The next step in nanotechnology | George Tulevski

508,931 views ・ 2017-01-31

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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λ²ˆμ—­: JY Kang κ²€ν† : Seo-Ho Cho
00:12
Let's imagine a sculptor building a statue,
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쑰각가가 쑰각상 ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒμƒν•΄λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
00:15
just chipping away with his chisel.
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μ •μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°κΈˆμ”© λŒμ„ κΉŽμ•„λ‚΄κ² μ£ .
λ―ΈμΌˆλž€μ €λ‘œλŠ” κ·Έ 과정을 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ©‹μ§€κ²Œ ν‘œν˜„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
Michelangelo had this elegant way of describing it when he said,
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00:21
"Every block of stone has a statue inside of it,
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"λͺ¨λ“  돌덩이 μ†μ—λŠ” 이미 쑰각상이 λ“€μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έκ±Έ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ‘°κ°κ°€μ˜ λͺ«μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€."
00:24
and it's the task of the sculptor to discover it."
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00:27
But what if he worked in the opposite direction?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μž‘μ—… μˆœμ„œκ°€ λ°˜λŒ€μ˜€λ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ• μ„κΉŒμš”?
00:29
Not from a solid block of stone,
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λ‹¨λ‹¨ν•œ λŒλ©μ–΄λ¦¬μ—μ„œ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:31
but from a pile of dust,
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λ¬΄μˆ˜ν•œ λ¨Όμ§€λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€λ©΄μš”.
00:33
somehow gluing millions of these particles together to form a statue.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  κ·Έ μž‘μ€ μž…μžλ“€μ„ λΆ™μ—¬μ„œ 쑰각상을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆκ² μ£ .
00:37
I know that's an absurd notion.
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어림도 μ—†λŠ” μ–˜κΈ°μ£ .
00:39
It's probably impossible.
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μ•„λ§ˆ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ¨Όμ§€λ‘œ 쑰각상을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 방법은
00:41
The only way you get a statue from a pile of dust
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00:43
is if the statue built itself --
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쑰각상이 μ €μ ˆλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 것 λ°–μ—” μ—†μ£ .
00:46
if somehow we could compel millions of these particles to come together
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그런데 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  먼지듀을 ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ ν•©μ³μ„œ
00:50
to form the statue.
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쑰각상을 λ§Œλ“ λ‹€λ©΄μš”?
00:52
Now, as odd as that sounds,
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μ΄μƒν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬μ²˜λŸΌ λ“€λ¦¬κ² μ§€λ§Œ
00:53
that is almost exactly the problem I work on in my lab.
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저희 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œλŠ” λ°”λ‘œ 이런 문제λ₯Ό 닀루고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ¬Όλ‘  μ €λŠ” λŒμ„ κΉŽμ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
00:58
I don't build with stone,
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00:59
I build with nanomaterials.
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λ‚˜λ…Έλ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ 가지고 μΌν•˜μ£ .
01:00
They're these just impossibly small, fascinating little objects.
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믿을 수 없을 μ •λ„λ‘œ μž‘κ³  ν₯미둜운 λ¬Όμ§ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
They're so small that if this controller was a nanoparticle,
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μž‘λƒλ©΄, 이 μž₯치λ₯Ό λ‚˜λ…Έμž…μžλΌκ³  ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
01:08
a human hair would be the size of this entire room.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 머리카락은 이 κ³΅κ°„λ§Œ ν•˜λ‹€κ³  보면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
And they're at the heart of a field we call nanotechnology,
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이것듀이 λ‚˜λ…ΈκΈ°μˆ  λΆ„μ•Όμ˜ 핡심이죠.
01:14
which I'm sure we've all heard about,
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λ‹€λ“€ λ‚˜λ…ΈκΈ°μˆ μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 듀어보셨을 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
01:16
and we've all heard how it is going to change everything.
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또 이것이 세상을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°”κΏ€ 건지도 듀어보셨겠죠.
01:19
When I was a graduate student,
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μ œκ°€ λŒ€ν•™μ›μ—μ„œ 곡뢀할 λ•Œ
01:21
it was one of the most exciting times to be working in nanotechnology.
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λ‚˜λ…ΈκΈ°μˆ μ„ κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” 것이 κ°€μž₯ μž¬λ―Έμžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
There were scientific breakthroughs happening all the time.
