Frederick Balagadde: Bio-lab on a microchip

17,186 views ใƒป 2010-04-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Moshe Sayag ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
The greatest irony in global health
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
00:18
is that the poorest countries
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:20
carry the largest disease burden.
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ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื”.
00:23
If we resize the countries of the globe
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ืื ื ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก
00:25
in proportion to the subject of interest,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืœืคื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื,
00:27
we see that Sub-Saharan Africa
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื”
00:29
is the worst hit region by HIV/AIDS.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ื™ื“ืก.
00:32
This is the most devastating epidemic of our time.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
00:35
We also see that this region
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ืื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”
00:37
has the least capability in terms of dealing with the disease.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
00:40
There are very few doctors
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
00:42
and, quite frankly, these countries do not have the resources
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ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื—ืกืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
00:44
that are needed to cope
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ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
00:46
with such epidemics.
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ืขื ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื•.
00:48
So what the Western countries,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
00:50
developed countries, have generously done
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช, ืขืฉื• ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช
00:52
is they have proposed to provide free drugs
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœืกืคืง ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
00:54
to all people in Third World countries
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
00:56
who actually can't afford these medications.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื”.
00:58
And this has already saved millions of lives,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช,
01:01
and it has prevented entire economies
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื ืข ืืช ืงืจื™ืกืชืŸ
01:03
from capsizing in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื”.
01:06
But there is a fundamental problem
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
01:10
that is killing the efforts
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ืฉืžื—ืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื
01:12
in fighting this disease,
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ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื”.
01:14
because if you keep throwing
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืืชื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื–ืจื•ืง
01:16
drugs out at people
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:19
who don't have diagnostic services,
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ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืขืจืš ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ,
01:21
you end up creating a problem of drug resistance.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืจื•ืคื”.
01:24
This is already beginning to happen in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื”.
01:27
The problem is that,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื,
01:29
what begins as a tragedy in the Third World
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ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
01:32
could easily become a global problem.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
01:34
And the last thing we want to see
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
01:36
is drug-resistant strains of HIV
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื ื™ื ื—ืกื™ื ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ HIV
01:38
popping up all over the world,
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ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:40
because it will make treatment more expensive
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
01:43
and it could also restore
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ
01:46
the pre-ARV carnage of HIV/AIDS.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืžืื™ื™ื“ืก ืœืคื ื™ ื”-ARV.
01:48
I experienced this firsthand
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™
01:50
as a high school student in Uganda.
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ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”.
01:52
This was in the 90s
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90,
01:54
during the peak of the HIV epidemic,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
01:56
before there were any ARVs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ARV ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื”.
01:59
And during that time, I actually lost more relatives,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื, ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
02:02
as well as the teachers who taught me,
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ื•ื’ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™,
02:04
to HIV/AIDS.
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ืœืื™ื™ื“ืก.
02:06
So this became one of the driving passions of my life,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™,
02:09
to help find real solutions
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™
02:12
that could address these kinds of problems.
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ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
02:16
We all know about the miracle of miniaturization.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื ืก ื”ืžื–ืขื•ืจ.
02:19
Back in the day, computers used to fill this entire room,
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ืคืขื, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืœืื™ื ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื,
02:22
and people actually used to work inside the computers.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:25
But what electronic miniaturization has done
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”
02:28
is that it has allowed people to shrink
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ
02:30
technology into a cell phone.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“.
02:32
And I'm sure everyone here enjoys cell phones
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืคื” ื ื”ื ื” ืžื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“
02:34
that can actually be used in the remote areas of the world,
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:37
in the Third World countries.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
02:40
The good news is that the same technology
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:42
that allowed miniaturization of electronics
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ืžื–ืขื•ืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”,
02:44
is now allowing us to miniaturize
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžื–ืขืจ
02:47
biological laboratories.
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ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
02:49
So, right now, we can actually miniaturize
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ืื–, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื–ืขืจ
02:51
biological and chemistry laboratories
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ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
02:54
onto microfluidic chips.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื ื•ื–ืœื™.
02:56
I was very lucky to come
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ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
02:58
to the US right after high school,
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ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
03:00
and was able to work on this technology
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:02
and develop some devices.
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ื•ืœืคืชื— ืžืกืคืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื.
03:05
This is a microfluidic chip that I developed.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื‘ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™.
03:08
A close look at how the technology works:
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ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช:
03:10
These are channels that are about the size of a human hair --
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืขืจืช ืื“ื ื‘ืขืจืš.
03:13
so you have integrated valves, pumps, mixers and injectors --
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ืืชื” ืžืฉืœื‘ ืฉืกืชื•ืžื™ื, ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช, ืžืขืจื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื–ืจืงื™ื,
03:16
so you can fit entire diagnostic experiments
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื™ื
03:19
onto a microfluidic system.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช.
03:22
So what I plan to do with this technology
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:24
is to actually take the current state
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™
03:26
of the technology
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ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:28
and build an HIV kit
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืจื›ืช ืื™ื™ื“ืก
03:30
in a microfluidic system.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช,
03:32
So, with one microfluidic chip,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื ืฉื‘ื‘ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืื—ื“,
03:34
which is the size of an iPhone,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ,
03:37
you can actually diagnose
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ
03:39
100 patients at the same time.
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100 ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
03:42
For each patient, we will be able to do
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ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข
03:44
up to 100 different viral loads per patient.
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ืขื“ 100 ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื”.
03:47
And this is only done in four hours,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืชื•ืš 4 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
03:49
50 times faster than the current state of the art,
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ืคื™ 50 ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:52
at a cost that will be five to 500 times cheaper
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ืคื™ 5 ืขื“ 500 ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:55
than the current options.
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ืžื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:57
So this will allow us to create
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
03:59
personalized medicines in the Third World
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
04:02
at a cost that is actually achievable
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ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื”
04:05
and make the world a safer place.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:07
I invite your interest
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
04:09
as well as your involvement
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
04:11
in driving this vision
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ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ
04:13
to a point of practical reality.
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช.
04:15
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
04:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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