Michael Tilson Thomas: Music and emotion through time

664,170 views ใƒป 2012-05-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Efrat Danon ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
Well when I was asked to do this TEDTalk, I was really chuckled,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ื“, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉื•ืขืฉืข
00:18
because, you see, my father's name was Ted,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื“
00:22
and much of my life, especially my musical life,
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื
00:26
is really a talk that I'm still having with him,
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ืื™ืชื•
00:29
or the part of me that he continues to be.
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ืื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
00:33
Now Ted was a New Yorker, an all-around theater guy,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื˜ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ
00:36
and he was a self-taught illustrator and musician.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™
00:41
He didn't read a note,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงืจื ืชื•ื•ื™ื
00:42
and he was profoundly hearing impaired.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”
00:45
Yet, he was my greatest teacher.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื™
00:48
Because even through the squeaks of his hearing aids,
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ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืฆืคืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืฉืœื•
00:52
his understanding of music was profound.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
00:55
And for him, it wasn't so much the way the music goes
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืชื ื’ื ืช
00:58
as about what it witnesses and where it can take you.
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ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื” ื•ืœืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืš
01:03
And he did a painting of this experience,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
01:05
which he called "In the Realm of Music."
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ืฉืงืจื ืœื• - ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
01:08
Now Ted entered this realm every day by improvising
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื˜ื“ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืชื•ืจ
01:15
in a sort of Tin Pan Alley style like this.
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ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื ืคืืŸ ืืœื™ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
01:18
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
01:24
But he was tough when it came to music.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ื— ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
01:28
He said, "There are only two things that matter in music:
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ - ื™ืฉื ื ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
01:30
what and how.
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ืžื” ื•ืื™ืš
01:33
And the thing about classical music,
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช
01:36
that what and how, it's inexhaustible."
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื” ื•ื”ืื™ืš ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื“ืœื™ื
01:40
That was his passion for the music.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
01:42
Both my parents really loved it.
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ื’ื ืืžื™ ื•ื’ื ืื‘ื™ ืื”ื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
01:44
They didn't know all that much about it,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
01:46
but they gave me the opportunity to discover it
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื”
01:50
together with them.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื
01:52
And I think inspired by that memory,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืžืœื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
01:55
it's been my desire to try and bring it
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
01:57
to as many other people as I can,
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ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ
01:58
sort of pass it on through whatever means.
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ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืœืื”" ื‘ื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™
02:02
And how people get this music, how it comes into their lives,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื
02:07
really fascinates me.
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ืžืจืชืงืช ืื•ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ
02:08
One day in New York, I was on the street
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘
02:10
and I saw some kids playing baseball between stoops and cars and fire hydrants.
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจืคืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื–ื™ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืืฉ
02:16
And a tough, slouchy kid got up to bat,
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ื•ื™ืœื“ ืงืฉื•ื—, ื’ืžืœื•ื ื™, ื”ืชืจื•ืžื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜
02:18
and he took a swing and really connected.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ื˜ ื•ื—ื‘ื˜ ื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ
02:21
And he watched the ball fly for a second,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืขืฃ ืœืจื’ืข
02:23
and then he went, "Dah dadaratatatah.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ - ื“ื”, ื“ื”ื“ื”ื“ื”ื˜ื”ื˜ื”ื˜ื”ื˜ื”
02:26
Brah dada dadadadah."
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ื‘ืจืื” ื“ื”ื“ื” ื“ื”ื“ื”ื“ื”ื“ื”
02:30
And he ran around the bases.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื
02:32
And I thought, go figure.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืœืš ืชื‘ื™ืŸ
02:34
How did this piece of 18th century Austrian aristocratic entertainment
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ืื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”
02:39
turn into the victory crow of this New York kid?
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ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงื™?
02:44
How was that passed on? How did he get to hear Mozart?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืžืื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉ? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืงืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ืฆืจื˜?
