Roger Ebert: Remaking my voice

189,468 views ใƒป 2011-04-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Roger Ebert: These are my words, but this is not my voice.
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ืืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื™.
00:18
This is Alex, the best computer voice
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ื–ื” ืืœื›ืก, ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:20
I've been able to find,
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื,
00:22
which comes as standard equipment on every Macintosh.
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ืฉื‘ื ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ.
00:25
For most of my life,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™,
00:27
I never gave a second thought to my ability to speak.
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ืœื ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
00:30
It was like breathing.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ืฉื•ื.
00:32
In those days, I was living in a fool's paradise.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื, ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
00:35
After surgeries for cancer
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ
00:37
took away my ability to speak, eat or drink,
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ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช,
00:40
I was forced to enter this virtual world
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ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื–ื”
00:42
in which a computer does some of my living for me.
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ื‘ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
00:45
For several days now,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
00:47
we have enjoyed brilliant and articulate speakers here at TED.
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ื ื”ื ื™ื ื• ืžื”ื ื•ืืžื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื” ื‘TED.
00:50
I used to be able to talk like that.
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ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื›ื”.
00:52
Maybe I wasn't as smart,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื›ื,
00:54
but I was at least as talkative.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
00:56
I want to devote my talk today
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:58
to the act of speaking itself,
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ืœืืงื˜ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•,
01:00
and how the act of speaking or not speaking
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืงื˜ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ืื™ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
01:02
is tied so indelibly to one's identity
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ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื™ืชื•ืง ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:04
as to force the birth of a new person
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื—ื“ืฉ
01:06
when it is taken away.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืœืงื— ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
01:08
However, I've found that listening to a computer voice
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘
01:10
for any great length of time
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ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš
01:12
can be monotonous.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช.
01:14
So I've decided to recruit some of my TED friends
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘TED
01:17
to read my words aloud for me.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
01:19
I will start with my wife, Chaz.
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ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืืฉืชื™ ืฆ'ืื–.
01:25
Chaz Ebert: It was Chaz who stood by my side
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ืฆ'ืื– ืื‘ืจื˜: "ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆ'ืื– ืฉืขืžื“ื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื™
01:27
through three attempts to reconstruct my jaw
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืœืกืช ืฉืœื™
01:31
and restore my ability to speak.
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ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
01:34
Going into the first surgery
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ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
01:36
for a recurrence of salivary cancer
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ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืง
01:38
in 2006,
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ื‘2006,
01:40
I expected to be out of the hospital
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ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
01:43
in time to return to my movie review show,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
01:45
'Ebert and Roeper at the Movies.'
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'ืื‘ืจื˜ ื•ืจื•ืคืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื.'
01:48
I had pre-taped enough shows
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ื”ืงืœื˜ืชื™ ืžืจืืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
01:50
to get me through six weeks of surgery
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—
01:53
and recuperation.
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ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”.
01:55
The doctors took a fibula bone from my leg
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืขืฆื ืคื™ื‘ื•ืœื” ืžืจื’ืœื™
01:58
and some tissue from my shoulder
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ื•ืจืงืžื” ืžื”ื›ืชืฃ ืฉืœื™
02:00
to fashion into a new jaw.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆืจ ืœืกืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
02:04
My tongue, larynx and vocal cords
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ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืžื™ืชืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ
02:07
were still healthy and unaffected.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื."
02:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:23
CE: I was optimistic,
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"ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™,
02:25
and all was right with the world.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:27
The first surgery was a great success.
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ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
02:30
I saw myself in the mirror
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืจืื”
02:32
and I looked pretty good.
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ื•ื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:35
Two weeks later, I was ready to return home.
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ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
02:38
I was using my iPod
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ ืฉืœื™
02:40
to play the Leonard Cohen song
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ื›ื”ืŸ
02:42
'I'm Your Man'
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'ืื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉืœืš'
02:44
for my doctors and nurses.
