Freeman Hrabowski: 4 pillars of college success in science | TED

Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast

譯者: illusion Hung 審譯者: Anny Chung

So I'll be talking about the success of my campus,

我想談論的是本校的成就

the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC,

馬里蘭大學巴爾的摩分校，UMBC

in educating students of all types,

它教育各種類型的學生

across the arts and humanities and the science and engineering areas.

涵蓋藝術、人文、科學及工程領域

What makes our story especially important

我們的故事格外重要的原因是

is that we have learned so much from a group of students

我們從這群學生身上學到許多東西

who are typically not at the top of the academic ladder --

他們並非典型的學術佼佼者－

students of color, students underrepresented in selected areas.

例如有色人種學生 某些領域中的弱勢學生

And what makes the story especially unique

這個故事格外獨特的原因是

is that we have learned how to help African-American students, Latino students,

我們學會如何幫助 非裔美籍學生、拉丁裔學生

students from low-income backgrounds,

低收入家庭學生

to become some of the best in the world in science and engineering.

成為世上頂尖的理工人才

And so I begin with a story about my childhood.

因此我打算以我童年的故事作為開場白

We all are products of our childhood experiences.

我們都深受童年經歷影響

It's hard for me to believe that it's been 50 years

很難想像這已是50年前的往事

since I had the experience of being a ninth grade kid in Birmingham, Alabama,

當時我是 阿拉巴馬州伯明罕的九年級學生

a kid who loved getting A's,

一位喜愛拿 A 的孩子

a kid who loved math, who loved to read,

一位喜愛數學及閱讀的孩子

a kid who would say to the teacher --

一位會對老師這麼說的孩子－

when the teacher said, "Here are 10 problems," to the class,

當老師對全班說 :「作業是10個習題」

this little fat kid would say, "Give us 10 more."

這名胖小子會說 :「再多給我們10個」

And the whole class would say, "Shut up, Freeman."

全班同學會說 :「閉嘴，Freeman」

And there was a designated kicker every day.

每天有一位同學負責踹我椅背

And so I was always asking this question:

因此我總是抱著這個疑問：

"Well how could we get more kids to really love to learn?"

「如何才能使更多孩子真心喜愛學習？」

And amazingly, one week in church,

令人驚訝的是，某個週末，在教會裡

when I really didn't want to be there

我根本不想待在那裡

and I was in the back of the room being placated by doing math problems,

我被安置在房間後方做數學習題

I heard this man say this:

我聽見某人說：

"If we can get the children

「如果我們能讓孩子

to participate in this peaceful demonstration here in Birmingham,

參加伯明罕的和平示威

we can show America that even children know the difference between right and wrong

就能讓美國人民瞭解 甚至連孩子也明白是非之分

and that children really do want to get the best possible education."

孩子確實希望盡可能獲得最好的教育」

And I looked up and said, "Who is that man?"

我抬起頭來，問道 :「那個人是誰？」

And they said his name was Dr. Martin Luther King.

他們說他是馬丁‧路德‧金恩博士

And I said to my parents, "I've got to go.

我對父母說 :「我非去不可」

I want to go. I want to be a part of this."

「我想去，我想參加」

And they said, "Absolutely not."

他們說 :「想都別想」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And we had a rough go of it.

所以我們發生了一些摩擦

And at that time, quite frankly, you really did not talk back to your parents.

坦白說，當時孩子不太跟父母頂嘴

And somehow I said, "You know, you guys are hypocrites.

於是我說 :「知道嗎，你們都是偽君子」

You make me go to this. You make me listen.

「你們要我上教堂、要我聽話」

The man wants me to go, and now you say no."

「那個人希望我參加，你們卻不允許」

And they thought about it all night.

他們考慮了一整晚

And they came into my room the next morning.

隔天早上，他們走進我房間

They had not slept.

他們徹夜未眠

They had been literally crying and praying and thinking,

他們整晚哭泣、祈禱和思考

"Will we let our 12-year-old

「我們該讓12歲兒子

participate in this march and probably have to go to jail?"

參加這場遊行，搞不好進監獄嗎？」

And they decided to do it.

他們決定讓我參加

And when they came in to tell me,

當他們進房告訴我時

I was at first elated.

