The next step in nanotechnology | George Tulevski

511,970 views ใƒป 2017-01-31

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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00:12
Let's imagine a sculptor building a statue,
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ื‘ื•ื ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืกืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืกืœ,
00:15
just chipping away with his chisel.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื‘ ืขื ื”ืžืคืกืœืช.
00:18
Michelangelo had this elegant way of describing it when he said,
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ืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’'ืœื• ืชื™ืืจ ื–ืืช ื™ืคื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ,
00:21
"Every block of stone has a statue inside of it,
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"ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืกืœืข ืžืกืชืชืจ ืคืกืœ,
00:24
and it's the task of the sculptor to discover it."
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ื•ื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื•."
00:27
But what if he worked in the opposite direction?
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ืืš ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš?
00:29
Not from a solid block of stone,
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ืœื ืžื’ื•ืฉ ืกืœืข ืžื•ืฆืง,
00:31
but from a pile of dust,
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ืืœื ืžืขืจืžืช ื—ืฆืฅ ื•ืื‘ืง,
00:33
somehow gluing millions of these particles together to form a statue.
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ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืกืœ.
00:37
I know that's an absurd notion.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
00:39
It's probably impossible.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”, ื”ืžื˜ืœื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
00:41
The only way you get a statue from a pile of dust
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืกืœ ืžืขืจืžืช ืื‘ืง
00:43
is if the statue built itself --
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ื”ื™ื ืื ื”ืคืกืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• --
00:46
if somehow we could compel millions of these particles to come together
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•
00:50
to form the statue.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืกืœ.
00:52
Now, as odd as that sounds,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื–ืจ,
00:53
that is almost exactly the problem I work on in my lab.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™.
00:58
I don't build with stone,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืื‘ืŸ,
00:59
I build with nanomaterials.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
01:00
They're these just impossibly small, fascinating little objects.
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ืืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืจืชืงื™ื,
01:05
They're so small that if this controller was a nanoparticle,
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ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉืœื˜ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืง,
01:08
a human hair would be the size of this entire room.
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ืฉืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:11
And they're at the heart of a field we call nanotechnology,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:14
which I'm sure we've all heard about,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื•,
01:16
and we've all heard how it is going to change everything.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉืžืขื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ.
01:19
When I was a graduate student,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™,
01:21
it was one of the most exciting times to be working in nanotechnology.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:24
There were scientific breakthroughs happening all the time.
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ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
01:27
The conferences were buzzing,
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ืืกื™ืคื•ืช ืจื—ืฉื•,
01:29
there was tons of money pouring in from funding agencies.
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ื›ืกืฃ ืจื‘ ื ืฉืคืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.
01:32
And the reason is
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
01:34
when objects get really small,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
01:35
they're governed by a different set of physics that govern ordinary objects,
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ื”ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
01:39
like the ones we interact with.
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืื™ืชื” ืื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข.
01:41
We call this physics quantum mechanics.
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื,
01:43
And what it tells you is that you can precisely tune their behavior
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื‘
01:46
just by making seemingly small changes to them,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
01:48
like adding or removing a handful of atoms,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืื• ื”ื—ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
01:51
or twisting the material.
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ืื• ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
01:52
It's like this ultimate toolkit.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืจื’ื– ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื.
01:54
You really felt empowered; you felt like you could make anything.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื• ืžื•ืขืฆืžื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ.
01:57
And we were doing it --
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” --
01:59
and by we I mean my whole generation of graduate students.
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ื•ื‘ืื ื—ื ื• ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
02:02
We were trying to make blazing fast computers using nanomaterials.
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
02:05
We were constructing quantum dots
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื•ื
02:07
that could one day go in your body and find and fight disease.
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ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื’ื•ืคื›ื ื•ื™ื™ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
02:10
There were even groups trying to make an elevator to space
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ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืœื™ืช ืœื—ืœืœ
02:13
using carbon nanotubes.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคื—ืžืŸ.