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ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืœืื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
02:47
Suddenly, I had an episode of catastrophic bleeding.
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ืœืคืชืข, ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™.
02:51
My carotid artery had ruptured.
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ืขื•ืจืง ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœื™ ื ืคืจืฅ.
02:54
Thank God I was still in my hospital room
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
02:57
and my doctors were right there.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื.
03:01
Chaz told me
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ืฆ'ืื– ืืžืจื” ืœื™
03:03
that if that song hadn't played for so long,
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ืฉืื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื’ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
03:05
I might have already been in the car, on the way home,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
03:08
and would have died right there and then.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืช ืžืžืฉ ืฉื ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
03:11
So thank you, Leonard Cohen,
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืœืื•ื ืจื“ ื›ื”ืŸ,
03:13
for saving my life.
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ืฉื”ืฆืœืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™."
03:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:20
There was a second surgery --
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"ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื ื™ --
03:22
which held up for five or six days
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ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื
03:24
and then it also fell apart.
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ื•ืื– ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจืง.
03:27
And then a third attempt,
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ื•ืื– ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
03:29
which also patched me back together pretty well,
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
03:32
until it failed.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ.
03:36
A doctor from Brazil said
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ืจื•ืคื ืžื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืืžืจ
03:38
he had never seen anyone survive
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืจืื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉืจื“
03:41
a carotid artery rupture.
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ืžืžืคืจืฆืช ื‘ืขื•ืจืง ื”ืฆื•ืืจ.
03:44
And before I left the hospital,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
03:47
after a year of being hospitalized,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ืฉืคื–,
03:50
I had seven ruptures
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืžืคืจืฆื•ืช
03:52
of my carotid artery.
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ื‘ืขื•ืจืง ื”ืฆื•ืืจื™.
03:54
There was no particular day
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
03:56
when anyone told me
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืœื™
03:58
I would never speak again;
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ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื;
04:00
it just sort of became obvious.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
04:03
Human speech
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ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™
04:05
is an ingenious manipulation of our breath
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•
04:08
within the sound chamber of our mouth
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ื‘ืชื ื”ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื ื•
04:11
and respiratory system.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
04:14
We need to be able to hold and manipulate that breath
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”
04:17
in order to form sounds.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
04:20
Therefore, the system
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช
04:22
must be essentially airtight
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ื™ืจ
04:25
in order to capture air.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
04:28
Because I had lost my jaw,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืœืกืช ืฉืœื™,
04:30
I could no longer form a seal,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ื•ื,
04:32
and therefore my tongue
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™
04:34
and all of my other vocal equipment
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืงืืœื™ื™ื
04:37
was rendered powerless.
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ื ืขืฉื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืื•ื ื™ื."
04:41
Dean Ornish: At first for a long time,
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ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื ื™ืฉ: "ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
04:43
I wrote messages in notebooks.
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
04:45
Then I tried typing words on my laptop
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™
04:47
and using its built in voice.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
04:49
This was faster,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:51
and nobody had to try to read my handwriting.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™.
04:53
I tried out various computer voices that were available online,
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช,
04:56
and for several months I had a British accent,
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ื•ืœืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™,
04:58
which Chaz called Sir Lawrence."
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ืฉืฆ'ืื– ืงืจืื” ืœื• ืกืจ ืœื•ืจื ืก."
05:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:02
"It was the clearest I could find.
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"ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื.
05:04
Then Apple released the Alex voice,
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ื•ืื– ืืคืœ ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืก,
05:06
which was the best I'd heard.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™.
05:08
It knew things like the difference
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
05:10
between an exclamation point and a question mark.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื”.
05:12
When it saw a period, it knew how to make a sentence
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืฉืคื˜
05:14
sound like it was ending instead of staying up in the air.
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ืœื”ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
05:18
There are all sorts of html codes you can use
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ HTML ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื
05:20
to control the timing and inflection of computer voices,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
05:23
and I've experimented with them.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืื•ืชื.
