Freeman Hrabowski: 4 pillars of college success in science | TED

101,997 views ใƒป 2013-04-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Neta Nitzan ืžื‘ืงืจ: Nimrod Drori
00:12
So I'll be talking about the success of my campus,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœื™
00:16
the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC,
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ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืจื™ืœื ื“ , ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ืืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ,( UMBC )
00:19
in educating students of all types,
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ื‘ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื
00:22
across the arts and humanities and the science and engineering areas.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
00:26
What makes our story especially important
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืกื™ืคืจื ื• ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:30
is that we have learned so much from a group of students
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
00:35
who are typically not at the top of the academic ladder --
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ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™...
00:39
students of color, students underrepresented in selected areas.
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื , ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ืชืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
00:43
And what makes the story especially unique
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืžืื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
00:46
is that we have learned how to help African-American students, Latino students,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืืคืจื•- ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™
00:50
students from low-income backgrounds,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืจืงืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ืœ
00:52
to become some of the best in the world in science and engineering.
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ืœื”ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืืœื• ื”ื ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”.
00:56
And so I begin with a story about my childhood.
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ื•ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™.
00:59
We all are products of our childhood experiences.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
01:02
It's hard for me to believe that it's been 50 years
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ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื—ืœืคื• 50 ืฉื ื™ื
01:06
since I had the experience of being a ninth grade kid in Birmingham, Alabama,
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ืžืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื˜' ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ื, ืืœื‘ืืžื”.
01:12
a kid who loved getting A's,
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ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืื”ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ "ืžืื™ื•ืช"
01:15
a kid who loved math, who loved to read,
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ืฉืื”ื‘ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” , ืื”ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ื,
01:17
a kid who would say to the teacher --
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ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื•ืจื”--
01:20
when the teacher said, "Here are 10 problems," to the class,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื” ืืžืจ ืœื›ื™ืชื” : "ื”ืจื™ ืœื›ื 10 ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช "
01:23
this little fat kid would say, "Give us 10 more."
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ : " ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ 10 "
01:27
And the whole class would say, "Shut up, Freeman."
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื• " ืฉืชื•ืง, ืคืจื™ื™ืžืŸ "...
01:31
And there was a designated kicker every day.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื "ืžื•ื ื”" ื‘ื•ืขื˜ ืชื•ืจืŸ....( ื‘ื™ )
01:34
And so I was always asking this question:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” :
01:36
"Well how could we get more kids to really love to learn?"
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ?
01:42
And amazingly, one week in church,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”, ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“, ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”,
01:45
when I really didn't want to be there
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ื›ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื,
01:47
and I was in the back of the room being placated by doing math problems,
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ืฉืจืฆืชื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ืžืขืกื™ืง ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:52
I heard this man say this:
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช "ื”ืื™ืฉ" ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” :
01:55
"If we can get the children
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" ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
01:57
to participate in this peaceful demonstration here in Birmingham,
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ื™ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ื,
02:03
we can show America that even children know the difference between right and wrong
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข,
02:09
and that children really do want to get the best possible education."
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ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ "
02:13
And I looked up and said, "Who is that man?"
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ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ " ืžื™ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ? "
02:15
And they said his name was Dr. Martin Luther King.
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ื•ืขื ื• ืœื™ ืฉืฉืžื• ื“"ืจ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’.
02:18
And I said to my parents, "I've got to go.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื™ : ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœื›ืช .
02:20
I want to go. I want to be a part of this."
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ".
02:22
And they said, "Absolutely not."
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ื•ื”ื ืขื ื• " ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ! "
02:24
(Laughter)
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( ืฆื—ื•ืง )
02:25
And we had a rough go of it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืงืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื
02:27
And at that time, quite frankly, you really did not talk back to your parents.
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืื ื ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ืชืขื ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœืš.
02:30
And somehow I said, "You know, you guys are hypocrites.
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ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจืชื™ : " ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืชื ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ,
02:32
You make me go to this. You make me listen.
