New bionics let us run, climb and dance | Hugh Herr | TED

15,176,162 views ใƒป 2014-03-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Itay Galilee ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Looking deeply inside nature,
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ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข
00:15
through the magnifying glass of science,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข,
ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:19
designers extract principles, processes and materials
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ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
00:22
that are forming the very basis of design methodology.
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
ืžืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื
00:27
From synthetic constructs that resemble biological materials,
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
00:32
to computational methods that emulate neural processes,
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ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ืงื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื,
00:35
nature is driving design.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื ื™ืข ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
00:39
Design is also driving nature.
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
00:42
In realms of genetics, regenerative medicine and synthetic biology,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืจืคื•ืื” ืจื’ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ื˜ืชื™ืช,
00:45
designers are growing novel technologies,
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:48
not foreseen or anticipated by nature.
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ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืงืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ
00:53
Bionics explores the interplay between biology and design.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื”.
00:59
As you can see, my legs are bionic.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืจื’ืœื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:02
Today, I will tell human stories of bionic integration;
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื”,
01:08
how electromechanics attached to the body, and implanted inside the body
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ืื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ืžื›ืื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ
ื•ืžื•ืฉืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•
ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ
01:14
are beginning to bridge the gap between disability and ability,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช,
01:18
between human limitation and human potential.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:24
Bionics has defined my physicality.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
ื‘- 1982, ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ ื ื›ืจืชื•
01:28
In 1982, both of my legs were amputated
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01:30
due to tissue damage from frostbite,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื–ืง ืœืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจื ืžืžื›ืช ืงื•ืจ
01:32
incurred during a mountain-climbing accident.
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ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืจื™ื.
01:35
At that time, I didn't view my body as broken.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™
ื›ืœื ืฉืœื.
01:40
I reasoned that a human being can never be "broken."
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ื ืžืงืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉืœื.
01:45
Technology is broken.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉืœืžื”.
01:48
Technology is inadequate.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืงื”.
01:51
This simple but powerful idea was a call to arms,
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืš ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื–ื”
ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื™ืื”
ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:56
to advance technology for the elimination of my own disability,
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ืฉืชืจืคื ืืช ื”ื ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™
02:00
and ultimately, the disability of others.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:04
I began by developing specialized limbs
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืข"ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื’ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช
02:07
that allowed me to return to the vertical world
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ ืœืฉื•ื‘
02:09
of rock and ice climbing.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืื ื›ื™, ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืงืจื—.
02:11
I quickly realized that the artificial part of my body is malleable;
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™
ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ืœ,
02:16
able to take on any form, any function --
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“
02:20
a blank slate for which to create,
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ืœื•ื— ื—ืœืง, ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
02:23
perhaps, structures that could extend beyond biological capability.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช
ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืืช ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
02:29
I made my height adjustable.
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02:30
I could be as short as five feet or as tall as I'd like.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ืš ื›ืžื˜ืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืืจืฆื”.
02:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:35
So when I was feeling bad about myself,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืจืข ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืฆืžื™,
ื—ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื’ื‘ื™ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื™,
02:39
insecure, I would jack my height up.
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02:41
(Laughter)
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื,
02:43
But when I was feeling confident and suave,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื ืžื™ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื™
02:45
I would knock my height down a notch, just to give the competition a chance.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช.
02:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:51
(Applause)
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ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื˜ืจื™ื– ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ ืœื˜ืคืก
02:53
Narrow-edged feet allowed me to climb steep rock fissures,
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ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ืกืœืขื™ื™ื ื•ืชืœื•ืœื™ื
02:56
where the human foot cannot penetrate,
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ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื“ืจื•,
02:59
and spiked feet enabled me to climb vertical ice walls,
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ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ ืœื˜ืคืก
ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืงืจื— ืื ื›ื™ื™ื
03:03
without ever experiencing muscle leg fatigue.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
03:07
Through technological innovation,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
03:09
I returned to my sport, stronger and better.
