Comics that ask "what if?" | Randall Munroe

1,073,760 views ใƒป 2014-05-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
So, I have a feature on my website where every week
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข
00:15
people submit hypothetical questions
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ื•ืช
00:17
for me to answer,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืขื ื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
00:18
and I try to answer them using math, science
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืžื“ืข
00:21
and comics.
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ื•ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก.
00:22
So for example, one person asked,
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืืœ,
00:25
what would happen if you tried to hit a baseball
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ
00:26
pitched at 90 percent of the speed of light?
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ืฉื ื–ืจืง ื‘ 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ?
00:29
So I did some calculations.
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
00:32
Now, normally, when an object flies through the air,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื›ืฉืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื ืข ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ,
00:34
the air will flow around the object,
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ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ื ื•ืข ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜,
00:36
but in this case, the ball would be going so fast
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ
00:37
that the air molecules wouldn't have time
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ืฉืœืžื•ืงืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ
00:39
to move out of the way.
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ืœื–ื•ื– ืžื”ื“ืจืš,
00:41
The ball would smash right into and through them,
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ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืชืจืกืง ื™ืฉืจ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ,
00:44
and the collisions with these air molecules
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ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืืœื•
00:45
would knock away the nitrogen,
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ื™ืขื™ืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ,
00:47
carbon and hydrogen from the ball,
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ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืžื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
00:49
fragmenting it off into tiny particles,
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ื•ื™ืคื•ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
00:51
and also triggering waves of thermonuclear fusion
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ื•ื’ื ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืชืจืžื• ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
00:53
in the air around it.
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ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
00:55
This would result in a flood of x-rays
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ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ
00:57
that would spread out in a bubble
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ืฉื™ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื”
00:59
along with exotic particles,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:00
plasma inside, centered on the pitcher's mound,
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ืคืœื–ืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืžืžื•ืจื›ื–ืช ืขืœ ืชืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•ืจืง,
01:03
and that would move away from the pitcher's mound
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื ื•ืข ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืชืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื•ืจืง
01:07
slightly faster than the ball.
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ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
01:09
Now at this point, about 30 nanoseconds in,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื ื ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
01:12
the home plate is far enough away
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ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:14
that light hasn't had time to reach it,
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ืฉืœืื•ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”,
01:16
which means the batter
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ื”
01:17
still sees the pitcher about to throw
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืจืง ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื–ืจื•ืง
01:20
and has no idea that anything is wrong.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
01:22
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:24
Now, after 70 nanoseconds,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื—ืจื™ 70 ื ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
01:27
the ball will reach home plate,
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ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
01:28
or at least the cloud of expanding plasma
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ืŸ ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜
01:31
that used to be the ball,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
01:33
and it will engulf the bat and the batter
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ื˜ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื˜
01:37
and the plate and the catcher and the umpire
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืคืก ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜
01:40
and start disintegrating them all
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ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื•ืจืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื
01:43
as it also starts to carry them backward
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื•ืชื ืื—ื•ืจื”
01:46
through the backstop, which also starts to disintegrate.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™, ืฉื’ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ.
01:50
So if you were watching this whole thing
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ืื– ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”
01:51
from a hill,
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ืžื’ื‘ืขื”,
01:53
ideally, far away,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™, ืจื—ื•ืงื”,
01:56
what you'd see is a bright flash of light
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื–ืง ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
01:57
that would fade over a few seconds,
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ืฉื™ื“ื”ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
01:59
followed by a blast wave spreading out,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื’ืœ ื”ืœื ืžืชืคืฉื˜,
02:01
shredding trees and houses
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ืงื•ืจืข ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื
02:04
as it moves away from the stadium,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ,
02:06
and then eventually a mushroom cloud
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืŸ ืคื˜ืจื™ื”
02:09
rising up over the ruined city. (Laughter)
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ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื”ืจื•ืกื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:12
So the Major League Baseball rules
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ืื– ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืขืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ
02:13
are a little bit hazy,
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ื”ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื,
02:16
but โ€” (Laughter) โ€” under rule 6.02 and 5.09,
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ืื‘ืœ -- (ืฆื—ื•ืง) -- ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืง 6.02 ื• 5.09,
02:20
I think that in this situation,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
02:22
the batter would be considered hit by pitch
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ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื ืคื’ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื”
02:25
and would be eligible to take first base,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื›ืื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
02:27
if it still existed.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื.
02:30
So this is the kind of question I answer,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื”,
02:32
and I get people writing in with
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืขื
02:34
a lot of other strange questions.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:36
I've had someone write and say,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืœื™ ื•ืืžืจ,
02:39
scientifically speaking, what is the best
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืขื™, ืžื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:41
and fastest way to hide a body?
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ืœื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื”?
02:43
Can you do this one soon?
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘?
02:45
And I had someone write in,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ืชื‘,
02:47
I've had people write in about,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ,
02:49
can you prove whether or not you can find love again
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื‘
02:51
after your heart's broken?
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืœื‘ ื ืฉื‘ืจ?
02:53
And I've had people send in
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉืœื—ื•
02:54
what are clearly homework questions
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช
02:56
they're trying to get me to do for them.
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ืฉื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื.
