Frederick Balagadde: Bio-lab on a microchip

17,161 views ・ 2010-04-21

TED


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譯者: 張新永 Davidchang 審譯者: Marie Wu
00:16
The greatest irony in global health
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全球健康問題中,最諷刺的就是,
00:18
is that the poorest countries
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最貧窮的國家
00:20
carry the largest disease burden.
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疾病肆虐最為嚴重。
00:23
If we resize the countries of the globe
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如果我們將世界各國疾病肆虐
00:25
in proportion to the subject of interest,
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的嚴重程度進行排序的話,
00:27
we see that Sub-Saharan Africa
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我們會發現撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲,
00:29
is the worst hit region by HIV/AIDS.
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是愛滋病肆虐最嚴重的地區。
00:32
This is the most devastating epidemic of our time.
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而愛滋病是我們這時代最致命的傳染性疾病,
00:35
We also see that this region
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我們還會發現,這一地區
00:37
has the least capability in terms of dealing with the disease.
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在對抗愛滋病方面恰恰是最無能爲力的。
00:40
There are very few doctors
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那裡缺乏醫生,
00:42
and, quite frankly, these countries do not have the resources
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而且老實說,這些國家根本不具備
00:44
that are needed to cope
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對抗愛滋病
00:46
with such epidemics.
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所需要的資源。
00:48
So what the Western countries,
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西方
00:50
developed countries, have generously done
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已開發國家,慷慨地
00:52
is they have proposed to provide free drugs
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提供免費藥品,
00:54
to all people in Third World countries
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給買不起這些藥的
00:56
who actually can't afford these medications.
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第三世界國家人民,
00:58
And this has already saved millions of lives,
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這種義舉挽救了數百萬的生靈,
01:01
and it has prevented entire economies
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也避免撒哈拉南部非洲
01:03
from capsizing in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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各國的經濟瓦解。
01:06
But there is a fundamental problem
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但這種方式有一個根本的問題,
01:10
that is killing the efforts
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會讓整個對抗愛滋病
01:12
in fighting this disease,
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的努力化為烏有。
01:14
because if you keep throwing
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因為假如不停盲目地提供藥品
01:16
drugs out at people
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給那些
01:19
who don't have diagnostic services,
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沒有經過診斷的人們,
01:21
you end up creating a problem of drug resistance.
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就會導致病毒抗藥性增強的問題。
01:24
This is already beginning to happen in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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這個現象已開始在撒哈拉南部非洲地區顯現。
01:27
The problem is that,
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問題在於,
01:29
what begins as a tragedy in the Third World
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這始於第三世界國家的悲劇,
01:32
could easily become a global problem.
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很容易就會演變爲全球性的問題,
01:34
And the last thing we want to see
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而我們最不願意見到的事情,
01:36
is drug-resistant strains of HIV
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就是産生了抗藥性的愛滋病毒,
01:38
popping up all over the world,
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在全球各地如雨後春筍般的肆虐,
01:40
because it will make treatment more expensive
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這樣一來治療費用就愈發昂貴,
01:43
and it could also restore
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並且它還會使過去愛滋病
01:46
the pre-ARV carnage of HIV/AIDS.
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抗逆轉錄病毒泛濫的時代再度降臨。
01:48
I experienced this firsthand
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我曾親身經歷那個時代,
01:50
as a high school student in Uganda.
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那時我是烏干達的中學生,
01:52
This was in the 90s
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時間在90年代,
01:54
during the peak of the HIV epidemic,
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愛滋病流行的最高峰時期,
01:56
before there were any ARVs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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當時撒南非洲還沒有任何抗逆轉錄病毒藥物。
01:59
And during that time, I actually lost more relatives,
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在那段期間,我大多數的親人
02:02
as well as the teachers who taught me,
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以及給我上課的老師,
02:04
to HIV/AIDS.
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都死於愛滋病。
02:06
So this became one of the driving passions of my life,
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這經歷轉化為我人生的驅動力,
02:09
to help find real solutions
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我的目標就是尋找
02:12