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ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืง ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:12
Technology had eliminated my disability,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื ื›ื•ืชื™
ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:15
and allowed me a new climbing prowess.
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03:17
As a young man, I imagined a future world where technology so advanced
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ื›ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืขื•ืœื ืขืชื™ื“ื™
ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืงื“ืžืช
ืคื•ืชืจืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช,
03:21
could rid the world of disability,
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03:22
a world in which neural implants would allow
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ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ืืคืฉืจื•
03:24
the visually impaired to see.
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ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช.
ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช
03:27
A world in which the paralyzed could walk, via body exoskeletons.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืœื“ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ื•ืคื.
03:32
Sadly, because of deficiencies in technology,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
03:35
disability is rampant in the world.
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ื ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืœืื“ื ื–ื” ื—ืกืจื•ืช 3 ื’ืคื•ืช.
03:37
This gentleman is missing three limbs.
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03:39
As a testimony to current technology, he is out of the wheelchair,
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ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื,
03:43
but we need to do a better job in bionics, to allow, one day, full rehabilitation
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ืืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืœื
03:49
for a person with this level of injury.
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ืœืื“ื ื‘ืจืžืช ืคืฆื™ืขื” ื–ื•.
03:53
At the MIT Media Lab, we've established the Center for Extreme Bionics.
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ื‘ MIT Media Lab, ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช
"ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืืงืกื˜ืจื™ืžื™ืช".
03:57
The mission of the center is to put forth fundamental science
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ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–
ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืžื“ืข
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื•
04:02
and technological capability
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04:03
that will allow the biomechatronic and regenerative repair of humans,
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ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžื›ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
04:07
across a broad range of brain and body disabilities.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
ื‘ืžื•ื— ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
04:13
Today, I'm going to tell you how my legs function, how they work,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืจื’ืœื™ื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช,
ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช,
04:17
as a case in point for this center.
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ื›ืžืงืจื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื–ื”.
04:20
Now, I made sure to shave my legs last night,
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ื“ืื’ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื— ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ ืืžืฉ,
04:22
because I knew I'd be showing them off.
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ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืืฉื•ื™ืฅ ื‘ื”ื.
04:24
(Laughter)
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04:26
Bionics entails the engineering of extreme interfaces.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื.
04:29
There's three extreme interfaces in my bionic limbs:
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช:
04:32
mechanical, how my limbs are attached to my biological body;
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ื”ืžื›ืื ื™, ืื™ืš ื’ืคื•ืชื™ื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช
ืœื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
04:36
dynamic, how they move like flesh and bone;
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ื”ื“ื™ื ืืžื™, ืฆื•ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉืจ.
04:39
and electrical, how they communicate with my nervous system.
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ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช
ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
04:42
I'll begin with mechanical interface.
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืžื›ืื ื™.
04:45
In the area of design, we still do not understand
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ืื ื™.
04:49
how to attach devices to the body mechanically.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉื’ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ื ืชื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”, ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื”,
04:53
It's extraordinary to me that in this day and age,
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04:56
one of the most mature, oldest technologies
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ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:58
in the human timeline, the shoe, still gives us blisters.
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ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:03
How can this be?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ?
05:04
We have no idea how to attach things to our bodies.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืคื ื•.
05:08
This is the beautifully lyrical design work
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ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื ืคืœื ืฉืœ
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื ืจื™ ืื•ืงืกืžืŸ ืž-MIT Media Lab,
05:11
of Professor Neri Oxman at the MIT Media Lab,
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05:13
showing spatially varying exoskeletal impedances,
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ื”ืžืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฅ-ืฉืœื“ื™ืช
ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
05:17
shown here by color variation in this 3D-printed model.
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื–ื”.