05:25
For me, they share a fundamental problem: they're too slow.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช: ื”ื ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™.
05:28
When I find myself in a conversational situation,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื”,
05:31
I need to type fast and to jump right in.
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ืžื”ืจ ื•ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื™ืฉืจ ืคื ื™ืžื”.
05:35
People don't have the time or the patience
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื• ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช
05:37
to wait for me to fool around with the codes
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ื™ื
05:39
for every word or phrase.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜.
05:41
But what value do we place on the sound of our own voice?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืขืจืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•?
05:44
How does that affect who you are as a person?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื ื›ืื ืฉื™ื?
05:47
When people hear Alex speaking my words,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ืืœื›ืก ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™,
05:49
do they experience a disconnect?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง?
05:51
Does that create a separation or a distance
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืจื“ื” ืื• ืจื™ื—ื•ืง
05:53
from one person to the next?
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™?
05:56
How did I feel not being able to speak?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ?
05:58
I felt, and I still feel,
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™, ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ,
06:00
a lot of distance from the human mainstream.
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ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืจื‘ ืžื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
06:02
I've become uncomfortable when I'm separated from my laptop.
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ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืžื”ืœืคื˜ื•ืค ืฉืœื™.
06:06
Even then, I'm aware that most people have little patience
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื”
06:08
for my speaking difficulties.
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ืœืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™.
06:11
So Chaz suggested finding a company that could make a customized voice
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ืื– ืฆ'ืื– ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื™
06:14
using my TV show voice
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœื™
06:16
from a period of 30 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื”.
06:18
At first I was against it.
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”.
06:20
I thought it would be creepy
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืชื™ืข
06:22
to hear my own voice coming from a computer.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžื—ืฉื‘.
06:24
There was something comforting about a voice that was not my own.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืœื™.
06:27
But I decided then to just give it a try.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
06:29
So we contacted a company in Scotland
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ืื– ื”ืชืงืฉืจื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“
06:31
that created personalized computer voices.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
06:34
They'd never made one from previously-recorded materials.
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ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฆืจื• ืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืงืœื˜ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ.
06:37
All of their voices had been made by a speaker
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ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ
06:39
recording original words in a control booth.
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ืžืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ.
06:41
But they were willing to give it a try.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช.
06:43
So I sent them many hours of recordings of my voice,
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ืื– ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื™,
06:46
including several audio commentary tracks
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืžื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช
06:48
that I'd made for movies on DVDs.
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ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ DVD.
06:51
And it sounded like me, it really did.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ื‘ืืžืช.
06:53
There was a reason for that; it was me.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื–ื” ืกื™ื‘ื”; ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื ื™.
06:56
But it wasn't that simple.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜.
06:58
The tapes from my TV show weren't very useful
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ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช
07:01
because there were too many other kinds of audio involved --
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื --
07:04
movie soundtracks, for example, or Gene Siskel arguing with me --
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ืคืกืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื• ื’'ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกืงืœ ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืื™ืชื™."
07:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:09
and my words often had a particular emphasis
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"ื•ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื’ืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
07:11
that didn't fit into a sentence well enough.
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ืฉืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:14
I'll let you hear a sample of that voice.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
07:16
These are a few of the comments I recorded for use
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ืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
07:19
when Chaz and I appeared on the Oprah Winfrey program.
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ื›ืฉืฆ'ืื– ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื” ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืจื™.
07:22
And here's the voice we call Roger Jr.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืจ
07:24
or Roger 2.0.
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ืื• ืจื•ื’'ืจ 2.0."
07:27
Roger 2.0: Oprah, I can't tell you how great it is
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ืจื•ื’'ืจ 2.0: ืื•ืคืจื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืš ื›ืžื” ื ืคืœื ื–ื”
07:29
to be back on your show.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš.