that could address these kinds of problems.
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一個有效的辦法,來解決這類問題。
02:16
We all know about the miracle of miniaturization.
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我們都見識過微型化技術的神奇,
02:19
Back in the day, computers used to fill this entire room,
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從前的電腦大到能填滿這一整個屋子,
02:22
and people actually used to work inside the computers.
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使用它的人們還得在其間穿梭,
02:25
But what electronic miniaturization has done
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但是隨著電子技術微型化的發展,
02:28
is that it has allowed people to shrink
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人們已經可以把科技縮小,
02:30
technology into a cell phone.
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小到可以放進手機裡。
02:32
And I'm sure everyone here enjoys cell phones
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我想在座的各位都享受過手機的便利性吧,
02:34
that can actually be used in the remote areas of the world,
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手機在偏遠地區的第三世界
02:37
in the Third World countries.
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國家裡,也能派上用場。
02:40
The good news is that the same technology
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好消息是,同一個
02:42
that allowed miniaturization of electronics
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電子微型化技術,
02:44
is now allowing us to miniaturize
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也可以用來微縮
02:47
biological laboratories.
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生物實驗室。
02:49
So, right now, we can actually miniaturize
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所以,如今,我們可以把
02:51
biological and chemistry laboratories
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生化實驗室微縮成
02:54
onto microfluidic chips.
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微流體晶片。
02:56
I was very lucky to come
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我很幸運,
02:58
to the US right after high school,
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高中畢業之後就直接來到美國,
03:00
and was able to work on this technology
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後來參與了這項技術的研究,
03:02
and develop some devices.
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也研發了一些設備。
03:05
This is a microfluidic chip that I developed.
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這是我研發的一種微流體晶片,
03:08
A close look at how the technology works:
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細看一下這種技術的工作原理:
03:10
These are channels that are about the size of a human hair --
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這些管道孔徑跟人的頭髮差不多粗細,
03:13
so you have integrated valves, pumps, mixers and injectors --
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將閥門、泵、注射器和混合器整合進去之後,
03:16
so you can fit entire diagnostic experiments
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這樣你就可以把整套診斷化驗用的設備,
03:19
onto a microfluidic system.
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都裝到一個微流體晶片上去。
03:22
So what I plan to do with this technology
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我計劃應用前述科技,
03:24
is to actually take the current state
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也就是將這技術
03:26
of the technology
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現在已經發展的成果,
03:28
and build an HIV kit
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在一個微流體晶片上,
03:30
in a microfluidic system.
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建立起愛滋病的化驗實驗室。
03:32
So, with one microfluidic chip,
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用這樣一個
03:34
which is the size of an iPhone,
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跟iPhone差不多大小的晶片,
03:37
you can actually diagnose
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就可以同時診斷
03:39
100 patients at the same time.
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上百位病人;
03:42
For each patient, we will be able to do
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而對每位病人,
03:44
up to 100 different viral loads per patient.
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我們可以做出多達百組的病毒負荷量檢測。
03:47
And this is only done in four hours,
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而作這一切檢測僅費時四小時,
03:49
50 times faster than the current state of the art,
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比現有的方法要快上五十倍,
03:52
at a cost that will be five to 500 times cheaper
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價格卻只有現有的方法的
03:55
than the current options.
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五到五百分之一。
03:57
So this will allow us to create
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這讓我們能夠
03:59
personalized medicines in the Third World
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在第三世界國家提供個人化治療,
04:02
at a cost that is actually achievable
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而費用也是他們負擔得起的,
04:05
and make the world a safer place.
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這將會使世界變得更加安全。
04:07
I invite your interest
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我希望大家能關注這項技術,
04:09
as well as your involvement
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更希望你們能實際參與,
04:11
in driving this vision
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一同推動這個願望,
04:13
to a point of practical reality.
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使它能夠早日實現。
04:15
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝。
04:17
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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