05:21
Imagine a future where clothing is stiff and soft where you need it,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื
ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื,
05:26
when you need it, for optimal support and flexibility,
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ืžืชื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช,
05:29
without ever causing discomfort.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
ืจื’ืœื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
05:32
My bionic limbs are attached to my biological body
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05:35
via synthetic skins with stiffness variations,
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ื“ืจืš ืงืจื•ืžื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
05:39
that mirror my underlying tissue biomechanics.
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ืฉืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื•,
05:44
To achieve that mirroring, we first developed a mathematical model
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™
05:47
of my biological limb.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืคื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
05:49
To that end, we used imaging tools such as MRI,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช MRI
05:52
to look inside my body,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื™
ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื
05:54
to figure out the geometries and locations of various tissues.
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ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
05:57
We also took robotic tools --
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ื ื• ื›ืœื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื.
05:59
here's a 14-actuator circle that goes around the biological limb.
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ื”ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ืขืœ 14 ื—ืœืงื™ื
ืฉืกื•ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื’ืคืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
06:04
The actuators come in, find the surface of the limb,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืกื’ืจื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืžื’ืข ืขื ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืคื”,
06:07
measure its unloaded shape,
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ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงืคื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
06:09
and then they push on the tissues
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืžื”
06:11
to measure tissue compliances at each anatomical point.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
06:15
We combine these imaging and robotic data
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜
06:17
to build a mathematical description of my biological limb, shown on the left.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืชืžื˜ื™
ืฉืœ ื’ืคืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
06:21
You see a bunch of points, or nodes?
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช,
06:23
At each node, there's a color that represents tissue compliance.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื”, ื™ืฉื ื• ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ.
06:26
We then do a mathematical transformation to the design of the synthetic skin,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ืจ ืกื™ื ื˜ืชื™
06:30
shown on the right.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
ื•ื’ื™ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:32
And we've discovered optimality is:
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืงืฉื”, ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืš,
06:34
where the body is stiff, the synthetic skin should be soft,
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06:37
where the body is soft, the synthetic skin is stiff,
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืš, ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื”.
06:40
and this mirroring occurs across all tissue compliances.
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ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืขื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ.
06:44
With this framework, we've produced bionic limbs
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ืชื—ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื•,
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื’ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
06:47
that are the most comfortable limbs I've ever worn.
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื‘ืฉืชื™ ืื™ ืคืขื.
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
06:51
Clearly, in the future, our clothing, our shoes, our braces, our prostheses,
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ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื ื™ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืขื•ื“
06:57
will no longer be designed and manufactured using artisan strategies,
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ื•ื™ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ื”,
07:00
but rather, data-driven quantitative frameworks.
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ืืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื.
ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื–ื”, ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
07:04
In that future, our shoes will no longer give us blisters.
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ืœื ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช.
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื˜ืžื™ืขื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ืฉื”
07:09
We're also embedding sensing and smart materials
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07:11
into the synthetic skins.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
07:13
This is a material developed by SRI International, California.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ
ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืข"ื™ SRI international, California,
ืชื—ืช ืืคืงื˜ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื“ืจื’ืช ืงืฉื™ื•ืชื•.
07:18
Under electrostatic effect, it changes stiffness.
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07:21
So under zero voltage, the material is compliant,
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ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืื–', ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
07:24
it's floppy like paper.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื™ืจ ืจืคื•ื™.
07:26
Then the button's pushed, a voltage is applied,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื ืœื—ืฅ, ื•ื•ืœื˜ืื–' ื ื•ืฆืจ,
07:28
and it becomes stiff as a board.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื›ืœื•ื—.
07:30
(Tapping sounds)
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07:33
We embed this material into the synthetic skin
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ืื ื• ืžื˜ืžื™ืขื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
07:36
that attaches my bionic limb to my biological body.
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
07:39
When I walk here, it's no voltage.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ืืŸ,
ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื˜ืื–'.
07:42
My interface is soft and compliant.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืง ืฉืœื™ ืจืš ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ.