起初我十分興奮

And then all of a sudden I began thinking about the dogs and the fire hoses,

接著我突然想起警犬和消防水管之類的

and I got really scared, I really did.

我開始害怕起來，嚇得要命

And one of the points I make to people all the time

我經常與眾人分享的其中一個領悟是

is that sometimes when people do things that are courageous,

有時，當人們做出勇敢的事

it doesn't really mean that they're that courageous.

並不意味著他們真的那麼勇敢

It simply means that they believe it's important to do it.

只是意味著他們認為這件事十分重要

I wanted a better education.

我想擁有更好的教育

I did not want to have to have hand-me-down books.

我不想只能擁有別人剩下不要的書籍

I wanted to know that the school I attended

我想知道我就讀的學校裡

not only had good teachers, but the resources we needed.

不僅有好老師，也有我們所需的資源

And as a result of that experience,

而因為這場經歷

in the middle of the week, while I was there in jail,

我仍在監獄的那週

Dr. King came and said with our parents,

金恩博士對孩子們的父母說 :

"What you children do this day

「你們孩子當天所做的事

will have an impact on children who have not been born."

將影響所有尚未出生的孩子」

I recently realized that two-thirds of Americans today

我最近赫然發覺，目前三分之二的美國人

had not been born at the time of 1963.

1963年時尚未出生

And so for them, when they hear about the Children's Crusade in Birmingham,

因此對他們來說 當他們耳聞伯明罕兒童十字軍運動時

in many ways, if they see it on TV,

以許多方面來說 他們在電視上看見相關報導

it's like our looking at the 1863 "Lincoln" movie:

就像我們觀賞 描述1863年的電影《林肯》一樣

It's history.

這已成為歷史

And the real question is, what lessons did we learn?

真正的問題是，我們得到什麼教訓？

Well amazingly, the most important for me was this:

令人驚訝地，對我來說，最重要的是 :

That children can be empowered to take ownership of their education.

孩子有權主宰他們的教育

They can be taught to be passionate

我們能夠教他們

about wanting to learn and to love the idea of asking questions.

對於學習及提問充滿熱情

And so it is especially significant

因此這具有十分重要的意義 :

that the university I now lead,

我目前領導的大學

the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC,

馬里蘭大學巴爾的摩分校，UMBC

was founded the very year I went to jail with Dr. King, in 1963.

成立於我與金恩博士入獄的同年，1963年

And what made that institutional founding especially important

創立這間機構格外重要的原因是

is that Maryland is the South, as you know,

如各位所知，馬里蘭州位於南方

and, quite frankly, it was the first university in our state

坦白說，它是當時本州第一所

founded at a time when students of all races could go there.

所有種族學生都能就讀的大學

And so we had black and white students and others who began to attend.

因此黑人、白人 及其他人種學生均前來就讀

And it has been for 50 years an experiment.

它如同進行了50年的實驗

The experiment is this:

實驗內容是：

Is it possible to have institutions in our country, universities,

我國是否可能成立教育機構及大學

where people from all backgrounds can come and learn

讓不同背景的人前來就讀、學習

and learn to work together and learn to become leaders

學習彼此合作、學習成為領袖

and to support each other in that experience?

學習互相支持？

Now what is especially important about that experience for me is this:

對我來說，這個經驗格外重要的原因是

We found that we could do a lot in the arts and humanities and social sciences.

我們一開始發現可在藝術 人文及社會科學方面下功夫

And so we began to work on that, for years in the '60s.

因此我們於60年代開始致力於這項工作

And we produced a number of people in law, all the way to the humanities.

我們培育了許多法律及人文領域的人才

We produced great artists. Beckett is our muse.

我們培育出傑出的藝術家 Beckett（著名劇作家）是我們的靈感來源

A lot of our students get into theater.

本校許多學生進入劇院工作

It's great work.

這是一項了不起的成就

The problem that we faced was the same problem America continues to face --

但我們面臨的問題 即美國長久以來面臨的問題－

that students in the sciences and engineering,

在於學習理工科目

black students were not succeeding.

黑人學生很難順利畢業

But when I looked at the data,

但瀏覽這些數據時

what I found was that, quite frankly, students in general,

我發現的是，一般而言

large numbers were not making it.

大多數學生均無法順利完成這門學科

And as a result of that,

因此

we decided to do something that would help, first of all,

我們決定做些能提供幫助的事

the group at the bottom, African-American students, and then Hispanic students.