07:32
We have been talking for a long time,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
07:35
and now here we are again.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื” ืฉื•ื‘.
07:37
This is the first version of my computer voice.
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ื–ื• ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™.
07:40
It still needs improvement,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ,
07:42
but at least it sounds like me
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื•ื ื™
07:44
and not like HAL 9000.
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ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœ 9000.
07:47
When I heard it the first time,
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ื›ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
07:49
it sent chills down my spine.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื‘.
07:52
When I type anything,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงืœื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•,
07:54
this voice will speak whatever I type.
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ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืงืœื“ืชื™.
07:56
When I read something, it will read in my voice.
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื™.
07:59
I have typed these words in advance,
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ื”ืงืœื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืืฉ,
08:02
as I didn't think it would be thrilling
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ
08:04
to sit here watching me typing.
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ืœืฉื‘ืช ืคื” ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ ืžืงืœื™ื“.
08:06
The voice was created by a company in Scotland
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ื”ืงื•ืœ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“
08:09
named CereProc.
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ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ืกืจืคืจื•ืง.
08:11
It makes me feel good
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘
08:13
that many of the words you are hearing were first spoken
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื ืืžืจื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
08:16
while I was commenting on "Casablanca"
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ื›ืฉื ืชืชื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ "ืงื–ื‘ืœื ืงื”"
08:19
and "Citizen Kane."
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ื•"ื”ืื–ืจื— ืงื™ื™ืŸ."
08:22
This is the first voice they've created for an individual.
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ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
08:25
There are several very good voices available for computers,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
08:28
but they all sound like somebody else,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
08:31
while this voice sounds like me.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
08:34
I plan to use it on television, radio
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•
08:37
and the Internet.
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ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
08:39
People who need a voice should know
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืงื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
08:42
that most computers already come with built-in speaking systems.
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช.
08:45
Many blind people use them
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื
08:47
to read pages on the Web to themselves.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืœืขืฆืžื.
08:50
But I've got to say, in first grade,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืืœืฃ,
08:52
they said I talked too much,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
08:54
and now I still can.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
08:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:59
Roger Ebert: As you can hear, it sounds like me,
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ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืื‘ืจื˜: ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
09:02
but the words jump up and down.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงื•ืคืฆื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”.
09:04
The flow isn't natural.
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ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
09:06
The good people in Scotland are still improving my voice,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื™,
09:09
and I'm optimistic about it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
09:11
But so far, the Apple Alex voice
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืงื•ืœ ืืœื›ืก ืฉืœ ืืคืœ
09:13
is the best one I've heard.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™.
09:15
I wrote a blog about it
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืขืœ ื–ื”
09:17
and actually got a comment from the actor who played Alex.
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ืืช ืืœื›ืก.
09:20
He said he recorded many long hours in various intonations
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
09:23
to be used in the voice.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœ.
09:25
A very large sample is needed.
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ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื“ื™.
09:28
John Hunter: All my life I was a motormouth.
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ื’'ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ืจ:"ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื” ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
09:31
Now I have spoken my last words,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
09:34
and I don't even remember for sure
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
09:36
what they were.
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ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•.
09:38
I feel like the hero of that Harlan Ellison story
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืœืŸ ืืœื™ืกื•ืŸ
09:41
titled "I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream."
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืคื” ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆืขื•ืง."
09:45
On Wednesday, David Christian explained to us
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ื•
09:48
what a tiny instant the human race represents
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ืื™ื–ื” ืจื’ืข ืงื˜ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’
09:51
in the time-span of the universe.
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ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
09:53
For almost all of its millions and billions of years,
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ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
09:56
there was no life on Earth at all.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœืœ.
09:59
For almost all the years of life on Earth,
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ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:02
there was no intelligent life.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
10:04
Only after we learned to pass knowledge
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ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื“ืข
10:06
from one generation to the next,
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ืžื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ื•,
10:08
did civilization become possible.