02:48
Well when it comes to classical music,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช
02:50
there's an awful lot to pass on,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืœืื”
02:53
much more than Mozart, Beethoven or Tchiakovsky.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜, ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืื• ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™
02:56
Because classical music
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืงืจื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช
02:58
is an unbroken living tradition
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื” ืจืฆื™ืคื”
03:01
that goes back over 1,000 years.
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ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื
03:05
And every one of those years
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืœื•
03:07
has had something unique and powerful to say to us
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
03:10
about what it's like to be alive.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
03:13
Now the raw material of it, of course,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
03:16
is just the music of everyday life.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื
03:18
It's all the anthems and dance crazes
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“
03:21
and ballads and marches.
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ื•ื‘ืืœื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื
03:22
But what classical music does
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื”
03:25
is to distill all of these musics down,
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ื–ื” ืœื–ืงืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
03:30
to condense them to their absolute essence,
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ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืื•ืชืŸ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ
03:34
and from that essence create a new language,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
03:37
a language that speaks very lovingly and unflinchingly
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ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื•ืืžื™ืฆื”
03:42
about who we really are.
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ืขืœ ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช
03:45
It's a language that's still evolving.
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ื–ื• ืฉืคื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ืช
03:47
Now over the centuries it grew into the big pieces we always think of,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
03:51
like concertos and symphonies,
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ืื• ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช
03:54
but even the most ambitious masterpiece
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:57
can have as its central mission
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื›ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื”
04:00
to bring you back to a fragile and personal moment --
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ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืชื›ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจื’ืข ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™
04:04
like this one from the Beethoven Violin Concerto.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ
04:07
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
04:30
It's so simple, so evocative.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื•ืจืจ
04:36
So many emotions seem to be inside of it.
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ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื”
04:39
Yet, of course, like all music,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
04:40
it's essentially not about anything.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
04:43
It's just a design of pitches and silence and time.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื“ืžืžื” ื•ื–ืžืŸ
04:47
And the pitches, the notes, as you know, are just vibrations.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ืจืง ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช
04:51
They're locations in the spectrum of sound.
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ื”ื ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ
04:54
And whether we call them 440 per second, A,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื 440 ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืœื”
04:58
or 3,729, B flat -- trust me, that's right --
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ืื• 3,729, ืกื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ - ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
05:04
they're just phenomena.
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ื”ื ืจืง ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช
05:09
But the way we react to different combinations of these phenomena
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
05:12
is complex and emotional and not totally understood.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช
05:16
And the way we react to them has changed radically over the centuries,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช
05:20
as have our preferences for them.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื
05:22
So for example, in the 11th century,
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ืื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจื”
05:26
people liked pieces that ended like this.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืžืจื• ื›ืš
05:29
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
05:41
And in the 17th century, it was more like this.
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ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš
05:46
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
05:52
And in the 21st century ...
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ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช
05:56
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
06:03
Now your 21st century ears are quite happy with this last chord,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ื“ื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ืืงื•ืจื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
06:08
even though a while back it would have puzzled or annoyed you
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื• ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืืชื›ื
06:12
or sent some of you running from the room.
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ืื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ
06:13
And the reason you like it
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช
06:15
is because you've inherited, whether you knew it or not,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืจืฉืชื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ื–ืืช ืื• ืœื
06:17
centuries-worth of changes
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
06:20
in musical theory, practice and fashion.
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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช, ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืื•ืคื ื•ืช
06:23
And in classical music we can follow these changes very, very accurately
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
06:28
because of the music's powerful silent partner,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื”ืื™ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
06:32
the way it's been passed on: notation.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืื™ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉ: ืชื™ื•ื•ื™ - ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื
06:36
Now the impulse to notate,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชื•ื•ื™ื
06:38
or, more exactly I should say, encode music
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ืื•, ืื ืื“ื™ื™ืง, ืœืงื“ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
06:41
has been with us for a very long time.
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ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ
06:44
In 200 B.C., a man named Sekulos
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืกืงื•ืœื•ืก
06:48
wrote this song for his departed wife
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ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœืืฉืชื• ื”ืžืชื”
06:51
and inscribed it on her gravestone
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ื•ื—ืจื˜ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœื”
06:52
in the notational system of the Greeks.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
06:55
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
07:22
And a thousand years later,
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ื•ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:25
this impulse to notate took an entirely different form.