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ื”ื›ืจื—ืชื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื›ืืŸ , ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘.
02:34
The man wants me to go, and now you say no."
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืืœืš ( ืœื”ืคื’ื ื”) ื•ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื- ืœื."
02:37
And they thought about it all night.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” , ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
02:38
And they came into my room the next morning.
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื—ื“ืจื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
02:41
They had not slept.
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ื”ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ืฉื ื•,
02:42
They had been literally crying and praying and thinking,
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ื”ื ื‘ื›ื• , ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•
02:45
"Will we let our 12-year-old
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" ื”ืื ื ื ื™ื— ืœื™ืœื“ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”-12
02:48
participate in this march and probably have to go to jail?"
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ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฆืขื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— - ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœื ? "
02:52
And they decided to do it.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™.
02:54
And when they came in to tell me,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื• ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™
02:55
I was at first elated.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ืจื•ื—
02:57
And then all of a sudden I began thinking about the dogs and the fire hoses,
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ื•ืื– , ืœืคืชืข, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื–ืจื ื•ืงื™ื
03:01
and I got really scared, I really did.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืžืคื•ื—ื“, ืžืžืฉ ืžืคื•ื—ื“.
03:04
And one of the points I make to people all the time
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ืื—ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
03:06
is that sometimes when people do things that are courageous,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื
03:09
it doesn't really mean that they're that courageous.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืืžื™ืฆื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš
03:12
It simply means that they believe it's important to do it.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื”.
03:15
I wanted a better education.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
03:16
I did not want to have to have hand-me-down books.
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ืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื
03:20
I wanted to know that the school I attended
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืื•ืชื• ืืคืงื•ื“
03:22
not only had good teachers, but the resources we needed.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
03:24
And as a result of that experience,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:26
in the middle of the week, while I was there in jail,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœื
03:28
Dr. King came and said with our parents,
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ื“"ืจ ืงื™ื ื’ ื‘ื ื•ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื• ,
03:31
"What you children do this day
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" ืžื” ืฉืืชื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
03:34
will have an impact on children who have not been born."
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ "
03:39
I recently realized that two-thirds of Americans today
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
03:43
had not been born at the time of 1963.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื•, ืื– , ื‘- 1963 .
03:47
And so for them, when they hear about the Children's Crusade in Birmingham,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ,ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ื
03:50
in many ways, if they see it on TV,
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ืื ื”ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
03:52
it's like our looking at the 1863 "Lincoln" movie:
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ" ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘- 1863
03:56
It's history.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:57
And the real question is, what lessons did we learn?
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื : ืื™ืœื• ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœืžื“ื ื• ?
04:00
Well amazingly, the most important for me was this:
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืชืขื”, ื”ืœืงื— ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื”:
04:03
That children can be empowered to take ownership of their education.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื
04:08
They can be taught to be passionate
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ
04:11
about wanting to learn and to love the idea of asking questions.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช.
04:15
And so it is especially significant
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
04:18
that the university I now lead,
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ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ื™ื•ื
04:20
the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC,
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ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืจื™ืœื ื“ , ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ืืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ , UMBC
04:23
was founded the very year I went to jail with Dr. King, in 1963.
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ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื ื›ืœืืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“"ืจ ืงื™ื ื’, ืฉื ืช 1963.
04:29
And what made that institutional founding especially important
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ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•
04:33
is that Maryland is the South, as you know,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืืจื™ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื,
04:37
and, quite frankly, it was the first university in our state
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื ื•
04:42
founded at a time when students of all races could go there.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื’ื–ืข.
04:46
And so we had black and white students and others who began to attend.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ืจ , ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื
04:49
And it has been for 50 years an experiment.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืืจืš 50 ืฉื ื”
04:54
The experiment is this:
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ :
04:55
Is it possible to have institutions in our country, universities,
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ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื ื• ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช
04:59
where people from all backgrounds can come and learn
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ืื•ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืงืขื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืงื•ื“ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื,
05:02
and learn to work together and learn to become leaders
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื
05:06
and to support each other in that experience?