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
10:10
In cosmological terms,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
10:12
that was about 10 minutes ago.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช.
10:15
Finally came mankind's most advanced and mysterious tool,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื,
10:19
the computer.
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
10:21
That has mostly happened in my lifetime.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™.
10:24
Some of the famous early computers
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
10:26
were being built in my hometown of Urbana,
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ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ืื•ืจื‘ื ื”,
10:29
the birthplace of HAL 9000.
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ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ 9000.
10:32
When I heard the amazing talk
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ื›ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
10:34
by Salman Khan on Wednesday,
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ืฉืœ ืกืœืžืืŸ ืงืืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื™ืขื™,
10:36
about the Khan Academy website
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงืืŸ
10:38
that teaches hundreds of subjects to students all over the world,
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ืฉืžืœืžื“ืช ืžืื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
10:41
I had a flashback.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืคืœืืฉื‘ืง.
10:43
It was about 1960.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘1960.
10:46
As a local newspaper reporter still in high school,
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ื›ื›ืชื‘ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
10:49
I was sent over to the computer lab of the University of Illinois
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ื ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™
10:52
to interview the creators
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ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
10:54
of something called PLATO.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื PLATO.
10:56
The initials stood for Programmed Logic
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ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื’ื• ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืชื›ื ื•ืชื™ืช
10:58
for Automated Teaching Operations.
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ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช.
11:02
This was a computer-assisted instruction system,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘,
11:05
which in those days ran on a computer named ILLIAC.
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ืจืฆื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ILLIAC.
11:08
The programmers said it could assist students in their learning.
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ื”ืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
11:12
I doubt, on that day 50 years ago,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง, ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”,
11:15
they even dreamed of what Salman Khan has accomplished.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืœืžื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืกืœืžืืŸ ืงืืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:19
But that's not the point.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
11:21
The point is PLATO was only 50 years ago,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉPLATO ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”,
11:24
an instant in time.
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ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
11:26
It continued to evolve and operated in one form or another
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
11:29
on more and more sophisticated computers,
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ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:32
until only five years ago.
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ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
11:34
I have learned from Wikipedia
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”
11:36
that, starting with that humble beginning,
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ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื”ื”ื™ื,
11:39
PLATO established forums, message boards,
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PLATO ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืœืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื, ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
11:42
online testing,
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ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช,
11:44
email, chat rooms,
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ื“ื•ื"ืœ, ื—ื“ืจื™ ืฆ'ืื˜,
11:46
picture languages, instant messaging,
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ืฉืคื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืกืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
11:49
remote screen sharing
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืกืš ืžืจื•ื—ืง
11:51
and multiple-player games.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื.
11:54
Since the first Web browser was also developed in Urbana,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื’ื ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืื•ืจื‘ื ื”,
11:57
it appears that my hometown
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™
11:59
in downstate Illinois
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ื‘ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™
12:01
was the birthplace
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื™ื“ื”
12:03
of much of the virtual, online universe we occupy today.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:06
But I'm not here from the Chamber of Commerce.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืคื” ืžืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ.
12:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:10
I'm here as a man who wants to communicate.
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ืื ื™ ืคื” ื›ืื“ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
12:13
All of this has happened in my lifetime.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™.
12:16
I started writing on a computer back in the 1970s
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”70
12:19
when one of the first Atech systems was installed
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ื›ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ Atech ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืชืงื ื•
12:22
at the Chicago Sun-Times.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ืกืืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก.
12:25
I was in line at Radio Shack
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืืง
12:27
to buy one of the first Model 100's.
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ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื“ืจื” 100.
12:30
And when I told the people in the press room at the Academy Awards
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ื•ื›ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืคืจืกื™ ื”ืื•ืกืงืจ
12:33
that they'd better install some phone lines for Internet connections,
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ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื ื• ืงื•ื•ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
12:36
they didn't know what I was talking about.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
12:39
When I bought my first desktop,
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ื›ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
12:41
it was a DEC Rainbow.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” DEC (ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœ) Rainbow.