02:15
You can look that up, that's true.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
02:18
Anyways, we thought it was going to affect
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืคื™ืข
02:20
all parts of science and technology, from computing to medicine.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืจืคื•ืื”.
02:23
And I have to admit,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
02:25
I drank all of the Kool-Aid.
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ืฉืชื™ืชื™ ืžื”ื‘ืืจ ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืžืื•ืŸ.
02:27
I mean, every last drop.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื”.
02:30
But that was 15 years ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:33
and --
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ื• --
02:34
fantastic science was done, really important work.
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ืžื“ืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
02:36
We've learned a lot.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:38
We were never able to translate that science into new technologies --
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช --
02:42
into technologies that could actually impact people.
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:45
And the reason is, these nanomaterials --
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื ื•-ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
02:47
they're like a double-edged sword.
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ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืจื‘ ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
02:49
The same thing that makes them so interesting --
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
02:51
their small size --
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ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ
02:52
also makes them impossible to work with.
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ื’ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
02:55
It's literally like trying to build a statue out of a pile of dust.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคืกืœ ืžืขืจืžืช ืื‘ืง
02:58
And we just don't have the tools that are small enough to work with them.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื
03:02
But even if we did, it wouldn't really matter,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื”
03:04
because we couldn't one by one place millions of particles together
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“
03:08
to build a technology.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:10
So because of that,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ
03:12
all of the promise and all of the excitement
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช
03:14
has remained just that: promise and excitement.
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ื ืฉืืจื• ื›ืš, ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
03:16
We don't have any disease-fighting nanobots,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื ื ื•-ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช
03:19
there's no elevators to space,
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื™ืช ืœื—ืœืœ
03:21
and the thing that I'm most interested in, no new types of computing.
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:25
Now that last one, that's a really important one.
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
03:27
We just have come to expect
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื
03:29
the pace of computing advancements to go on indefinitely.
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ืœื ืฆื—
03:32
We've built entire economies on this idea.
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
03:35
And this pace exists
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ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื
03:37
because of our ability to pack more and more devices
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ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื
03:39
onto a computer chip.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
03:41
And as those devices get smaller,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
03:43
they get faster, they consume less power
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ื”ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ
03:45
and they get cheaper.
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ื•ื”ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:46
And it's this convergence that gives us this incredible pace.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
03:51
As an example:
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื:
03:52
if I took the room-sized computer that sent three men to the moon and back
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ืื ืืงื— ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืฉืœื— ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืจื—
03:58
and somehow compressed it --
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื•ื—ืก ืื•ืชื•
04:00
compressed the world's greatest computer of its day,
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ื“ื•ื—ืก ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•
04:03
so it was the same size as your smartphone --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื
04:06
your actual smartphone,
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
04:07
that thing you spent 300 bucks on and just toss out every two years,
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ื–ื” ืฉืฉืœืžืชื ืขืœื™ื• 2000 ืฉ"ื— ื•ื–ืจืงืชื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื
04:10
would blow this thing away.
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ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
04:13
You would not be impressed.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืฉื™ื ืืชื›ื.
04:14
It couldn't do anything that your smartphone does.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
04:17
It would be slow,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื˜ื™,
04:18
you couldn't put any of your stuff on it,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžื™ื“ืข,
04:21
you could possibly get through the first two minutes
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:23
of a "Walking Dead" episode if you're lucky --
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ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื" ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื–ืœ
04:25
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:26
The point is the progress -- it's not gradual.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช
04:28
The progress is relentless.
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ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจืช ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื
04:30
It's exponential.
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ื”ื™ื ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
04:31
It compounds on itself year after year,
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ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”,
04:34
to the point where if you compare a technology
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ืชืฉื•ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
04:36
from one generation to the next,
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ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ
04:38
they're almost unrecognizable.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ
04:40
And we owe it to ourselves to keep this progress going.