07:44
The button's pushed, voltage is applied, and it stiffens,
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ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื ืœื—ืฅ, ืœื—ืฅ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ,
ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉื”,
07:47
offering me a greater maneuverability over the bionic limb.
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ื•ื›ืš ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืžืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืœืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
07:50
We're also building exoskeletons.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืœื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ-ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื.
ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ืจืš
07:53
This exoskeleton becomes stiff and soft
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07:55
in just the right areas of the running cycle,
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ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืจื™ืฆื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
07:58
to protect the biological joints from high impacts and degradation.
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ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžืฉื—ื™ืงื”.
08:02
In the future, we'll all be wearing exoskeletons
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืœื‘ืฉ ืฉืœื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ื
08:05
in common activities, such as running.
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ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืจื™ืฆื”.
08:08
Next, dynamic interface.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืžืฉืง ื”ื“ื™ื ืืžื™.
08:10
How do my bionic limbs move like flesh and bone?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืขืฆื?
08:13
At my MIT lab, we study how humans with normal physiologies
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ MIT, ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื
ื‘ืขืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืจืฆื™ื.
08:17
stand, walk and run.
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
08:19
What are the muscles doing,
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08:20
and how are they controlled by the spinal cord?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
08:23
This basic science motivates what we build.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืงืจืกืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
08:26
We're building bionic ankles, knees and hips.
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08:28
We're building body parts from the ground up.
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ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ื”ืœืื”.
08:31
The bionic limbs that I'm wearing are called BiOMs.
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ื”ื’ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื ืงืจืื•ืช BiOMs.
08:35
They've been fitted to nearly 1,000 patients,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืœื›ืžืขื˜ 1,000 ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื,
400 ืžื”ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคืฆืขื•.
08:39
400 of which have been wounded U.S. soldiers.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ? ื‘ืขืช ืคื’ื™ืขืช ื”ืขืงื‘, ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช,
08:42
How does it work?
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08:43
At heel strike, under computer control,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช
08:45
the system controls stiffness,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ืฉื”ื’ืคื” ืกื•ืคื’ืช ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงืจืงืข.
08:47
to attenuate the shock of the limb hitting the ground.
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08:50
Then at mid-stance, the bionic limb outputs high torques and powers
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ืจื’ืœ ืžื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื›ื— ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื
08:54
to lift the person into the walking stride,
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ืœืฆืขื™ื“ื”,
08:56
comparable to how muscles work in the calf region.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช
09:01
This bionic propulsion is very important clinically to patients.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื.
09:04
So on the left, you see the bionic device worn by a lady,
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™
ื”ื ืœื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื” --
09:07
on the right, a passive device worn by the same lady,
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื ืœื‘ืฉ ืข"ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืื™ืฉื”
09:10
that fails to emulate normal muscle function,
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ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื --
09:13
enabling her to do something everyone should be able to do:
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:17
go up and down their steps at home.
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ืœืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื.
09:19
Bionics also allows for extraordinary athletic feats.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื’ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืชืœื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
ื”ื ื” ืื“ื ื”ืจืฅ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจืจื™.
09:23
Here's a gentleman running up a rocky pathway.
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09:27
This is Steve Martin -- not the comedian --
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ, ืœื ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืื™,
09:30
who lost his legs in a bomb blast in Afghanistan.
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ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืจื’ืœื• ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
09:34
We're also building exoskeletal structures using these same principles,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื
ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช
ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
09:39
that wrap around the biological limb.
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ืœืื“ื ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ
09:42
This gentleman does not have any leg condition, any disability.
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ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื ื›ื•ืช.
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™.
09:47
He has a normal physiology,
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09:49
so these exoskeletons are applying muscle-like torques and powers,
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ืื ื›ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื
ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
09:54
so that his own muscles need not apply those torques and powers.
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ื›ืš ืฉืฉืจื™ืจื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ
ืืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช.
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
09:59
This is the first exoskeleton in history that actually augments human walking.