12:43
Does anybody remember that?"
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื–ื”?
12:45
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:48
"The Sun Times sent me to the Cannes Film Festival
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ื”ืกืืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ืงืืŸ
12:50
with a portable computer the size of a suitcase
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ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”
12:54
named the Porteram Telebubble.
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ืฉื ืงืจื Porteram Telebubble.
12:56
I joined CompuServe
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืงื•ืžืคื™ื•ืกืจื‘
12:58
when it had fewer numbers
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
13:00
than I currently have followers on Twitter.
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ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
13:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:06
CE: All of this has happened
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ืฆ'ืื–: ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื”
13:08
in the blink of an eye.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“.
13:10
It is unimaginable
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ื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืกื”
13:12
what will happen next.
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
13:14
It makes me incredibly fortunate
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ืขืœ ืžื–ืœ ืจื‘
13:17
to live at this moment in history.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
13:19
Indeed, I am lucky to live in history at all,
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
13:22
because without intelligence and memory
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืœื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
13:25
there is no history.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
13:27
For billions of years,
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ืœืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
13:29
the universe evolved
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื—
13:31
completely without notice.
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื”.
13:33
Now we live in the age of the Internet,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
13:36
which seems to be creating a form of global consciousness.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
13:39
And because of it,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”,
13:41
I can communicate
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืฉืจ
13:43
as well as I ever could.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื™ ืคืขื.
13:45
We are born into a box
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœืงื•ืคืกื”
13:47
of time and space.
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ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘.
13:50
We use words and communication
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
13:52
to break out of it
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืžื ื•
13:54
and to reach out to others.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
13:57
For me, the Internet began
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื—ืœ
13:59
as a useful tool
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ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™
14:01
and now has become something I rely on
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืกื•ืžืš ืขืœื™ื•
14:04
for my actual daily existence.
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ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื™.
14:07
I cannot speak;
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
14:09
I can only type so fast.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
14:12
Computer voices
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ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
14:14
are sometimes not very sophisticated,
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ื”ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
14:17
but with my computer,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื™,
14:19
I can communicate more widely
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:21
than ever before.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื™ ืคืขื.
14:23
I feel as if my blog,
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื™,
14:26
my email, Twitter and Facebook
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ื”ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืฉืœื™, ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื•ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง
14:29
have given me a substitute
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ
14:31
for everyday conversation.
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ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช.
14:34
They aren't an improvement,
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ื”ื ืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
14:36
but they're the best I can do.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
14:38
They give me a way to speak.
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
14:41
Not everybody has the patience
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ืœื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช
14:44
of my wife, Chaz.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉืชื™, ืฆ'ืื–.
14:48
But online,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืช,
14:49
everybody speaks at the same speed.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
14:54
This whole adventure
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื”ื–ื•
14:56
has been a learning experience.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช.
14:58
Every time there was a surgery that failed,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ,
15:01
I was left with a little less flesh and bone.
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ื ืฉืืจืชื™ ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืขืฆื.
15:04
Now I have no jaw left at all.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืœืกืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
15:07
While harvesting tissue from both my shoulders,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงืฆืจื• ืจืงืžื” ืžืฉืชื™ ื›ืชืคื™,
15:10
the surgeries left me with back pain
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ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื™ ืขื ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘
15:12
and reduced my ability to walk easily.
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
15:16
Ironic that my legs are fine,
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ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
15:18
and it's my shoulders that slow up my walk.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉืžืื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื™.
15:21
When you see me today,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื,
15:23
I look like the Phantom of the Opera.
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ืื ื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืจื”."
15:25
But no you don't.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืชื” ืœื.
15:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:39
It is human nature to look at someone like me
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"ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•ื ื™
15:42
and assume I have lost some of my marbles.
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ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืข.