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ื•ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”
04:42
We want to say the same thing 10, 20, 30 years from now:
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10, 20, 30 ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื:
04:46
look what we've done over the last 30 years.
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ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘30 ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:49
Yet we know this progress may not last forever.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ืชื™ืžืฉืš ืœืขื“.
04:51
In fact, the party's kind of winding down.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื’ืžืจ.
04:54
It's like "last call for alcohol," right?
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• "ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ" ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:56
If you look under the covers,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื›ืกื”,
04:58
by many metrics like speed and performance,
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื,
05:00
the progress has already slowed to a halt.
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ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฆืจื”.
05:03
So if we want to keep this party going,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืชื™ืžืฉืš.
05:05
we have to do what we've always been able to do,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
05:08
and that is to innovate.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ.
05:09
So our group's role and our group's mission
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ืื– ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื ื•
05:12
is to innovate by employing carbon nanotubes,
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ื–ื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื ื•-ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ,
05:14
because we think that they can provide a path to continue this pace.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆื‘
05:18
They are just like they sound.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื
05:20
They're tiny, hollow tubes of carbon atoms,
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ื”ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื, ื—ืœื•ืœื™ื, ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ
05:22
and their nanoscale size, that small size,
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ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•
05:25
gives rise to these just outstanding electronic properties.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
05:29
And the science tells us if we could employ them in computing,
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ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:33
we could see up to a ten times improvement in performance.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจืช ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื
05:35
It's like skipping through several technology generations in just one step.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“.
05:40
So there we have it.
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ืื– ื›ื›ื” ื–ื”.
05:42
We have this really important problem
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
05:44
and we have what is basically the ideal solution.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™
05:46
The science is screaming at us,
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืฆื•ืขืง ืœื ื•
05:48
"This is what you should be doing to solve your problem."
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"ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”."
05:53
So, all right, let's get started,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ
05:55
let's do this.
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ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื“ืจืš
05:56
But you just run right back into that double-edged sword.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ืจื‘ ื”ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
05:59
This "ideal solution" contains a material that's impossible to work with.
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ื”"ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™" ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื“.
06:02
I'd have to arrange billions of them just to make one single computer chip.
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ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืกื“ืจ ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื‘.
06:07
It's that same conundrum, it's like this undying problem.
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืช ืืœืžื•ื•ืช
06:11
At this point, we said, "Let's just stop.
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืืžืจื ื• "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืคืกื™ืง.
06:13
Let's not go down that same road.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš.
06:15
Let's just figure out what's missing.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื—ืกืจ.
06:17
What are we not dealing with?
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ืขื ืžื” ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื?
06:19
What are we not doing that needs to be done?"
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
06:21
It's like in "The Godfather," right?
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘"ื”ืกื ื“ืง" ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:23
When Fredo betrays his brother Michael,
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ื›ืฉืคืจื“ื• ื‘ื•ื’ื“ ื‘ืื—ื™ื• ืžื™ื™ืงืœ,
06:25
we all know what needs to be done.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
06:27
Fredo's got to go.
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ืคืจื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœื›ืช.
06:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:29
But Michael -- he puts it off.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ -- ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
06:31
Fine, I get it.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ.
06:32
Their mother's still alive, it would make her upset.
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ืืžื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื”, ื–ื” ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื”.
06:35
We just said,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืžืจื ื•,
06:36
"What's the Fredo in our problem?"
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"ืžื”ื• ื”ืคืจื“ื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•?
06:39
What are we not dealing with?
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ืขื ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื?
06:40
What are we not doing,
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
06:42
but needs to be done to make this a success?"
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”?"
06:45
And the answer is that the statue has to build itself.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืคืกืœ ื™ื‘ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื•
06:49
We have to find a way, somehow,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
06:51
to compel, to convince billions of these particles
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ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
06:55
to assemble themselves into the technology.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
06:58
We can't do it for them. They have to do it for themselves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื‘ื“.