首先針對弱勢族群－ 非裔美籍學生、西班牙裔學生

And Robert and Jane Meyerhoff, philanthropists, said, "We'd like to help."

慈善家 Robert 及 Jane Meyerhoff 說 「我們願意提供協助」

Robert Meyerhoff said, "Why is it that everything I see on TV about black boys,

Robert Meyerhoff 說 : 「為何當電視上出現黑人男孩時

if it's not about basketball, is not positive?

只要跟籃球無關，全是負面的報導？」

I'd like to make a difference, to do something that's positive."

「我想改變這一點，提供某些正面影響」

We married those ideas, and we created this Meyerhoff Scholars program.

我們整合所有想法 設立 Meyerhoff 獎學金計畫

And what is significant about the program

這個計畫讓我們從中學到許多

is that we learned a number of things.

這個計畫讓我們從中學到許多

And the question is this:

所以最重要的問題是 :

How is it that now we lead the country in producing African-Americans

我們如何成為引領全國 培育非裔美籍學生

who go on to complete Ph.D.'s in science and engineering and M.D./Ph.D.'s?

完成理工博士或醫學博士學位的學校？

That's a big deal. Give me a hand for that. That's a big deal.

這是一個大成就 請給我一點掌聲，這是一個大成就

That's a big deal. It really is.

這是一大成就，確實如此

(Applause)

（掌聲）

You see, most people don't realize

其實，大多數人並不瞭解

that it's not just minorities who don't do well in science and engineering.

並非僅有少數族裔學生 無法順利完成理工學業

Quite frankly, you're talking about Americans.

坦白說，美籍學生之中

If you don't know it, while 20 percent of blacks and Hispanics

如果各位不清楚這一點 僅有20%最初主修理工科的

who begin with a major in science and engineering

黑人及西班牙裔美國人

will actually graduate in science and engineering,

順利取得理工學位

only 32 percent of whites who begin with majors in those areas

主修這些學科的白人，僅有32%

actually succeed and graduate in those areas,

順利於這些領域畢業

and only 42 percent of Asian-Americans.

而僅有42%亞裔美國人能順利畢業

And so, the real question is, what is the challenge?

因此真正的問題是，其中的挑戰為何？

Well a part of it, of course, is K-12.

其中一部分當然是 K-12 教育 （幼稚園到12年級）

We need to strengthen K-12.

我們必須加強 K-12 教育

But the other part has to do with the culture

但另一部分

of science and engineering on our campuses.

與校園中的理工文化有關

Whether you know it or not, large numbers of students with high SAT's

無論各位是否知道 許多SAT分數極高的學生

and large numbers of A.P. credits

許多 A.P.（先修課程）成績極佳的學生

who go to the most prestigious universities in our country

就讀我國最負盛名的大學

begin in pre-med or pre-engineering and engineering, and they end up changing their majors.

最初主修醫學或工程預科 最後卻改變主修科目

And the number one reason, we find, quite frankly,

我們發現主要原因，坦白說

is they did not do well in first year science courses.

在於他們無法順利完成大一科學課程

In fact, we call first year science and engineering, typically around America,

事實上，在美國 我們通常稱大一理工課程為

weed-out courses or barrier courses.

「淘汰課程」或「障礙課程」

How many of you in this audience know somebody

在座有多少聽眾認識某個

who started off in pre-med or engineering

最初主修醫學或工程預科的人

and changed their major within a year or two?

於一、兩年後改變主修科目？

It's an American challenge. Half of you in the room.

這是美國面臨的挑戰，半數聽眾聽說過

I know. I know. I know.

我瞭解、我瞭解…

And what is interesting about that

令人感興趣的是

is that so many students are smart and can do it.

許多學生其實十分聰明，能克服這個障礙

We need to find ways of making it happen.

我們需要找到幫助他們的方法

So what are the four things we did to help minority students

因此我們幫助少數族裔學生的四種方法－

that now are helping students in general?

現在也對一般學生有所幫助

Number one: high expectations.

第一點 : 高度期望

It takes an understanding of the academic preparation of students --

我們需要瞭解學生的學習狀況

their grades, the rigor of the course work,

他們的成績、寫作業的用心程度

their test-taking skills, their attitude,

考試技巧、學習態度

the fire in their belly, the passion for the work, to make it.