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ?
05:09
Now what is especially important about that experience for me is this:
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ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื
05:14
We found that we could do a lot in the arts and humanities and social sciences.
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ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:19
And so we began to work on that, for years in the '60s.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60
05:22
And we produced a number of people in law, all the way to the humanities.
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ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ื• ืฆืžื—ื• ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ืžืื ื™.
05:25
We produced great artists. Beckett is our muse.
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ื• ืืžื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ( ื‘ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื” ืฉืœื ื• )
05:28
A lot of our students get into theater.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
05:30
It's great work.
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ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
05:31
The problem that we faced was the same problem America continues to face --
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื›ื™ื•ื
05:35
that students in the sciences and engineering,
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ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”,
05:36
black students were not succeeding.
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
05:38
But when I looked at the data,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
05:40
what I found was that, quite frankly, students in general,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ( ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื)
05:44
large numbers were not making it.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื•.
05:45
And as a result of that,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
05:47
we decided to do something that would help, first of all,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ
05:50
the group at the bottom, African-American students, and then Hispanic students.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืื—"ื› ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืกืคืื ื™ื.
05:55
And Robert and Jane Meyerhoff, philanthropists, said, "We'd like to help."
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืจื•ืฃ , ืชื•ืจืžื™ื, ืืžืจื• : "ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข"
05:59
Robert Meyerhoff said, "Why is it that everything I see on TV about black boys,
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ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืื™ืจื•ืฃ ืืžืจ : " ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื ืขืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
06:02
if it's not about basketball, is not positive?
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจืกืœ, ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™?
06:05
I'd like to make a difference, to do something that's positive."
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ "
06:08
We married those ideas, and we created this Meyerhoff Scholars program.
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ืืžืฆื ื• ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืข"ืฉ ืžืื™ืจื•ืฃ
06:12
And what is significant about the program
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ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ืืช
06:14
is that we learned a number of things.
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ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืก' ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
06:16
And the question is this:
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ ื”ื™ื
06:17
How is it that now we lead the country in producing African-Americans
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื , ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงื•-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื
06:22
who go on to complete Ph.D.'s in science and engineering and M.D./Ph.D.'s?
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ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืชืืจื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื , ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื•ืจืคื•ืื”?
06:27
That's a big deal. Give me a hand for that. That's a big deal.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื ื›ื‘ื“, ืชื ื• ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš,
06:29
That's a big deal. It really is.
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ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื ื›ื‘ื“, ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช.
06:32
(Applause)
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( ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
06:34
You see, most people don't realize
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ืจืื• ื ื , ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
06:36
that it's not just minorities who don't do well in science and engineering.
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”,
06:40
Quite frankly, you're talking about Americans.
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ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ืœืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
06:44
If you don't know it, while 20 percent of blacks and Hispanics
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ืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช, 20% ืžื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ื
06:47
who begin with a major in science and engineering
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”
06:50
will actually graduate in science and engineering,
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ื™ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื•.
06:52
only 32 percent of whites who begin with majors in those areas
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ื•ืจืง 32% ืžื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื•
06:55
actually succeed and graduate in those areas,
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ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืžื•,
06:58
and only 42 percent of Asian-Americans.
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืกื™ืืชื™ื-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื , ืจืง 42%.
07:00
And so, the real question is, what is the challenge?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื ืชื•ืŸ ื–ื”?
07:03
Well a part of it, of course, is K-12.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื ืขื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื‘ื™"ืก ื™ืกื•ื“ื™- ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
07:05
We need to strengthen K-12.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ืง ืฉื,
07:07
But the other part has to do with the culture
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ืืš ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
07:09
of science and engineering on our campuses.
