ง€๋„์—์„œ ์ค‘์•™์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผํŽŒํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”
08:00
and you can see that one of the residences down the way
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผํƒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
08:02
had about 15 people dead.
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๊ทธ ์ง‘์—์„œ๋Š” 15๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
And the map is actually a little bit bigger.
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ด ์ง€๋„์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌผ์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
As you get further and further away from the pump,
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๊ทธ ํŽŒํ”„์—์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
08:08
the deaths begin to grow less and less frequent.
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์ฃฝ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
And so you can see this something poisonous
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋Œ€๋ฒˆ์— ์ด ๋ฌผํŽŒํ”„์—์„œ
08:14
emanating out of this pump that you could see in a glance.
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ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
And so, with the help of this map,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์ง€๋„์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
08:20
and with the help of more evangelizing
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์Šค๋…ธ์™€ ํ™”์ดํŠธ ํ—ค๋“œ๊ฐ€
08:22
that he did over the next few years
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๊ทธํ›„๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
08:24
and that Whitehead did, eventually, actually,
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์•Œ๋ฆฐ ๋์—
08:26
the authorities slowly started to come around.
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์ •๋ถ€ ๋‹น๊ตญ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ ์ฐจ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
It took much longer than sometimes we like to think in this story,
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
08:31
but by 1866, when the next big cholera outbreak came to London,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ 1866๋…„์—๋Š”
08:36
the authorities had been convinced -- in part because of this story,
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๋‹น๊ตญ์€ --ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ, ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ์ง€๋„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—--
08:40
in part because of this map -- that in fact the water was the problem.
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๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
And they had already started building the sewers in London,
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์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์— ์ •์ˆ˜์žฅ์„ ์ง“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
and they immediately went to this outbreak
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น๊ตญ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์—ฌ
08:48
and they told everybody to start boiling their water.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋“์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
And that was the last time that London has seen a cholera outbreak since.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ผ ์œ ํ–‰์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
So, part of this story, I think -- well, it's a terrifying story,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” -- ๋ฌด์„ญ๊ณ 
08:58
it's a very dark story and it's a story
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์•”์šธํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฉด์„œ
09:00
that continues on in many of the developing cities of the world.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚™ํ›„ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋Š์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
It's also a story really that is fundamentally optimistic,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ค์ƒ, ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”,
09:07
which is to say that it's possible to solve these problems
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
if we listen to reason, if we listen to the kind of wisdom of these kinds of maps,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด ์ง€๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง€ํ˜œ์— ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ 
09:14
if we listen to people like Snow and Whitehead,
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์Šค๋…ธ๋‚˜ ํ™”์ดํŠธํ—ค๋“œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝ์ฒญํ•˜๋ฉฐ
09:16
if we listen to the locals who understand
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋Š”
09:18
what's going on in these kinds of situations.
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ํ˜„์ง€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:21
And what it ended up doing is making the idea
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๋ฐ”์•ผํ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์ด
09:24
of large-scale metropolitan living a sustainable one.
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๊ณ„์† ์œ ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
When people were looking at 10 percent of their neighborhoods dying
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ด์›ƒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹ญ๋ถ„์ง€์ผ์ด ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ๋งŒ์—
09:31
in the space of seven days,
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์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ
09:33
there was a widespread consensus that this couldn't go on,
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ง„ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋„์‹œ์˜ ํŒฝ์ฐฝ์€) ์ง€์†๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ
09:36
that people weren't meant to live in cities of 2.5 million people.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ 250๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
But because of what Snow did, because of this map,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์ง€๋„์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ์Šค๋…ธ์˜ ์—…์ ๊ณผ
09:42
because of the whole series of reforms
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์ด ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ดํ›„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
09:44
that happened in the wake of this map,
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์—
09:46
we now take for granted that cities have 10 million people,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒœ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์„ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
cities like this one are in fact sustainable things.
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์ด ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด์ง€์š”.
09:52
We don't worry that New York City is going to collapse in on itself
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‰ด์š•์ด ๋กœ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉธ๋งํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:55
quite the way that, you know, Rome did,
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ 
09:57
and be 10 percent of its size in 100 years or 200 years.
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100๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 200๋…„ ํ›„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ญ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ๋กœ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
And so that in a way is the ultimate legacy of this map.
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์–ด์ฐŒ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ์ง€๋„์˜ ๊ถ๊ทน์  ์œ ์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
It's a map of deaths that ended up creating a whole new way of life,
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:08
the life that we're enjoying here today. Thank you very much.
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์ด ๋ง์ž์˜ ์ง€๋„์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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