15:46
People --
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ืื ืฉื™ื --"
15:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:03
People talk loudly --
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"ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื --"
16:05
I'm so sorry.
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ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฆื˜ืขืจืช.
16:07
Excuse me.
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ืชืกืœื—ื• ืœื™.
16:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:13
People talk loudly and slowly to me.
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"ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื•ืœืื˜ ืืœื™.
16:17
Sometimes they assume I am deaf.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ืจืฉ.
16:20
There are people who don't want to make eye contact.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ."
16:24
Believe me, he didn't mean this as --
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื” ื›--
16:26
anyway, let me just read it.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื–ื”.
16:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:33
You should never let your wife read something like this.
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœืชืช ืœืืฉืชื›ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
16:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:40
It is human nature
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"ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
16:42
to look away from illness.
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ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืžื—ืœื”.
16:45
We don't enjoy a reminder
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช
16:47
of our own fragile mortality.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
16:50
That's why writing on the Internet
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
16:52
has become a lifesaver for me.
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
16:54
My ability to think and write
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘
16:57
have not been affected.
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ืœื ื ืคื’ืขื”.
16:59
And on the Web, my real voice finds expression.
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ื•ื‘ืจืฉืช, ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
17:02
I have also met many other disabled people
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช
17:05
who communicate this way.
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ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
17:08
One of my Twitter friends
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ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ
17:10
can type only with his toes.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืœื™ื“ ืจืง ืขื ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื•.
17:12
One of the funniest blogs on the Web
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช
17:14
is written by a friend of mine
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ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™
17:16
named Smartass Cripple.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื›ื” ื—ื›ืžื•ืœื•ื’."
17:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:20
Google him and he will make you laugh.
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"ืชื’ื’ืœื• ืืช ืฉืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง.
17:23
All of these people are saying, in one way or another,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช,
17:25
that what you see
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
17:27
is not all you get.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื.
17:29
So I have not come here to complain.
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ืื– ืœื ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ.
17:32
I have much to make me happy and relieved.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ื•ืจื’ื•ืข.
17:35
I seem, for the time being,
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ื ืจืื”, ื›ืจื’ืข,
17:37
to be cancer-free.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ.
17:39
I am writing as well as ever.
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ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืชืžื™ื“.
17:41
I am productive.
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ืื ื™ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
17:43
If I were in this condition at any point
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื”
17:46
before a few cosmological instants ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
17:49
I would be as isolated as a hermit.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื›ื ื–ื™ืจ.
17:52
I would be trapped inside my head.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืืฉื™.
17:54
Because of the rush of human knowledge,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
17:57
because of the digital revolution,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช,
17:59
I have a voice,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ,
18:01
and I do not need to scream.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืขื•ืง."
18:05
RE: Wait. I have one more thing to add.
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ืจ ื: ื—ื›ื•. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ.
18:10
A guy goes into a psychiatrist.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ.
18:12
The psychiatrist says, "You're crazy."
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ืื•ืžืจ, "ืืชื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืข."
18:15
The guy says, "I want a second opinion."
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื“ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช."
18:18
The psychiatrist says, "All right, you're ugly."
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืืชื” ืžื›ื•ืขืจ."
18:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:25
You all know the test for artificial intelligence -- the Turing test.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช -- ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื’.
18:29
A human judge has a conversation
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ืœื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื—ื”
18:31
with a human and a computer.
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ืขื ืื“ื ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘,
18:33
If the judge can't tell the machine apart from the human,
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ืื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืื“ื,
18:36
the machine has passed the test.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
18:39
I now propose a test for computer voices -- the Ebert test.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื -- ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื‘ืจื˜.
18:43
If a computer voice can successfully tell a joke
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ืื ืงื•ืœ ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”
18:46
and do the timing and delivery as well as Henny Youngman,
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื’ืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืžืŸ,
18:49
then that's the voice I want.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”.
18:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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