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과학적 λ°œμ „μ΄ 계속 일어났죠.
01:27
The conferences were buzzing,
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ν•™νšŒλ“€μ€ 술렁거렸고
01:29
there was tons of money pouring in from funding agencies.
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연ꡬ비 지원 기관듀은 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λˆμ„ μŸμ•„λΆ€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
And the reason is
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”
μ–΄λ–€ 물체가 μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ•„μ§€λ©΄
01:34
when objects get really small,
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01:35
they're governed by a different set of physics that govern ordinary objects,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” 일반적인 사물에 λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬λ²•μΉ™κ³ΌλŠ”
01:39
like the ones we interact with.
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μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μ˜ 지배λ₯Ό λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이걸 μ–‘μžμ—­ν•™μ΄λΌκ³  ν•˜μ£ .
01:41
We call this physics quantum mechanics.
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이 이둠에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 물질의 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ μ •ν™•νžˆ μ‘°μ’…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
And what it tells you is that you can precisely tune their behavior
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01:46
just by making seemingly small changes to them,
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겉보기에 μ•„μ£Ό μž‘μ€ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό 쀌으둜써 말이죠.
01:48
like adding or removing a handful of atoms,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, 적은 μ–‘μ˜ μ›μžλ“€μ„ λ”ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λΉΌκ³ 
λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λΉ„νŠΈλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
or twisting the material.
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01:52
It's like this ultimate toolkit.
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이건 마치 졜고의 κ³΅κ΅¬μ„ΈνŠΈ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
You really felt empowered; you felt like you could make anything.
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무엇이든 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” λŠλ‚Œμ΄ λ“€ 정도죠.
01:57
And we were doing it --
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ, 저와 ν•¨κ»˜ κ³΅λΆ€ν–ˆλ˜ λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒλ“€μ€
01:59
and by we I mean my whole generation of graduate students.
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02:02
We were trying to make blazing fast computers using nanomaterials.
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λ‚˜λ…Έλ¬Όμ§ˆλ‘œ μ•„μ£Ό λΉ λ₯Έ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ μž λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
We were constructing quantum dots
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ–‘μž μž…μžμ˜ ꡬ성을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
02:07
that could one day go in your body and find and fight disease.
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μ–Έμ  κ°€λŠ” κ·Έκ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 우리 λͺΈ μ†μ˜ μ§ˆλ³‘κ³Ό μ‹ΈμšΈ 수 μžˆμ„κ±°λΌ μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
02:10
There were even groups trying to make an elevator to space
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심지어 νƒ„μ†Œ λ‚˜λ…Έλ·°νŠΈλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 우주둜 κ°€λŠ” μ—˜λ¦¬λ² μ΄ν„°λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ €λŠ”
02:13
using carbon nanotubes.
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μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
You can look that up, that's true.
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찾아보셔도 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:18
Anyways, we thought it was going to affect
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μ–΄μ¨Œλ“ , μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것이
02:20
all parts of science and technology, from computing to medicine.
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ—μ„œ μ˜ν•™κΉŒμ§€, κ³Όν•™κ³Ό 기술 전뢄야에 영ν–₯을 쀄거라고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
02:23
And I have to admit,
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ„œ κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
I drank all of the Kool-Aid.
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μ œκ°€ λ§Ήλͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ λΉ μ Έμžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έμš”.
02:27
I mean, every last drop.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ λΉ μ Έμžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
02:30
But that was 15 years ago,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그건 15λ…„ μ „μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
그리고
02:33
and --
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02:34
fantastic science was done, really important work.
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과학이 λ†€λžλ„λ‘ λ°œμ „ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
We've learned a lot.
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λ§Žμ€ 것듀을 λ°°μ› μ£ .
우린 κ·Έ κ³Όν•™ 지식을 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ μ— μ ‘λͺ©μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:38
We were never able to translate that science into new technologies --
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02:42
into technologies that could actually impact people.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ 영ν–₯을 쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μˆ λ“€ 말이죠.
02:45
And the reason is, these nanomaterials --
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 이 λ‚˜λ…Έλ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ€
02:47
they're like a double-edged sword.