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ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:12
Whether you know it or not, large numbers of students with high SAT's
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ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืชื›ื, ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
07:16
and large numbers of A.P. credits
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ื•ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
07:17
who go to the most prestigious universities in our country
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:20
begin in pre-med or pre-engineering and engineering, and they end up changing their majors.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืื”, ืงื“ื ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืื• ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
07:25
And the number one reason, we find, quite frankly,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื›ืš, ืžืฆืื ื•,
07:27
is they did not do well in first year science courses.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ืžื“ืข.
07:30
In fact, we call first year science and engineering, typically around America,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘
07:34
weed-out courses or barrier courses.
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ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ื ื™ืคื•ื™ , ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื.
07:36
How many of you in this audience know somebody
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื, ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ, ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
07:38
who started off in pre-med or engineering
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืงื“ื ืจืคื•ืื” ืื• ื”ื ื“ืกื”
07:40
and changed their major within a year or two?
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช?
07:42
It's an American challenge. Half of you in the room.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืงื”ืœ ! ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืืชื’ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
07:43
I know. I know. I know.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข,
07:45
And what is interesting about that
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ื•ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
07:46
is that so many students are smart and can do it.
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ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื–ื”.
07:49
We need to find ways of making it happen.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
07:51
So what are the four things we did to help minority students
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื”ื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื
07:54
that now are helping students in general?
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ื•ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื?
07:56
Number one: high expectations.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.
07:58
It takes an understanding of the academic preparation of students --
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื --
08:02
their grades, the rigor of the course work,
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ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื”ื, ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืชื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก,
08:05
their test-taking skills, their attitude,
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื, ื’ื™ืฉืชื,
08:07
the fire in their belly, the passion for the work, to make it.
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ื”ืืฉ ืฉื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื, ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
08:10
And so doing things to help students prepare to be in that position, very important.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”, ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
08:14
But equally important, it takes an understanding that it's hard work that makes the difference.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
08:19
I don't care how smart you are or how smart you think you are.
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ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื›ื ืื• ื›ืžื” ื—ื›ื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื”.
08:22
Smart simply means you're ready to learn.
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ื—ื›ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
08:24
You're excited about learning and you want to ask good questions.
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ืืชื” ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
08:27
I. I. Rabi, a Nobel laureate, said that when he was growing up in New York,
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ื. ื. ืจื‘ื™, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
08:32
all of his friends' parents would ask them
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ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื
08:34
"What did you learn in school?" at the end of a day.
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"ืžื” ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ?" ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื.
08:37
And he said, in contrast, his Jewish mother would say,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืš, ืืžื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื•ืžืจ,
08:40
"Izzy, did you ask a good question today?"
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"ืื™ื–ื™, ื”ืื ืฉืืœืช ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ื?"
08:43
And so high expectations have to do with curiosity
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ืื ื›ืš ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืกืงืจื ื•ืช
08:46
and encouraging young people to be curious.
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ื•ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื™ื.
08:49
And as a result of those high expectations,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
08:50
we began to find students we wanted to work with
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื
08:53
to see what could we do to help them,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื,
08:54
not simply to survive in science and engineering,
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ืœื ืกืชื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื”
08:57
but to become the very best, to excel.
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ืืœื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:00
Interestingly enough, an example:
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื›ืš:
09:02
One young man who earned a C in the first course and wanted to go on to med school,
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ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืง ืฆื™ื•ืŸ " C " ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”,
09:07
we said, "We need to have you retake the course,
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ืืžืจื ื•, "ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
09:09
because you need a strong foundation if you're going to move to the next level."
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื–ืง ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื".
09:13
Every foundation makes the difference in the next level.
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ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื.
09:16
He retook the course.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
09:17
That young man went on to graduate from UMBC,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืจื™ืœื ื“
09:19
to become the first black to get the M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.
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ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ M.D/Ph.d ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”.
09:23
He now works at Harvard.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“.
09:25
Nice story. Give him a hand for that too.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื—ืžื“. ืชื ื• ื’ื ืœื• ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
09:27
(Applause)
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( ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื )
09:29
Secondly, it's not about test scores only.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
09:32
Test scores are important, but they're not the most important thing.