07:01
And it's the hard way, and this is not trivial,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื”, ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื’ืจืชื™,
07:04
but in this case, it's the only way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
07:07
Now, as it turns out, this is not that alien of a problem.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื–ืจ.
07:11
We just don't build anything this way.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืš.
07:13
People don't build anything this way.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืš.
07:15
But if you look around -- and there's examples everywhere --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘-- ื•ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ --
07:18
Mother Nature builds everything this way.
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ืืžื ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:21
Everything is built from the bottom up.
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
07:24
You can go to the beach,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื—ื•ืฃ,
07:25
you'll find these simple organisms that use proteins --
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ --
07:28
basically molecules --
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช --
07:30
to template what is essentially sand,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ
07:32
just plucking it from the sea
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื™ื
07:33
and building these extraordinary architectures with extreme diversity.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
07:36
And nature's not crude like us, just hacking away.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื’ืก ื›ืžื•ื ื•, ื—ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:39
She's elegant and smart,
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ื”ื•ื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื—ื›ื,
07:41
building with what's available, molecule by molecule,
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ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
07:44
making structures with a complexity
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ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
07:46
and a diversity that we can't even approach.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
07:49
And she's already at the nano.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื ื•.
07:51
She's been there for hundreds of millions of years.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:53
We're the ones that are late to the party.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืœื• ืฉืžืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ื”.
07:56
So we decided that we're going to use the same tool that nature uses,
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
08:00
and that's chemistry.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.
08:02
Chemistry is the missing tool.
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ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืกืจ.
08:03
And chemistry works in this case
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ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”
08:05
because these nanoscale objects are about the same size as molecules,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
08:09
so we can use them to steer these objects around,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
08:12
much like a tool.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
08:13
That's exactly what we've done in our lab.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
08:15
We've developed chemistry that goes into the pile of dust,
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืขืจืžืช ืื‘ืง
08:19
into the pile of nanoparticles,
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ืœืขืจืžืช ื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
08:20
and pulls out exactly the ones we need.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืืœื• ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
08:22
Then we can use chemistry to arrange literally billions of these particles
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืžืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
08:26
into the pattern we need to build circuits.
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ืœื“ืคื•ืก ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื
08:29
And because we can do that,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
08:30
we can build circuits that are many times faster
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”
08:33
than what anyone's been able to make using nanomaterials before.
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ืžื›ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื ื ื•-ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
08:36
Chemistry's the missing tool,
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ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืกืจ,
08:37
and every day our tool gets sharper and gets more precise.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื“ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
08:41
And eventually --
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ --
08:42
and we hope this is within a handful of years --
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ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
08:45
we can deliver on one of those original promises.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™.
08:48
Now, computing is just one example.
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ื•ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช.
08:50
It's the one that I'm interested in, that my group is really invested in,
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืžืฉ ืฉืงื•ืขื” ื‘ื”,
08:54
but there are others in renewable energy, in medicine,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื•ืจืคื•ืื”,
08:58
in structural materials,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื,
09:00
where the science is going to tell you to move towards the nano.
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ื ื•.
09:03
That's where the biggest benefit is.
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ืฉื ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ.
09:05
But if we're going to do that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
09:07
the scientists of today and tomorrow are going to need new tools --
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžื—ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืืจื’ื– ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ
09:10
tools just like the ones I described.
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ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™.
09:12
And they will need chemistry. That's the point.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
09:16
The beauty of science is that once you develop these new tools,
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื,
09:20
they're out there.
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ื”ื ืฉื.
09:21
They're out there forever,
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ื”ื ืฉื ืœืชืžื™ื“,
09:22
and anyone anywhere can pick them up and use them,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื,
09:25
and help to deliver on the promise of nanotechnology.
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ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื ื ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
09:29
Thank you so much for your time. I appreciate it.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื–ืžื ื›ื, ืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš ื–ืืช.
09:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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