03:00
But one week, a couple months ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:03
I got a question that was actually about Google.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
03:06
If all digital data in the world were stored on punch cards,
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ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื›ืกืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื‘,
03:09
how big would Google's data warehouse be?
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ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ?
03:12
Now, Google's pretty secretive about their operations,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:15
so no one really knows how much data Google has,
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ืื– ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ,
03:18
and in fact, no one really knows how many data centers Google has,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื’ื•ื’ืœ,
03:20
except people at Google itself.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืขืฆืžื.
03:23
And I've tried, I've met them a few times,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™, ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื™ืชื ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื,
03:24
tried asking them, and they aren't revealing anything.
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ืœื•ื.
03:29
So I decided to try to figure this out myself.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
03:32
There are a few things that I looked at here.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื ืคื”.
03:34
I started with money.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืขื ื›ืกืฃ.
03:36
Google has to reveal how much they spend,
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ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื,
03:38
in general, and that lets you put some caps
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
03:40
on how many data centers could they be building,
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช,
03:44
because a big data center costs a certain amount of money.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ.
03:46
And you can also then put a cap on
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉื™ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื”
03:49
how much of the world hard drive market are they taking up,
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื,
03:51
which turns out, it's pretty sizable.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“.
03:53
I read a calculation at one point,
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ืงืจืืชื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
03:55
I think Google has a drive failure
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื’ื•ื’ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื—ื•ื– ื›ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื
03:56
about every minute or two,
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ื“ืงื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
04:00
and they just throw out the hard drive
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ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืกืง
04:01
and swap in a new one.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:02
So they go through a huge number of them.
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ืื– ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื.
04:05
And so by looking at money,
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ืื– ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ,
04:06
you can get an idea of how many of these centers they have.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:08
You can also look at power.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื’ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—.
04:10
You can look at how much electricity they need,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื,
04:14
because you need a certain amount of electricity to run the servers,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืฉืจืชื™ื,
04:16
and Google is more efficient than most,
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ื•ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
04:18
but they still have some basic requirements,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช,
04:21
and that lets you put a limit
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืฉื™ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื”
04:23
on the number of servers that they have.
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ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื.
04:25
You can also look at square footage and see
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื’ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื–' ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื•ืœืจืื•ืช
04:29
of the data centers that you know,
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ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
04:31
how big are they?
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื?
04:32
How much room is that?
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ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”?
04:33
How many server racks could you fit in there?
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ื›ืžื” ืืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืจืชื™ื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืฉื?
04:35
And for some data centers,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข,
04:37
you might get two of these pieces of information.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืืœื”,
04:39
You know how much they spent,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•,
04:41
and they also, say, because they had to contract
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื, ื ื’ื™ื“, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื—ื•ื–ื™ื
04:43
with the local government
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ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™
04:44
to get the power provided,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
04:46
you might know what they made a deal to buy,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชื“ืขื• ืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืขืกืงื” ืœืงื ื•ืช,
04:49
so you know how much power it takes.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื.
04:50
Then you can look at the ratios of those numbers,
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
04:53
and figure out for a data center
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ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข
04:54
where you don't have that information,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ืข,
04:56
you can figure out,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘,
04:57
but maybe you only have one of those,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”,
04:59
you know the square footage, then you could figure out
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื–' ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข, ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื‘
05:01
well, maybe the power is proportional.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื™ื—ืกื™.
05:03
And you can do this same thing with a lot of different quantities,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:05
you know, with guesses about the total amount of storage,
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ืืชื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื›ืกื•ืŸ,
05:08
the number of servers, the number of drives per server,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืช,
05:10
and in each case using what you know
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืขื ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
05:13
to come up with a model that narrows down
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืžืฆืžืฆื
05:16
your guesses for the things that you don't know.
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ืืช ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:18
It's sort of circling around the number you're trying to get.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ื’ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
05:20
And this is a lot of fun.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ืฃ.
05:23
The math is not all that advanced,
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
05:25
and really it's like nothing more than
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:28
solving a sudoku puzzle.
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ืžืœืคืชื•ืจ ืคืื–ืœ ืกื•ื“ื•ืงื•,
05:30
So what I did, I went through all of this information,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™, ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
05:35
spent a day or two researching.
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ.
05:37
And there are some things I didn't look at.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
05:39
You could always look at the Google
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ืืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช
05:42
recruitment messages that they post.
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ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืขืœื™ื.
05:44
That gives you an idea of where they have people.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:46
Sometimes, when people visit a data center,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื“ืข,
05:47
they'll take a cell-cam photo and post it,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืœืžื• ื‘ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื•ื™ืขืœื• ืืช ื–ื”,
05:49
and they aren't supposed to,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
05:51
but you can learn things about their hardware that way.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื›ื”.
05:54
And in fact, you can just look at pizza delivery drivers.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ืคื™ืฆื”.
05:56
Turns out, they know where all the Google data centers are,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
05:59
at least the ones that have people in them.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื.