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ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:34
One young woman had great grades, but test scores were not as high.
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ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืœื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
09:37
But she had a factor that was very important.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:39
She never missed a day of school, K-12.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคืกืคืกื” ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืžื”ื’ืŸ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:42
There was fire in that belly.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉ ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ืืช.
09:44
That young woman went on, and she is today with an M.D./Ph.D. from Hopkins.
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ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช M.D/Ph.D. ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก.
09:48
She's on the faculty, tenure track in psychiatry, Ph.D. in neuroscience.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื”, Ph.D ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
09:52
She and her adviser have a patent on a second use of Viagra for diabetes patients.
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ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื” ืจืฉืžื• ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืื’ืจื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื›ืจืช.
09:57
Big hand for her. Big hand for her.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื” ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
09:59
(Applause)
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( ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื )
10:01
And so high expectations, very important.
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ืื– ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
10:03
Secondly, the idea of building community among the students.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
10:06
You all know that so often in science and engineering
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื”
10:09
we tend to think cutthroat.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฆืžืืช ื“ื.
10:10
Students are not taught to work in groups.
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
10:13
And that's what we work to do with that group
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช
10:15
to get them to understand each other,
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
10:16
to build trust among them, to support each other,
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืœืชืžื•ืš ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™,
10:19
to learn how to ask good questions,
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
10:21
but also to learn how to explain concepts with clarity.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
10:24
As you know, it's one thing to earn an A yourself,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ "A" ื‘ืขืฆืžืš,
10:26
it's another thing to help someone else do well.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
10:28
And so to feel that sense of responsibility makes all the difference in the world.
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ืื ื›ืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื.
10:32
So building community among those students, very important.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
10:35
Third, the idea of, it takes researchers to produce researchers.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื.
10:40
Whether you're talking about artists producing artists
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืžื ื™ื
10:43
or you're talking about people getting into the social sciences,
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
10:46
whatever the discipline -- and especially in science and engineering, as in art, for example --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ -- ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช,
10:50
you need scientists to pull the students into the work.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
10:53
And so our students are working in labs regularly.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
10:56
And one great example that you'll appreciate:
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืื—ืช ืฉืชืขืจื™ื›ื•:
10:58
During a snowstorm in Baltimore several years ago,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืกื•ืคืช ืฉืœื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
11:01
the guy on our campus with this Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื”ืžืœื’ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ื™ื•ื–
11:05
literally came back to work in his lab after several days,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ื—ื–ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
11:09
and all these students had refused to leave the lab.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
11:13
They had food they had packed out.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืืจื–ื•.
11:15
They were in the lab working,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
11:16
and they saw the work, not as schoolwork, but as their lives.
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ื•ื”ืจ ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื›ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
11:20
They knew they were working on AIDS research.
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืก,
11:22
They were looking at this amazing protein design.
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ื”ื ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
11:25
And what was interesting was each one of them focused on that work.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
11:30
And he said, "It doesn't get any better than that."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ "ื–ื” ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”."
11:32
And then finally, if you've got the community
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ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”
11:34
and you've got the high expectations and you've got researchers producing researchers,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
11:37
you have to have people who are willing as faculty
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ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื”
11:40
to get involved with those students, even in the classroom.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”.
11:43
I'll never forget a faculty member calling the staff and saying,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื›ื— ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืืžื•ืจ,
11:46
"I've got this young man in class, a young black guy,
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"ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
11:48
and he seems like he's just not excited about the work.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืจื•ื’ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
11:51
He's not taking notes. We need to talk to him."
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืขืจื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื•."
11:54
What was significant was that the faculty member was observing every student
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื’ืœ ืฆืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“
11:57
to understand who was really involved and who was not
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื•ืžื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื”
12:00
and was saying, "Let me see how I can work with them.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื‘ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื.
12:03
Let me get the staff to help me out."
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ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™."