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ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืื‘ื•ืœื™ืช.
10:04
It significantly reduces metabolic cost.
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10:07
It's so profound in its augmentation,
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ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
ืฉื›ืฉืืจ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžืœื™
10:10
that when a normal, healthy person wears the device for 40 minutes
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ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœ-40 ื“ืงื•ืช
10:13
and then takes it off,
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ื•ืื– ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•,
ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
10:15
their own biological legs feel ridiculously heavy and awkward.
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื’ื—ืš.
ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•
10:20
We're beginning the age in which machines attached to our bodies
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ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืคื ื•
10:23
will make us stronger and faster and more efficient.
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ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื•ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
10:27
Moving on to electrical interface:
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ืขืชื” ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืง ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื™.
10:29
How do my bionic limbs communicate with my nervous system?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช
ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™?
10:32
Across my residual limb are electrodes
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช
10:34
that measure the electrical pulse of my muscles.
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื™.
10:37
That's communicated to the bionic limb,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
10:39
so when I think about moving my phantom limb,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื–ืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืจื’ืœื™,
ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•.
10:42
the robot tracks those movement desires.
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ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
10:46
This diagram shows fundamentally how the bionic limb is controlled.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื ืฉืœื˜ืช,
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ืกืจื”,
10:50
So we model the missing biological limb,
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10:53
and we've discovered what reflexes occurred,
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืื™ืœื• ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
10:55
how the reflexes of the spinal cord are controlling the muscles.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”
ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
10:59
And that capability is embedded in the chips of the bionic limb.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ืžื•ื˜ืžืขืช
ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืค ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื
11:05
What we've done, then, is we modulate the sensitivity of the reflex,
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ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื,
11:08
the modeled spinal reflex, with the neural signal,
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ื”ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืคื™ื ืžื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”,
ืขื ื”ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™,
11:12
so when I relax my muscles in my residual limb,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืจืคื” ืืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื™ ื‘ื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช,
11:15
I get very little torque and power,
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืขื˜ ื›ื— ื“ื—ื™ืคื”,
11:18
but the more I fire my muscles, the more torque I get,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื— ื“ื—ื™ืคื”,
11:21
and I can even run.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื•ืฅ.
ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
11:24
And that was the first demonstration of a running gait under neural command.
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ืœืจื™ืฆื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืคืงื•ื“ื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช.
11:28
Feels great.
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
11:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฆืขื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
11:36
We want to go a step further.
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11:37
We want to actually close the loop
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ
11:40
between the human and the bionic external limb.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืคื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
11:44
We're doing experiments
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื
11:45
where we're growing nerves, transected nerves,
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ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื—ืชืš ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืขืฆื‘ื™,
ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœื•ืช, ืื• ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืชืขืœื•ืช.
11:48
through channels, or micro-channel arrays.
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11:50
On the other side of the channel,
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ืžืฆื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”,
11:51
the nerve then attaches to cells,
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ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืื™ื,
11:54
skin cells and muscle cells.
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ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ื•ืชืื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ.
11:56
In the motor channels, we can sense how the person wishes to move.
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ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ื•ืข.
12:01
That can be sent out wirelessly to the bionic limb,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืœื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืืœ ื”ื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
ื•ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
12:04
then [sensory information] on the bionic limb
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื
12:07
can be converted to stimulations in adjacent channels,
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ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืชืขืœื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื”.
12:10
sensory channels.
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12:11
So when this is fully developed and for human use,
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืชื— ืœื’ืžืจื™
ื•ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
12:15
persons like myself will not only have
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืš ื•ืจืง
12:18
synthetic limbs that move like flesh and bone,
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ื’ืคื•ืช ืกื™ื ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช,
12:22
but actually feel like flesh and bone.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช
ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืœื™ืกื” ืžืืœื˜
12:26
This video shows Lisa Mallette,
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12:28
shortly after being fitted with two bionic limbs.