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μ–‘λ‚ μ˜ κ²€κ³Ό κ°™κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:49
The same thing that makes them so interesting --
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이것듀이 ν₯미둜운 이유 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ
02:51
their small size --
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μž‘μ€ 크기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:52
also makes them impossible to work with.
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κ·Έ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” 것이 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 먼지 λ”λ―Έλ‘œ 쑰각상을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것과 κ°™μ•˜μ£ .
02:55
It's literally like trying to build a statue out of a pile of dust.
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02:58
And we just don't have the tools that are small enough to work with them.
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ 그것듀을 λ‹€λ£° 수 μžˆμ„ 만큼 μ„Έλ°€ν•œ 도ꡬ도 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
But even if we did, it wouldn't really matter,
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μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  해도 νž˜λ“€μ—ˆμ„ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
03:04
because we couldn't one by one place millions of particles together
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κΈ°μˆ μ— μ μš©ν•˜λ €λ©΄ κ·Έ 수 백만의 μž…μžλ“€μ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ν•˜λ‚˜ λͺ¨μ•„μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°
03:08
to build a technology.
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그럴 수 μ—†μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
03:10
So because of that,
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λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ 문제둜
λͺ¨λ“  κ°€λŠ₯μ„±κ³Ό λͺ¨λ“  κΈ°λŒ€κ°μ΄ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ©ˆμ·„μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
all of the promise and all of the excitement
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03:14
has remained just that: promise and excitement.
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κ°€λŠ₯μ„±κ³Ό κΈ°λŒ€κ° λͺ¨λ‘ 말이죠.
03:16
We don't have any disease-fighting nanobots,
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μ§ˆλ³‘κ³Ό μ‹Έμš°λŠ” λ‚˜λ…Έλ΄‡λ„ μ—†κ³ 
03:19
there's no elevators to space,
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우주둜 κ°€λŠ” μ—˜λ¦¬λ² μ΄ν„°λ„ μ—†μœΌλ©°
03:21
and the thing that I'm most interested in, no new types of computing.
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μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ κ΄€μ‹¬μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 컴퓨터도 μ‚¬λΌμ‘Œμ£ .
μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ΄ 제일 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
Now that last one, that's a really important one.
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03:27
We just have come to expect
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜ˆμƒμ»¨λŒ€
μ»΄ν“¨ν„°μ˜ λ°œμ „ μ†λ„λŠ” λ¬΄ν•œλŒ€λ‘œ 증가할 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
the pace of computing advancements to go on indefinitely.
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03:32
We've built entire economies on this idea.
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이 κ°œλ…μ„ ν† λŒ€λ‘œ λͺ¨λ“  경제 기반이 μ„Έμ›Œμ‘Œμ£ .
03:35
And this pace exists
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κ·Έ λ°œμ „ μ†λ„λŠ”
03:37
because of our ability to pack more and more devices
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λ”μš± λ§Žμ€ μž₯μΉ˜λ“€μ„ 컴퓨터 칩에 넣을 수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯에 λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
onto a computer chip.
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03:41
And as those devices get smaller,
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그리고 κ·Έ μž₯μΉ˜λ“€μ΄ μž‘μ•„μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘
03:43
they get faster, they consume less power
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μ†λ„λŠ” 빨라지고, μ—λ„ˆμ§€ μ†ŒλΉ„λ„ 쀄어듀며
03:45
and they get cheaper.
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가격은 μ €λ ΄ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
And it's this convergence that gives us this incredible pace.
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이듀이 ν†΅ν•©λ˜μ–΄ λ†€λΌμš΄ μ†λ„λ‘œ λ°œμ „ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
03:51
As an example:
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ν•œ 가지 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ£ .
03:52
if I took the room-sized computer that sent three men to the moon and back
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우주인 μ„Έ λͺ…을 달에 보낼 λ•Œ 이 λ°©λ§Œν•œ 크기의 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:58
and somehow compressed it --
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  κ·Έκ±Έ μ••μΆ•μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
compressed the world's greatest computer of its day,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ 졜고 μ„±λŠ₯μ΄μ—ˆλ˜ κ·Έ 컴퓨터λ₯Ό μ••μΆ•μ‹œμΌœ
04:03
so it was the same size as your smartphone --
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슀마트폰 크기만 ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€ν•΄λ„
04:06
your actual smartphone,
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μ‹€μ œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ“°λŠ” 슀마트폰
04:07
that thing you spent 300 bucks on and just toss out every two years,
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300λ‹¬λŸ¬μ— μ‚¬μ„œ 2λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€ λ°”κΎΈλŠ” κ·Έ 슀마트폰이
04:10
would blow this thing away.