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ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืื—ืจ ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช
07:29
And you can see how this happened
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืงืจื”
07:30
in these excerpts from the Christmas mass "Puer Natus est nobis,"
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ื‘ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ืกื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช - puer Natus est nobis
07:37
"For Us is Born."
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ืœื ื• ื ื•ืœื“
07:39
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
07:44
In the 10th century, little squiggles were used
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื•
07:46
just to indicate the general shape of the tune.
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ืจืง ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืŸ
07:49
And in the 12th century, a line was drawn, like a musical horizon line,
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ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจื”, ืฆื•ื™ื™ืจ ืงื•, ื›ืžื• ืงื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืื•ืคืงื™
07:56
to better pinpoint the pitch's location.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ
08:00
And then in the 13th century, more lines and new shapes of notes
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื•ื™ื
08:08
locked in the concept of the tune exactly,
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ืงื™ื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช
08:11
and that led to the kind of notation we have today.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืชื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
08:14
Well notation not only passed the music on,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืชืจื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืœืื”
08:18
notating and encoding the music changed its priorities entirely,
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ืชื™ื•ื•ื™ ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
08:22
because it enabled the musicians
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื
08:24
to imagine music on a much vaster scale.
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:28
Now inspired moves of improvisation
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืืœืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืื”
08:31
could be recorded, saved, considered, prioritized,
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืœื˜ื•ืช, ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื•ืขืจื›ื•ืช, ืžืกื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช
08:35
made into intricate designs.
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ืœื”ื™ื”ืคืš ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
08:38
And from this moment, classical music became
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ื•ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
08:41
what it most essentially is,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™
08:44
a dialogue between the two powerful sides of our nature:
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ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœื ื•
08:49
instinct and intelligence.
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ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”
08:51
And there began to be a real difference at this point
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
08:55
between the art of improvisation
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืชื•ืจ
08:58
and the art of composition.
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ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื—ื ื”
08:59
Now an improviser senses and plays the next cool move,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืžืืœืชืจ ื—ืฉ ื•ืžื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
09:03
but a composer is considering all possible moves,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืงืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
09:07
testing them out, prioritizing them out,
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ืžื ืกื” ืื•ืชืŸ, ืžืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช
09:10
until he sees how they can form a powerful and coherent design
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชืจืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
09:15
of ultimate and enduring coolness.
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ืฉืœ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช
09:19
Now some of the greatest composers, like Bach,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืš
09:21
were combinations of these two things.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
09:23
Bach was like a great improviser with a mind of a chess master.
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ื‘ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืืœืชืจ ื ืคืœื ืขื ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืืžืŸ ืฉื—
09:27
Mozart was the same way.
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ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
09:29
But every musician strikes a different balance
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ
09:33
between faith and reason, instinct and intelligence.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื’ื ืฆื™ื”
09:36
And every musical era had different priorities of these things,
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•
09:41
different things to pass on, different 'whats' and 'hows'.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืœืื”, "ืžื”" ื•"ืื™ืš" ืฉื•ื ื™ื
09:45
So in the first eight centuries or so of this tradition
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื–ื•
09:50
the big 'what' was to praise God.
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ื”"ืžื”" ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืœืœ ืืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
09:53
And by the 1400s, music was being written
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
09:55
that tried to mirror God's mind
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ืฉื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
09:59
as could be seen in the design of the night sky.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
10:03
The 'how' was a style called polyphony,
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ื”"ืื™ืš" ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืจื‘-ืงื•ืœื™, ืคื•ืœื™ืคื•ื ื™
10:07
music of many independently moving voices
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื–ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™
10:10
that suggested the way the planets seemed to move
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ืฉืจืžื–ื• ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื–ื•ื–
10:13
in Ptolemy's geocentric universe.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™
10:16
This was truly the music of the spheres.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช
10:19
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
10:49
This is the kind of music that Leonardo DaVinci would have known.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื” ื•ื™ื ืฆ'ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจ
10:54
And perhaps its tremendous intellectual perfection and serenity
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”
10:58
meant that something new had to happen --
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ืžืฉืžืขื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช
11:00
a radical new move, which in 1600 is what did happen.