12:04
It was that connecting.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
12:05
That young man today is actually a faculty member M.D./Ph.D. in neuroengineering at Duke.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ M.D./Ph.D. ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื“ื™ื•ืง.
12:10
Give him a big hand for that.
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ืชื ื• ืœื• ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”.
12:11
(Applause)
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( ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื )
12:13
And so the significance is that we have now developed this model
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”
12:18
that is helping us, not only finally with evaluation, assessing what works.
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื•, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
12:22
And what we learned was that we needed to think about redesigning courses.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื.
12:26
And so we redesigned chemistry, we redesigned physics.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื›ื ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ืชื›ื ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
12:28
But now we are looking at redesigning the humanities and social sciences.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
12:32
Because so many students are bored in class.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืขืžืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”.
12:34
Do you know that?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
12:36
Many students, K-12 and in universities,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช,
12:37
don't want to just sit there and listen to somebody talk.
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ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืกืชื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
12:40
They need to be engaged.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
12:41
And so we have done -- if you look at our website at the Chemistry Discovery Center,
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ื ื• -- ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ "ืžืจื›ื– ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”",
12:45
you'll see people coming from all over the country
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ืชืจืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ
12:47
to look at how we are redesigning courses,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื,
12:49
having an emphasis on collaboration, use of technology,
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ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
12:53
using problems out of our biotech companies on our campus,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœื ื•,
12:56
and not giving students the theories,
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ื•ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
12:58
but having them struggle with those theories.
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ืืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ืขื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
13:00
And it's working so well that throughout our university system in Maryland,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืจื™ืœื ื“,
13:04
more and more courses are being redesigned.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
13:06
It's called academic innovation.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช.
13:08
And what does all of that mean?
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ื•ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
13:09
It means that now, not just in science and engineering,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื“ืกื”,
13:12
we now have programs in the arts, in the humanities, in the social sciences,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
13:16
in teacher education, even particularly for women in I.T.
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ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
13:21
If you don't know it, there's been a 79-percent decline
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ืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 79 ืื—ื•ื–
13:25
in the number of women majoring in computer science just since 2000.
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืจืง ืžืื– ืฉื ืช 2000.
13:29
And what I'm saying is that what will make the difference
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
13:32
will be building community among students,
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื,
13:35
telling young women, young minority students and students in general,
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ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
13:38
you can do this work.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
13:39
And most important, giving them a chance to build that community
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ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
13:42
with faculty pulling them into the work
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ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
13:44
and our assessing what works and what does not work.
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ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
13:47
Most important, if a student has a sense of self,
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ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
13:51
it is amazing how the dreams and the values
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื
13:54
can make all the difference in the world.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:56
When I was a 12-year-old child in the jail in Birmingham,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 12 ื‘ื›ืœื ื‘ื‘ืจื ื™ื ื’ื”ื,
13:59
I kept thinking, "I wonder what my future could be."
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, "ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื™."
14:03
I had no idea that it was possible for this little black boy in Birmingham
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื ื™ื ื’ื”ื
14:08
to one day be president of a university that has students from 150 countries,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืž-150 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
14:13
where students are not there just to survive,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ืฉื ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
14:16
where they love learning, where they enjoy being the best,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื ื ื”ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:20
where they will one day change the world.
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:22
Aristotle said, "Excellence is never an accident.
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืืžืจ, "ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื” ืชืื•ื ื”.
14:26
It is the result of high intention, sincere effort and intelligent execution.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ืžืืžืฅ ื›ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”.
14:32
It represents the wisest option among many alternatives."
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช."
14:35
And then he said something that gives me goosebumps.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช.
14:38
He said, "Choice, not chance, determines your destiny."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืœื ืžื–ืœ, ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœืš."
14:43
Choice, not chance, determines your destiny, dreams and values.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืœื ืžื–ืœ, ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœืš, ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ืš ื•ืขืจื›ื™ืš.
14:51
Thank you all very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื.
14:53
(Applause)
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( ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื )
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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