Frederick Balagadde: Bio-lab on a microchip

17,161 views ・ 2010-04-21

TED


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Prevoditelj: Tilen Pigac - EFZG Recezent: Zrinka Gattin
00:16
The greatest irony in global health
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Najveća ironija u globalnom zdravstvu
00:18
is that the poorest countries
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jest da najsiromašnije zemlje
00:20
carry the largest disease burden.
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nose najveći teret bolesti.
00:23
If we resize the countries of the globe
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Kada prilagodimo veličinu zemalja na svijetu
00:25
in proportion to the subject of interest,
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da budu proporcionalne predmetu istraživanja,
00:27
we see that Sub-Saharan Africa
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vidimo kako je sub-Saharska Afrika
00:29
is the worst hit region by HIV/AIDS.
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regija koja je najpogođenija HIV/AIDS-om.
00:32
This is the most devastating epidemic of our time.
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To je najrazornija epidemija našeg vremena.
00:35
We also see that this region
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Također vidimo kako je ta regija
00:37
has the least capability in terms of dealing with the disease.
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najmanje sposobna po pitanju borbe protiv te bolesti.
00:40
There are very few doctors
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Tamo ima jako malo doktora
00:42
and, quite frankly, these countries do not have the resources
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i, sasvim iskreno, te države nemaju resurse
00:44
that are needed to cope
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potrebne da bi se nosile
00:46
with such epidemics.
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sa takvim epidemijama.
00:48
So what the Western countries,
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Ono što su države Zapada,
00:50
developed countries, have generously done
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razvijene države, velikodušno napravile,
00:52
is they have proposed to provide free drugs
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jest da su predložile pružati besplatne lijekove
00:54
to all people in Third World countries
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svim ljudima u zemljama Trećeg Svijeta
00:56
who actually can't afford these medications.
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koji si zapravo ne mogu priuštiti te lijekove.
00:58
And this has already saved millions of lives,
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I to je već spasilo milijune života,
01:01
and it has prevented entire economies
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i spriječilo čitava gospodarstva
01:03
from capsizing in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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u sub-Saharskoj Africi od potonuća.
01:06
But there is a fundamental problem
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Ali postoji fundamentalan problem
01:10
that is killing the efforts
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koji uništava sav trud
01:12
in fighting this disease,
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u borbi protiv te bolesti.
01:14
because if you keep throwing
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Jer, ako gurate
01:16
drugs out at people
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lijekove ljudima
01:19
who don't have diagnostic services,
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koji nemaju uslugu dijagnoze,
01:21
you end up creating a problem of drug resistance.
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stvarate problem otpornosti prema lijekovima.
01:24
This is already beginning to happen in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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To se već počelo događati u sub-Saharskoj Africi.
01:27
The problem is that,
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Problem je taj da,
01:29
what begins as a tragedy in the Third World
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što počinje kao tragedija u Trećem Svijetu,
01:32
could easily become a global problem.
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može vrlo lako postati globalni problem.
01:34
And the last thing we want to see
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Zadnja stvar koju želimo vidjeti
01:36
is drug-resistant strains of HIV
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su sojevi HIV-a otporni na lijekove
01:38
popping up all over the world,
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koji niču svuda po svijetu
01:40
because it will make treatment more expensive
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jer će to poskupiti liječenje,
01:43
and it could also restore
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a moglo bi povratiti
01:46
the pre-ARV carnage of HIV/AIDS.
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pre-antiretrovirusni pokolj HIV/AIDS-om.
01:48
I experienced this firsthand
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Doživio sam to iz prve ruke
01:50
as a high school student in Uganda.
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kao učenik srednje škole u Ugandi.
01:52
This was in the 90s
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Bilo je to 90-ih,
01:54
during the peak of the HIV epidemic,
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tijekom vrhunca HIV epidemije,
01:56
before there were any ARVs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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prije bilo kakvih antiretrovirusa u sub-Saharskoj Africi.
01:59
And during that time, I actually lost more relatives,
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I tijekom tom perioda, izgubio sam više rođaka,
02:02
as well as the teachers who taught me,
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kao i učitelja koji su me podučavali,
02:04
to HIV/AIDS.
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zbog HIV/AIDS-a.
02:06
So this became one of the driving passions of my life,
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Tako je to postala jedna od vodećih strasti mog života,
02:09
to help find real solutions
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pomoći iznalaženju stvarnih rješenja
02:12
that could address these kinds of problems.
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koja bi mogla adresirati takve vrste problema.