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이 컴퓨터보닀 ν•œμ°Έ μ•žμ„€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
You would not be impressed.
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λ†€λž„ 일도 μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
04:14
It couldn't do anything that your smartphone does.
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이 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œλŠ” 슀마트폰으둜 ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 일도 ν•  수 없을 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
04:17
It would be slow,
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속도도 느리고
04:18
you couldn't put any of your stuff on it,
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κ·Έ μ–΄λ–€ 정보도 넣을 수 μ—†μ£ .
"μ›Œν‚Ή λ°λ“œ"의 처음 2뢄을 보면 배터리가 λ‹€ λ–¨μ–΄μ§ˆ κ±Έμš”.
04:21
you could possibly get through the first two minutes
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04:23
of a "Walking Dead" episode if you're lucky --
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κ·Έλ‚˜λ§ˆ 운이 μ’‹λ‹€λ©΄μš”.
04:25
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
04:26
The point is the progress -- it's not gradual.
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 λ°œμ „μ΄ μ„œμ„œνžˆ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:28
The progress is relentless.
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λ©ˆμΆ”μ§€λ„ μ•Šκ³ 
04:30
It's exponential.
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κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ
04:31
It compounds on itself year after year,
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ν•΄κ°€ κ±°λ“­λ μˆ˜λ‘ λ°œμ „ 속도가 κ°€μ€‘λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
to the point where if you compare a technology
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μ–΄λŠ 정도냐면 μ–΄λ–€ κΈ°μˆ μ„ 가지고
04:36
from one generation to the next,
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ν•œ μ„ΈλŒ€μ™€ λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈλŒ€λ₯Ό 비ꡐ해보면
04:38
they're almost unrecognizable.
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ꡬ뢄이 μ•ˆλ  μ •λ„μ˜ λ°œμ „ μ†λ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
And we owe it to ourselves to keep this progress going.
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 λ°œμ „μ΄ 계속 μœ μ§€λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
We want to say the same thing 10, 20, 30 years from now:
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10λ…„, 20λ…„, 30λ…„ 후에도 μ§€λ‚œ 30λ…„ κ°„ ν•΄λ‚Έ κ±Έ ν‰κ°€ν•˜λ©°
04:46
look what we've done over the last 30 years.
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같은 이야기λ₯Ό ν•˜κ²Œ 되겠죠.
04:49
Yet we know this progress may not last forever.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 λ°œμ „μ΄ μ˜μ›ν•˜μ§„ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
In fact, the party's kind of winding down.
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사싀, 이제 νŒŒν‹°κ°€ λλ‚˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§€κ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
마치 이번이 λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 건배인 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 말이죠.
04:54
It's like "last call for alcohol," right?
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04:56
If you look under the covers,
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이면을 λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ 보면
μ†λ„λ‚˜ μ„±λŠ₯ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 보자면
04:58
by many metrics like speed and performance,
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05:00
the progress has already slowed to a halt.
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λ°œμ „μ€ 이미 λŠλ €μ Έμ„œ λ©ˆμΆ”κΈ° μ§μ „μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
So if we want to keep this party going,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 νŒŒν‹°κ°€ κ³„μ†λ˜κΈΈ μ›ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
05:05
we have to do what we've always been able to do,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 일을 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°
05:08
and that is to innovate.
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그게 λ°”λ‘œ ν˜μ‹ μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
So our group's role and our group's mission
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우리 μ—°κ΅¬μ§„μ˜ μ—­ν• κ³Ό μž„λ¬΄λŠ”
05:12
is to innovate by employing carbon nanotubes,
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νƒ„μ†Œ λ‚˜λ…ΈνŠœλΈŒλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ ν˜μ‹ ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
05:14
because we think that they can provide a path to continue this pace.
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그것이 κΈ°μˆ λ°œμ „μ˜ 속도λ₯Ό κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μœ μ§€ν•΄ 쀄 거라고 λ―ΏκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
They are just like they sound.