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ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”
11:05
(Music) Singer: Ah, bitter blow!
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” - ื–ืžืจ: ืื”, ืžื›ื” ืžืจื™ืจื”
11:11
Ah, wicked, cruel fate!
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ืื”, ื’ื•ืจืœ ืจืฉืข, ืื›ื–ืจ!
11:16
Ah, baleful stars!
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ืื”, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ืฉื ืื”
11:23
Ah, avaricious heaven!
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ืื”, ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ืฆืข
11:30
MTT: This, of course, was the birth of opera,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืจื”
11:34
and its development put music on a radical new course.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
11:36
The what now was not to mirror the mind of God,
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ื”"ืžื”" ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
11:41
but to follow the emotion turbulence of man.
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ืืœื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืกืขืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื
11:44
And the how was harmony,
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ื•ื”"ืื™ืš" ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”
11:47
stacking up the pitches to form chords.
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ืœืขืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื
11:50
And the chords, it turned out,
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ื•ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
11:52
were capable of representing incredible varieties of emotions.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
11:56
And the basic chords were the ones we still have with us,
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ื•ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืื™ืชื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื
12:01
the triads,
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ื”ืฉืœืฉื”
12:02
either the major one,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ื”ืžืื–ื•'ืจื™ืช
12:05
which we think is happy,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื”
12:10
or the minor one,
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ืื• ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช
12:13
which we perceive as sad.
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ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืคืฉื™ื ื›ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”
12:17
But what's the actual difference between these two chords?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
12:21
It's just these two notes in the middle.
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ืืœื• ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข
12:23
It's either E natural,
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ื–ื” ืื• ื”ืชื• ืžื™
12:26
and 659 vibrations per second,
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ื•-659 ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”
12:30
or E flat, at 622.
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ืื• ืžื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•-622
12:35
So the big difference between human happiness and sadness?
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ืื– ืžื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื” ืื• ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช?
12:41
37 freakin' vibrations.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืกืจื™ื—ื•ืช
12:44
So you can see in a system like this
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ื•
12:47
there was enormous subtle potential
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ
12:49
of representing human emotions.
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ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
12:51
And in fact, as man began to understand more
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:55
his complex and ambivalent nature,
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ื“ื• ืขืจื›ื™ ืฉืœื•
12:57
harmony grew more complex to reflect it.
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ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื–ืืช
13:00
Turns out it was capable of expressing emotions
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
13:04
beyond the ability of words.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื
13:06
Now with all this possibility,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•
13:09
classical music really took off.
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืจื™ืื”
13:13
It's the time in which the big forms began to arise.
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ
13:16
And the effects of technology began to be felt also,
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช
13:21
because printing put music, the scores, the codebooks of music,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืžืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื, ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
13:26
into the hands of performers everywhere.
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ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
13:28
And new and improved instruments
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ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื
13:30
made the age of the virtuoso possible.
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ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข-ื”ืขื™ืœื•ื™
13:33
This is when those big forms arose --
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื•
13:36
the symphonies, the sonatas, the concertos.
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ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืกื•ื ืื˜ื•ืช, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื•ืื™ื
13:39
And in these big architectures of time,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
13:43
composers like Beethoven could share the insights of a lifetime.
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื•ืช
13:49
A piece like Beethoven's Fifth
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ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ
13:52
basically witnessing how it was possible
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืชืขื“ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
13:56
for him to go from sorrow and anger,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื ื•ืข ืžืขืฆื‘ ืœื›ืขืก
14:01
over the course of a half an hour,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”
14:05
step by exacting step of his route,
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ืžืชืขื“ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื•
14:09
to the moment when he could make it across to joy.