02:16
We all know about the miracle of miniaturization.
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Svi znamo o čudima minijaturizacije.
02:19
Back in the day, computers used to fill this entire room,
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U prošlosti, računala bi zauzimala cijelu prostoriju,
02:22
and people actually used to work inside the computers.
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a ljudi su zapravo radili unutar tih računala.
02:25
But what electronic miniaturization has done
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Ono što je minijaturizacija elektronike učinila
02:28
is that it has allowed people to shrink
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jest to da je omogućila ljudima da skupe
02:30
technology into a cell phone.
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tehnologiju u mobilni telefon.
02:32
And I'm sure everyone here enjoys cell phones
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I siguran sam da svatko od vas uživa u mobilnim telefonima
02:34
that can actually be used in the remote areas of the world,
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koje je moguće koristiti i u zabačenim dijelovima svijeta,
02:37
in the Third World countries.
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u zemljama Trećeg Svijeta.
02:40
The good news is that the same technology
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Dobra vijest je da nam ista tehnologija
02:42
that allowed miniaturization of electronics
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koja je omogućila minijaturizaciju elektronike,
02:44
is now allowing us to miniaturize
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sada omogućuje da minijaturiziramo
02:47
biological laboratories.
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biološke laboratorije.
02:49
So, right now, we can actually miniaturize
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Tako, sada, možemo zapravo minijaturizirati
02:51
biological and chemistry laboratories
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biološke i kemijske laboratorije
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onto microfluidic chips.
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na mikrofluidne čipove.
02:56
I was very lucky to come
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Imao sam sreće što sam došao
02:58
to the US right after high school,
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u SAD odmah nakon srednje škole,
03:00
and was able to work on this technology
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gdje sam radio na ovoj tehnologiji
03:02
and develop some devices.
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i razvio nekoliko uređaja.
03:05
This is a microfluidic chip that I developed.
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Ovo je mikrofluidni čip koji sam konstruirao.
03:08
A close look at how the technology works:
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Pogled izbliza kako tehnologija funkcionira:
03:10
These are channels that are about the size of a human hair --
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Ovo su kanali koji su otprilike veličine ljudske vlasi.
03:13
so you have integrated valves, pumps, mixers and injectors --
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Imamo integrirane ventile, pumpe, miješalice i ubrizgače,
03:16
so you can fit entire diagnostic experiments
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i možemo smjestiti sve dijagnostičke eksperimente
03:19
onto a microfluidic system.
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u ovaj mikrofluidni sustav.
03:22
So what I plan to do with this technology
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Ono što planiram uraditi sa ovom tehnologijom
03:24
is to actually take the current state
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jest uzeti je u ovom trenutnom stanju
03:26
of the technology
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u kojem se ta tehnologija nalazi,
03:28
and build an HIV kit
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i ugraditi HIV pribor
03:30
in a microfluidic system.
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u mikrofluidni sustav,
03:32
So, with one microfluidic chip,
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kako bi sa jednim mikrofluidnim čipom,
03:34
which is the size of an iPhone,
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koji je veličine iPhone-a,
03:37
you can actually diagnose
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mogli zapravo dijagnosticirati
03:39
100 patients at the same time.
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100 pacijenata odjednom.
03:42
For each patient, we will be able to do
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Za svakog pacijenta, moći ćemo napravit
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up to 100 different viral loads per patient.
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do 100 različitih analiza virusa po pacijentu.
03:47
And this is only done in four hours,
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I za to treba samo četiri sata,
03:49
50 times faster than the current state of the art,
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50 puta brže od trenutnog stanja stvari,
03:52
at a cost that will be five to 500 times cheaper
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uz trošak koji će biti pet do 500 puta manji
03:55
than the current options.
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od sadašnjih opcija.
03:57
So this will allow us to create
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To će nam omogućiti da stvorimo
03:59
personalized medicines in the Third World
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personalizirane lijekove u Trećem Svijetu
04:02
at a cost that is actually achievable
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uz trošak koji je dosegljiv
04:05
and make the world a safer place.
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i koji će učiniti svijet sigurnijim mjestom.
04:07
I invite your interest
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Pozivam vas da se zainteresirate
04:09
as well as your involvement
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i uključite
04:11
in driving this vision
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u ostvarenje ove vizije
04:13
to a point of practical reality.
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do točke praktične stvarnosti.
04:15
Thank you very much.
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Puno vam hvala.
04:17
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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