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืœื” ืฉืชื™ ื’ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
12:31
Indeed, bionics is making a profound difference in people's lives.
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ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
12:34
(Video) Lisa Mallette: Oh my God.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ืœื™ืกื” ืžืืœื˜: ืื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
12:39
LM: Oh my God, I can't believe it!
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ืื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื”.
12:42
(Video) (Laughter)
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12:44
LM: It's just like I've got a real leg!
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจื’ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืœ ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื•ืฅ.
12:49
Woman: Now, don't start running.
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12:50
Man: Now turn around, and do the same thing walking up,
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ืื“ื: ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™,
ื•ืชืขืฉื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”.
12:53
but get on your heel to toe, like you would normally just walk on level ground.
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ืœื›ื™ ืœืžืขืœื”, ืขืงื‘ ื•ืื– ืื’ื•ื“ืœ,
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ืช.
ื ืกื™ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”.
12:57
Try to walk right up the hill.
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13:01
LM: Oh my God.
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ืœื™ืกื”: ืื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
ืื“ื: ื”ืื ื–ื” ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชืš?
13:04
Man: Is it pushing you up?
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13:05
LM: Yes! I'm not even -- I can't even describe it.
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ืœื™ืกื”: ื›ืŸ! ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื -- ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:10
Man: It's pushing you right up.
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ืื“ื: ื–ื” ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชืš ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื”.
13:12
Hugh Herr: Next week, I'm visiting the Center --
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ื™ื• ื”ืจ: ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– --
13:15
Thank you. Thank you.
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( ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื™ื) ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
13:16
(Applause)
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13:19
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ
13:21
Next week I'm visiting the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ืงืจ ื•ืžื“ื™ืงืื™ื™ื“,
ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื
13:25
and I'm going to try to convince CMS
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13:27
to grant appropriate code language and pricing,
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ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืคื” ืžืงื•ื“ื“ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš ื–ืžื™ื ื”
13:30
so this technology can be made available to the patients that need it.
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ืœืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
13:34
(Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:35
Thank you.
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13:36
(Applause)
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13:39
It's not well appreciated, but over half of the world's population
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื›ืจืื•ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืœ ื—ืฆื™
ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื
13:43
suffers from some form of cognitive, emotional, sensory or motor condition,
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ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื‘
ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืจื’ืฉื™, ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ ืื• ืชื ื•ืขืชื™,
13:48
and because of poor technology, too often, conditions result in disability
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช,
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™, ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื›ื•ืช
ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ื“ื”.
13:53
and a poorer quality of life.
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ืจืžื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
13:55
Basic levels of physiological function should be a part of our human rights.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช
14:00
Every person should have the right to live life without disability
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื ื›ื•ืช
ืื ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื--
14:04
if they so choose --
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14:05
the right to live life without severe depression;
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ:
14:08
the right to see a loved one, in the case of seeing-impaired;
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ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื ื‘ืจืื™ื”.
14:12
or the right to walk or to dance,
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ืื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ืื• ืœืจืงื•ื“,
14:14
in the case of limb paralysis or limb amputation.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ื’ืคื”
ืื• ื›ืจื™ืชืชื”.
14:17
As a society, we can achieve these human rights,
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ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืืœื•
14:21
if we accept the proposition that humans are not disabled.
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ืื ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื.
14:27
A person can never be broken.
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ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืกืจ.
14:30
Our built environment, our technologies,
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
14:33
are broken and disabled.
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ื”ื ื—ืกืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
14:35
We the people need not accept our limitations,
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ืื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
14:38
but can transcend disability through technological innovation.
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ืืœื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
14:42
Indeed, through fundamental advances in bionics in this century,
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ืื›ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•,
ืื ื• ื ืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
14:46
we will set the technological foundation for an enhanced human experience,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
14:50
and we will end disability.
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ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงืฅ ืœืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
14:53
I'd like to finish up with one more story, a beautiful story.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ืคืœื.