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ืืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉืžื—ื”
14:13
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
14:36
And it turned out the symphony could be used for more complex issues,
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
14:41
like gripping ones of culture,
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ื›ืžื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
14:43
such as nationalism or quest for freedom
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ
14:46
or the frontiers of sensuality.
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ืื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
14:50
But whatever direction the music took,
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ืืš ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืœืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคื ืชื”
14:54
one thing until recently was always the same,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื ืฉืืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
14:56
and that was when the musicians stopped playing,
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ื•ื”ื•ื: ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื ื’ืŸ
14:59
the music stopped.
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืคืกืงื”
15:02
Now this moment so fascinates me.
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ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจืชืง ืื•ืชื™
15:05
I find it such a profound one.
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื’ืข ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžืžืฉ
15:07
What happens when the music stops?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื ื’ืžืจืช?
15:08
Where does it go? What's left?
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ืœืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช? ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ?
15:12
What sticks with people in the audience at the end of a performance?
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ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื”?
15:15
Is it a melody or a rhythm
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ืื• ืงืฆื‘?
15:17
or a mood or an attitude?
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ืื• ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ืื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช?
15:20
And how might that change their lives?
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื?
15:22
To me this is the intimate, personal side of music.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™, ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
15:26
It's the passing on part. It's the 'why' part of it.
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืœืื”. ื”"ืœืžื”" ืฉืœ ื–ื”
15:30
And to me that's the most essential of all.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:34
Mostly it's been a person-to-person thing,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœืื“ื
15:38
a teacher-student, performer-audience thing,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœืงื”ืœ
15:40
and then around 1880 came this new technology
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1880 ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
15:43
that first mechanically then through analogs then digitally
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ืฉื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืื– ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™
15:46
created a new and miraculous way of passing things on,
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ื™ืฆืจื” ื“ืจืš ืคืœืื™ืช ื•ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืื”
15:50
albeit an impersonal one.
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื ืื™ืฉื™ืช
15:52
People could now hear music all the time,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
15:56
even though it wasn't necessary
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15:56
for them to play an instrument, read music or even go to concerts.
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ
ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืœื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœื™, ืœืงืจื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื
16:01
And technology democratized music by making everything available.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืœื ื’ื™ืฉ
16:06
It spearheaded a cultural revolution
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
16:08
in which artists like Caruso and Bessie Smith were on the same footing.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืžื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืืจื•ืกื• ื•ื‘ืกื™ ืกืžื™ืช ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ื•ื”
16:13
And technology pushed composers to tremendous extremes,
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื—ืคื” ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช
16:17
using computers and synthesizers
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืชื™ืกื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื
16:19
to create works of intellectually impenetrable complexity
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืงืœื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจื”
16:21
beyond the means of performers and audiences.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ืงื”ืœื™ื
16:26
At the same time technology,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
16:28
by taking over the role that notation had always played,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืœืงื—ื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืชื™ื•ื•ื™
16:32
shifted the balance within music between instinct and intelligence
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ืœืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”
16:36
way over to the instinctive side.
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ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜
16:40
The culture in which we live now
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืขืช
16:41
is awash with music of improvisation
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ืฉื˜ื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืœืชื•ืจ
16:45
that's been sliced, diced, layered
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ืฉื ื—ืชื›ื”, ื ืงืฆืฆื” ื•ื›ื•ืกืชื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช
16:46
and, God knows, distributed and sold.
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ื•ื’ื, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื•ืคืฆื” ื•ื ืžื›ืจื”
16:50
What's the long-term effect of this on us or on music?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”?
16:53
Nobody knows.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข
16:54
The question remains: What happens when the music stops?
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืชืจืช: ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื”?
16:58
What sticks with people?
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ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื?
17:00
Now that we have unlimited access to music, what does stick with us?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ ืื™ืชื ื•?
17:04
Well let me show you a story of what I mean
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื”ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ
17:06
by "really sticking with us."
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืฉืืจืช ืื™ืชื ื•
17:08
I was visiting a cousin of mine in an old age home,
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ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื–ืงื ื™ื
17:11
and I spied a very shaky old man
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื™ืฉ ื–ืงืŸ ืจื•ืขื“
17:15
making his way across the room on a walker.