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νƒ„μ†Œ λ‚˜λ…ΈνŠœλΈŒλŠ” 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ
05:20
They're tiny, hollow tubes of carbon atoms,
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νƒ„μ†Œ μ›μžλ‘œ 이루어진 속이 빈, μž‘μ€ νŠœλΈŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
and their nanoscale size, that small size,
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이 λ‚˜λ…Έ λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ μž‘μ€ 크기둜 인해
05:25
gives rise to these just outstanding electronic properties.
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λ†€λΌμš΄ μ „μžμ  νŠΉμ„±μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
And the science tells us if we could employ them in computing,
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이 νŠΉμ„±μ„ 컴퓨터 κ°œλ°œμ— μ μš©ν•˜λ©΄
μ„±λŠ₯을 10λ°°κΉŒμ§€ ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 있죠.
05:33
we could see up to a ten times improvement in performance.
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05:35
It's like skipping through several technology generations in just one step.
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λͺ‡ μ„ΈλŒ€μ— 걸쳐 일어날 기술 λ°œμ „μ„ ν•œλ²ˆμ— κ±΄λ„ˆλ›°λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
So there we have it.
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이제 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
μš°λ¦¬μ—κ² μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 있고
05:42
We have this really important problem
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κ·Έκ±Έ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ•„μ£Ό 이상적인 방법도 있죠.
05:44
and we have what is basically the ideal solution.
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05:46
The science is screaming at us,
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과학은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ™ΈμΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:48
"This is what you should be doing to solve your problem."
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"문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ €λ©΄ 이 방법뿐이야."라고 말이죠.
05:53
So, all right, let's get started,
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μ’‹μ•„μš”, μ‹œμž‘ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
ν•΄λ³΄μžκ³ μš”.
05:55
let's do this.
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μ•žμ„œ λ§ν•œ 'μ–‘λ‚ μ˜ κ²€'으둜 λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€λ³ΌκΉŒμš”.
05:56
But you just run right back into that double-edged sword.
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κ·Έ "이상적인 해결법"은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹€λ£° 수 μ—†λŠ” λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:59
This "ideal solution" contains a material that's impossible to work with.
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06:02
I'd have to arrange billions of them just to make one single computer chip.
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컴퓨터 μΉ© ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€λ €λ©΄ κ·Έ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 개λ₯Ό λ°°μ—΄ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν–ˆμ£ .
μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌμ΄μ—ˆκ³  끝이 보이지 μ•ŠλŠ” λ“― ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:07
It's that same conundrum, it's like this undying problem.
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06:11
At this point, we said, "Let's just stop.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ΄μ―€μ—μ„œ λ©ˆμΆ”μžκ³  ν–ˆμ£ .
06:13
Let's not go down that same road.
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 짓을 계속할 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
06:15
Let's just figure out what's missing.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ†“μΉœ 것이 무엇인지 μ°Ύμ•„λ³΄μžκ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
What are we not dealing with?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ°„κ³Όν•œ 것이 무엇인지
06:19
What are we not doing that needs to be done?"
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μ–΄λ–€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것을 λ†“μΉœ 건 μ•„λ‹Œμ§€ μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
06:21
It's like in "The Godfather," right?
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μ˜ν™” "λŒ€λΆ€"의 ν•œ μž₯λ©΄ κ°™μ£ ?
06:23
When Fredo betrays his brother Michael,
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μ˜ν™”μ—μ„œ ν”„λ ˆλ„κ°€ 동생 λ§ˆμ΄ν΄μ„ λ°°μ‹ ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
06:25
we all know what needs to be done.
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ κ·Έκ°€ ν–ˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•  일을 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•Œκ³  있죠.
06:27
Fredo's got to go.
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ν”„λ ˆλ„λŠ” 떠났어야 ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
06:28
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:29
But Michael -- he puts it off.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ§ˆμ΄ν΄μ€ 보볡을 λ‚˜μ€‘μœΌλ‘œ λ―Έλ€˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
Fine, I get it.
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μ’‹μ•„μš”.
06:32
Their mother's still alive, it would make her upset.
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μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ μ‚΄μ•„ 계셨기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•΄μ„œ 그랬던 κ±°μ£ .
06:35
We just said,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
"What's the Fredo in our problem?"
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"우리 λ¬Έμ œμ—μ„œ ν”„λ ˆλ„λŠ” λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒ?"