06:02
But I came up with my estimate,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœื™,
06:04
which I felt pretty good about,
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ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”,
06:06
that was about 10 exabytes of data
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืืงืกื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
06:09
across all of Google's operations,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
06:11
and then another maybe five exabytes or so
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืืงืกื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืš
06:15
of offline storage in tape drives,
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืกื˜ื•ืช.
06:17
which it turns out Google is
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ืฉืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื•ื’ืœ
06:18
about the world's largest consumer of.
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ื”ื ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
06:21
So I came up with this estimate, and this is
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ืื– ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื–ื”
06:25
a staggering amount of data.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
06:26
It's quite a bit more than any other organization
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
06:29
in the world has, as far as we know.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
06:30
There's a couple of other contenders,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
06:32
especially everyone always thinks of the NSA.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื” NSA.
06:35
But using some of these same methods,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช,
06:36
we can look at the NSA's data centers,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื” NSA,
06:38
and figure out, you know, we don't know what's going on there,
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื‘, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื,
06:40
but it's pretty clear that their operation
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
06:43
is not the size of Google's.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
06:44
Adding all of this up, I came up with
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ืื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื’ืขืชื™
06:46
the other thing that we can answer, which is,
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ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื,
06:48
how many punch cards would this take?
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ื›ืžื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ?
06:50
And so a punch card can hold
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ืื– ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื™ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง
06:53
about 80 characters,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 80 ืชื•ื™ื,
06:55
and you can fit about 2,000 or so cards into a box,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ืขืจืš 2,000 ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื”,
06:58
and you put them in, say,
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ื•ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ, ื ื’ื™ื“,
07:00
my home region of New England,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“,
07:02
it would cover the entire region
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
07:04
up to a depth of a little less than five kilometers,
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ืœืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
07:08
which is about three times deeper
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:09
than the glaciers during the last ice age
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ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
07:11
about 20,000 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 20,000 ืฉื ื”.
07:14
So this is impractical, but I think
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืคืจืงื˜ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
07:16
that's about the best answer I could come up with.
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ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”.
07:19
And I posted it on my website. I wrote it up.
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ื•ื”ืขืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœืืชืจ. ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื”.
07:21
And I didn't expect to get an answer from Google,
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ื•ืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื’ื•ื’ืœ,
07:25
because of course they've been so secretive,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื,
07:26
they didn't answer of my questions,
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ื”ื ืœื ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
07:28
and so I just put it up and said,
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ื•ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืขืœืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
07:29
well, I guess we'll never know.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ืข.
07:31
But then a little while later
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:33
I got a message, a couple weeks later, from Google,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ื“ืขื”, ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžื’ื•ื’ืœ,
07:35
saying, hey, someone here has an envelope for you.
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ืฉืืžืจื”, ื”ื™ื™, ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืคื” ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ืคื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš.
07:39
So I go and get it, open it up,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื”, ืคื•ืชื— ืื•ืชื”,
07:42
and it's punch cards. (Laughter)
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื‘. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:44
Google-branded punch cards.
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ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื‘ ืžืžื•ืชื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
07:47
And on these punch cards, there are a bunch of holes,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
07:50
and I said, thank you, thank you,
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, ืชื•ื“ื”, ืชื•ื“ื”,
07:52
okay, so what's on here?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืคื”?
07:53
So I get some software and start reading it,
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ืื– ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชืŸ,
07:55
and scan them, and it turns out
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ื•ืœืกืจื•ืง ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
07:57
it's a puzzle.
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ืฉื–ื• ื—ื™ื“ื”.
07:58
There's a bunch of code,
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ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื“,
08:00
and I get some friends to help,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ,
08:01
and we crack the code, and then inside that is another code,
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ื•ืคื™ืฆื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“, ื•ืื– ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“,
08:04
and then there are some equations,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช,
08:05
and then we solve those equations,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
08:06
and then finally out pops a message from Google
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงื•ืคืฆืช ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื’ื•ื’ืœ
08:10
which is their official answer to my article,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืœืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื™,
08:13
and it said, "No comment."
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”."
08:15
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:26
And I love calculating these kinds of things,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:29
and it's not that I love doing the math.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:31
I do a lot of math,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
08:32
but I don't really like math for its own sake.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื”.
08:35
What I love is that it lets you take
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื›ื ืœืงื—ืช
08:37
some things that you know,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
08:39
and just by moving symbols around on a piece of paper,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื–ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ,
08:43
find out something that you didn't know
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื
08:45
that's very surprising.
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ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
08:47
And I have a lot of stupid questions,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื˜ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
08:49
and I love that math gives the power
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—
08:51
to answer them sometimes.
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ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืคืขืžื™ื.
08:54
And sometimes not.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื.
08:55
This is a question I got from a reader,
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ืจื,
08:58
an anonymous reader,
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ืงื•ืจื ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™,
08:59
and the subject line just said, "Urgent,"
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืžืจ, "ื“ื—ื•ืฃ,"
09:01
and this was the entire email:
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื"ืœ:
09:03
"If people had wheels and could fly,
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"ืื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ,
09:06
how would we differentiate them from airplanes?"
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื?"
09:09
Urgent. (Laughter)
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ื“ื—ื•ืฃ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:11
And I think there are some questions
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช
09:15
that math just cannot answer.
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ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
09:17
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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