14:57
The story of Adrianne Haslet-Davis.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ืกืœื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก.
ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืจื’ืœื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช
15:00
Adrianne lost her left leg in the Boston terrorist attack.
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ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
15:04
I met Adrianne when this photo was taken, at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื”
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื™ ืกืคืืœื“ื™ื ื’.
15:08
Adrianne is a dancer, a ballroom dancer.
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ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช, ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืœื ื ืฉืคื™ื.
15:11
Adrianne breathes and lives dance.
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ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื—ื™ื” ื•ื ื•ืฉืžืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“.
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”, ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
15:14
It is her expression. It is her art form.
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15:16
Naturally, when she lost her limb in the Boston terrorist attack,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืจื’ืœื”
ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
15:20
she wanted to return to the dance floor.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ื•ืชื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืงื•ื“.
15:23
After meeting her and driving home in my car,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื ืกืขืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™,
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืื ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ MIT.
15:26
I thought, I'm an MIT professor. I have resources.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื ื” ืœื” ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
15:29
Let's build her a bionic limb,
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15:31
to enable her to go back to her life of dance.
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ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”.
ื”ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืž MIT ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
15:35
I brought in MIT scientists with expertise in prosthetics,
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ื‘ืคืจื•ืกื˜ืชื™ืงื”, ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
15:38
robotics, machine learning and biomechanics,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื”,
15:41
and over a 200-day research period, we studied dance.
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ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 200 ื™ืžื™ ืžื—ืงืจ,
ืœืžื“ื ื• ืจื™ืงื•ื“.
15:45
We brought in dancers with biological limbs,
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืจืงื“ื ื™ื ืขื ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
15:49
and we studied how they move,
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ื•ืœืžื“ื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื ืขื™ื,
15:51
what forces they apply on the dance floor,
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ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฆืคื”,
15:55
and we took those data,
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ื•ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
15:56
and we put forth fundamental principles of dance,
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“,
16:00
reflexive dance capability,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื‘ื™ืช,
16:02
and we embedded that intelligence into the bionic limb.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
ื‘ื’ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
16:05
Bionics is not only about making people stronger and faster.
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
ืœื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:09
Our expression, our humanity can be embedded into electromechanics.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื›ื ื™ืงื”.
ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• 3.5 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
16:15
It was 3.5 seconds between the bomb blasts in the Boston terrorist attack.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช
ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
16:21
In 3.5 seconds, the criminals and cowards took Adrianne off the dance floor.
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ื‘3.5 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ื ื™ื
ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื.
16:27
In 200 days, we put her back.
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ื‘-200 ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืืœื™ื”.
16:30
We will not be intimidated, brought down, diminished, conquered or stopped
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ืื ื• ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื ืงืจื•ืก,
ื ืฆื•ืžืฆื, ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืื• ื ืขืฆืจ
16:35
by acts of violence.
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ืข"ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
16:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™, ืื ื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’
16:45
Ladies and gentlemen, please allow me to introduce Adrianne Haslet-Davis,
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ืืช ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ืืกืœื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก,
16:49
her first performance since the attack.
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ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข.
16:52
She's dancing with Christian Lightner.
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ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืงื“ืช ืขื ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ืจ.
16:54
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:05
(Music: "Ring My Bell" performed by Enrique Iglesias)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”: "ืฆืœืฆืœื™ ื‘ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื™" ืžืืช ืื ืจื™ืงื” ืื™ื’ืœืกื™ืืก)
17:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:22
Ladies and gentlemen, members of the research team:
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™,
ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
18:24
Elliott Rouse
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ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ืจืื•ืก ื•ื ื™ื™ืช'ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื’ืจื™- ืงืืจืกืงื™.
18:26
and Nathan Villagaray-Carski.
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18:29
Elliott and Nathan.
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ืืœื™ื•ื˜ ื•ื ื™ื™ืช'ืŸ.
18:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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