"생각지 λͺ»ν•œ 게 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒ?"
06:39
What are we not dealing with?
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06:40
What are we not doing,
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"μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ†“μΉœ 것 쀑에
성곡을 μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ 것은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒ?"
06:42
but needs to be done to make this a success?"
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06:45
And the answer is that the statue has to build itself.
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κ·Έ λŒ€λ‹΅μ€ 쑰각상은 슀슀둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ Έμ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
We have to find a way, somehow,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  방법을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμ£ .
06:51
to compel, to convince billions of these particles
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κ·Έ μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅κ°œμ˜ μž…μžλ“€μ„ μ–΄λ₯΄κ³  λ‹¬λž˜μ„œ
06:55
to assemble themselves into the technology.
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슀슀둜 λ­‰μ³μ„œ 기술둜 완성될 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
06:58
We can't do it for them. They have to do it for themselves.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†κ³  μž…μž 슀슀둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
And it's the hard way, and this is not trivial,
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μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ ΅κ³  μ€‘μš”ν•œ 일이죠.
07:04
but in this case, it's the only way.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그것이 μœ μΌν•œ λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:07
Now, as it turns out, this is not that alien of a problem.
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μ΄μ œμ™€μ„œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 놓고 보면 말도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
07:11
We just don't build anything this way.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ­”κ°€ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ£ .
07:13
People don't build anything this way.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 슀슀둜 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ν•˜λ‚˜λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
But if you look around -- and there's examples everywhere --
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그런데 μ£Όμœ„λ₯Ό λ‘˜λŸ¬λ³΄λ©΄ 사방에 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 게 있죠.
07:18
Mother Nature builds everything this way.
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λŒ€μžμ—°μ€ λͺ¨λ“  것이 슀슀둜 μ°½μ‘°λ˜κ²Œλ” ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:21
Everything is built from the bottom up.
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λͺ¨λ“  것이 μƒˆλ‘­κ²Œ μƒκ²¨λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
You can go to the beach,
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해변에 가보면
07:25
you'll find these simple organisms that use proteins --
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이런 λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μœ κΈ°μ²΄λ“€μ΄ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
07:28
basically molecules --
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κΈ°λ³Έμ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆ λΆ„μžλ‘œ
λ°”λ‹·μ†μ—μ„œ κ³ λ₯Έ λͺ¨λž˜μ˜ ν˜•μƒμ„ λ³Έλ– μ„œ
07:30
to template what is essentially sand,
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07:32
just plucking it from the sea
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07:33
and building these extraordinary architectures with extreme diversity.
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정말 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ³  λ…νŠΉν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
And nature's not crude like us, just hacking away.
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그리고 μžμ—°μ€ μΈκ°„μ²˜λŸΌ λŒ€μΆ©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μ•„μ£Ό μ •κ΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:39
She's elegant and smart,
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μžμ—°μ€ μš°μ•„ν•˜κ³  μ˜λ¦¬ν•΄μ„œ
07:41
building with what's available, molecule by molecule,
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λΆ„μž ν•˜λ‚˜ν•˜λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
μ•„μ£Ό λ³΅μž‘ν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄μ£ .
07:44
making structures with a complexity
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07:46
and a diversity that we can't even approach.
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그리고 인간이 λ²”μ ‘ν•  수 없을 μ •λ„μ˜ 닀양성을 κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:49
And she's already at the nano.
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μžμ—°μ€ 이미 λ‚˜λ…Έ λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ μΌν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
μˆ˜μ–΅ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆμ΄λ‚˜ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•΄μ™”μ£ .
07:51
She's been there for hundreds of millions of years.
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07:53
We're the ones that are late to the party.
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였히렀 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŠ¦μ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 우린 μžμ—°μ΄ μΌν•˜λŠ” 방식을 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 따라 ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμ£ .
07:56
So we decided that we're going to use the same tool that nature uses,
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08:00
and that's chemistry.
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λ°”λ‘œ ν™”ν•™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
화학을 λ†“μΉœ κ±°μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
08:02
Chemistry is the missing tool.
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08:03
And chemistry works in this case
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화학이 효과적인 μ΄μœ λŠ”
08:05
because these nanoscale objects are about the same size as molecules,
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λ‚˜λ…Έ λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ λΆ„μžμ™€ 거의 같은 크기이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
so we can use them to steer these objects around,
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그것듀을 μ‘°μ’…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
화학을 λ„κ΅¬λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
much like a tool.