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ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืŸ
17:17
He came over to a piano that was there,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืคืกื ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื
17:19
and he balanced himself and began playing something like this.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื–ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
17:24
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
17:28
And he said something like, "Me ... boy ... symphony ... Beethoven."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• - ืื ื™... ื™ืœื“... ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”.... ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ
17:37
And I suddenly got it,
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ื•ืื– ืœืคืชืข ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”
17:39
and I said, "Friend, by any chance are you trying to play this?"
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ - ื—ื‘ืจ, ื”ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”?
17:42
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
17:46
And he said, "Yes, yes. I was a little boy.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ - ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ
17:49
The symphony: Isaac Stern, the concerto, I heard it."
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ื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื”: ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื•, ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”
17:53
And I thought, my God,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
17:55
how much must this music mean to this man
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ื›ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
17:58
that he would get himself out of his bed, across the room
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื”, ืืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ
18:02
to recover the memory of this music
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•
18:05
that, after everything else in his life is sloughing away,
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ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื™ื
18:08
still means so much to him?
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจื•?
18:11
Well, that's why I take every performance so seriously,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื”
18:15
why it matters to me so much.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš
18:16
I never know who might be there, who might be absorbing it
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ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื, ืžื™ ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื–ื”
18:20
and what will happen to it in their life.
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ื•ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
18:21
But now I'm excited that there's more chance than ever before possible
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืžื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
18:27
of sharing this music.
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ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•
18:28
That's what drives my interest in projects
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื
18:30
like the TV series "Keeping Score" with the San Francisco Symphony
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ื›ืžื• ืกื“ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื™ืงื•ื“" ืขื ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืกืืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•
18:33
that looks at the backstories of music,
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ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
18:36
and working with the young musicians at the New World Symphony
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ื™ื• ื•ื•ืจืœื“
18:39
on projects that explore the potential
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ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
18:40
of the new performing arts centers
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
18:44
for both entertainment and education.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ
18:46
And of course, the New World Symphony
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื ื™ื• ื•ื•ืจืœื“
18:48
led to the YouTube Symphony and projects on the internet
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
18:52
that reach out to musicians and audiences all over the world.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืงื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
18:55
And the exciting thing is all this is just a prototype.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก
19:00
There's just a role here for so many people --
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
19:02
teachers, parents, performers --
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ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื
19:05
to be explorers together.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“
19:08
Sure, the big events attract a lot of attention,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
19:10
but what really matters is what goes on every single day.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
19:14
We need your perspectives, your curiosity, your voices.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื›ื, ืœืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
19:18
And it excites me now to meet people
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ืื•ืชื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื
19:21
who are hikers, chefs, code writers, taxi drivers,
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ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ื™ื, ืฉืคื™ื, ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ืฆืคื ื™ื, ื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช
19:24
people I never would have guessed who loved the music
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื ื—ืฉ ืฉื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”
19:27
and who are passing it on.
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ื•ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ืœืื”
19:28
You don't need to worry about knowing anything.
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ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœื•ื
19:32
If you're curious, if you have a capacity for wonder, if you're alive,
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ืื ืืชื ืกืงืจื ื™ื, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชื”ื•ืช, ืื ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื
19:36
you know all that you need to know.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
19:39
You can start anywhere. Ramble a bit.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืงืฆืช
19:41
Follow traces. Get lost. Be surprised, amused inspired.
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ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ืขืงื‘ื•ืช. ืœื›ื• ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“. ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืขืฉืขื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ ื”ืฉืจืื”
19:45
All that 'what', all that 'how' is out there
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ื›ืœ ื”"ืžื”" ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ื”"ืื™ืš" ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื
19:50
waiting for you to discover its 'why',
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ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉืชื’ืœื• ืืช ื”"ืœืžื”" ืฉืœื”ื
19:52
to dive in and pass it on.
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ืฉืชืฆืœืœื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืชืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ืœืื”
19:55
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
19:58
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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