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08:13
That's exactly what we've done in our lab.
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그게 저희 μ—°κ΅¬μ‹€μ˜ μ„±κ³Όμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
We've developed chemistry that goes into the pile of dust,
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먼지 ꡬ덩이 속을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” 화학적 도ꡬλ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•œ 것이죠.
λ‚˜λ…Έ μž…μžλ“€λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
08:19
into the pile of nanoparticles,
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08:20
and pulls out exactly the ones we need.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ •ν™•νžˆ 끄집어 λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
Then we can use chemistry to arrange literally billions of these particles
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화학을 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ 말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μˆ˜μ‹­μ–΅ 개의 λ‚˜λ…Έ μž…μžλ₯Ό λ°°μ—΄ν•˜κ³ 
08:26
into the pattern we need to build circuits.
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회둜λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
And because we can do that,
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그것이 κ°€λŠ₯해진 덕뢄에
08:30
we can build circuits that are many times faster
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과거에 λ‚˜λ…Έ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ‹€λ£° λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€
08:33
than what anyone's been able to make using nanomaterials before.
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λͺ‡ λ°° 더 λΉ λ₯Έ 회둜λ₯Ό ꡬ성할 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
Chemistry's the missing tool,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ†“μ³€λ˜ ν™”ν•™μ΄λž€ λ„κ΅¬λŠ”
08:37
and every day our tool gets sharper and gets more precise.
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날이 갈수둝 μ •κ΅ν•˜κ³  정확해지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
And eventually --
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그리고 κ²°κ΅­μ—λŠ”
08:42
and we hope this is within a handful of years --
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λ°”λΌκ±΄λŒ€ 수 λ…„ 내에
08:45
we can deliver on one of those original promises.
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처음 μ•½μ†ν–ˆλ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 내놓을 수 μžˆμ„ 거라 κΈ°λŒ€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:48
Now, computing is just one example.
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이제 μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λŠ” 단지 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 사둀에 λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
It's the one that I'm interested in, that my group is really invested in,
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μ œκ°€ 관심을 κ°–κ³ , 저희 νŒ€μ΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것듀 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ£ .
08:54
but there are others in renewable energy, in medicine,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢄야도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μž¬μƒ μ—λ„ˆμ§€, μ˜ν•™
08:58
in structural materials,
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μ‹ μ†Œμž¬
이듀 κ³Όν•™ 뢄야에 λ‚˜λ…Έ 기술이 μ ‘λͺ©λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:00
where the science is going to tell you to move towards the nano.
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λͺ¨λ‘ κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ€ μž‡μ μ„ 얻을 수 μžˆλŠ” λΆ„μ•Όμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
That's where the biggest benefit is.
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09:05
But if we're going to do that,
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그런데 그러기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
09:07
the scientists of today and tomorrow are going to need new tools --
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ν˜„μž¬μ™€ 미래의 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 도ꡬ가 ν•„μš”ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:10
tools just like the ones I described.
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μ œκ°€ μ„€λͺ…ν•œ 그런 도ꡬ듀 말이죠.
09:12
And they will need chemistry. That's the point.
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그리고 화학도 ν•„μš”ν•  κ±°μ˜ˆμš”. 그게 핡심이죠.
09:16
The beauty of science is that once you develop these new tools,
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과학이 μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μš΄ μ΄μœ λŠ” 일단 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 도ꡬλ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•΄λ‚΄λ©΄
09:20
they're out there.
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세상에 κ³΅κ°œλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:21
They're out there forever,
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μ˜μ›νžˆ 곡개되죠.
09:22
and anyone anywhere can pick them up and use them,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–΄λ””μ„œλ“  λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ κ·Έκ±Έ κ³¨λΌμ„œ μ“Έ 수 있고
09:25
and help to deliver on the promise of nanotechnology.
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λ‚˜λ…ΈκΈ°μˆ μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œ μ‹€ν˜„μ— 도움을 쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
Thank you so much for your time. I appreciate it.
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κ²½μ²­ν•΄ μ£Όμ…”μ„œ κ³ λ§™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
(λ°•μˆ˜)
09:32
(Applause)
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이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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