瞭解他們對學業的 熱誠及熱情才能做到這一點

And so doing things to help students prepare to be in that position, very important.

因此幫助學生達成這個目標十分重要

But equally important, it takes an understanding that it's hard work that makes the difference.

但同樣重要的是 他們必須瞭解，用功將使情況改觀

I don't care how smart you are or how smart you think you are.

我不在乎你多聰明或自以為多聰明

Smart simply means you're ready to learn.

聰明僅意味著你準備開始學習

You're excited about learning and you want to ask good questions.

學習令你興致勃勃，你渴望提出好問題

I. I. Rabi, a Nobel laureate, said that when he was growing up in New York,

諾貝爾獎得主 I.I.Rabi 說 他於紐約成長的過程中

all of his friends' parents would ask them

所有朋友的父母都會問孩子 :

"What did you learn in school?" at the end of a day.

「你在學校學了什麼？」當一天結束後

And he said, in contrast, his Jewish mother would say,

他說，相反地，他的猶太裔母親會問 :

"Izzy, did you ask a good question today?"

「Izzy，你今天是否問了好問題？」

And so high expectations have to do with curiosity

因此高度期望與好奇心

and encouraging young people to be curious.

及鼓勵年輕人擁有好奇心有關

And as a result of those high expectations,

為了達成高度期望的目標

we began to find students we wanted to work with

我們開始尋找需要協助的學生

to see what could we do to help them,

看看能提供何種幫助

not simply to survive in science and engineering,

不僅使他們克服理工科障礙

but to become the very best, to excel.

也使他們成為最棒、最傑出的學生

Interestingly enough, an example:

以下是個有趣的例子

One young man who earned a C in the first course and wanted to go on to med school,

一名在第一學期 拿C的小伙子想繼續唸醫學院

we said, "We need to have you retake the course,

我們說 :「你必須重修這學期課程」

because you need a strong foundation if you're going to move to the next level."

「因為如果你打算進入 下個階段，就需要紮實的基礎」

Every foundation makes the difference in the next level.

「每一門基礎課程 對下個階段來說都是關鍵」

He retook the course.

他重修了那個學期

That young man went on to graduate from UMBC,

那名小伙子順利從UMBC畢業

to become the first black to get the M.D./Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.

成為首位獲得賓州大學醫學博士的黑人

He now works at Harvard.

他現在任職於哈佛大學

Nice story. Give him a hand for that too.

很棒的故事，也請給他一點掌聲

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Secondly, it's not about test scores only.

第二點、考試成績並非唯一

Test scores are important, but they're not the most important thing.

考試成績很重要，但並非最重要的事

One young woman had great grades, but test scores were not as high.

有位女學生 學習態度很好，但考試分數不高

But she had a factor that was very important.

但她擁有一項十分重要的特質

She never missed a day of school, K-12.

K-12 教育過程中，她從未缺課過

There was fire in that belly.

這是對學習的熱誠

That young woman went on, and she is today with an M.D./Ph.D. from Hopkins.

那名女孩孜孜不倦地學習 現在是約翰‧霍普金斯大學醫學博士

She's on the faculty, tenure track in psychiatry, Ph.D. in neuroscience.

她擔任教職，擁有精神病學 終身教職及神經科學博士學位

She and her adviser have a patent on a second use of Viagra for diabetes patients.

她和她的指導教授擁有治療 糖尿病患者的威而鋼第二用途專利

Big hand for her. Big hand for her.

請給她熱烈的掌聲…

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And so high expectations, very important.

因此高度期望十分重要

Secondly, the idea of building community among the students.

其次是建立學生社群的想法

You all know that so often in science and engineering

你們都知道，以理工科來說

we tend to think cutthroat.

我們一向認為它十分棘手

Students are not taught to work in groups.

我們並未教導學生以團體的方式學習

And that's what we work to do with that group

這就是我們成立學生社群的原因

to get them to understand each other,

使他們瞭解彼此

to build trust among them, to support each other,

建立彼此間的信任，使他們互相支持

to learn how to ask good questions,

學習如何提出好問題

but also to learn how to explain concepts with clarity.

但同時學習如何清楚解釋自己的想法

As you know, it's one thing to earn an A yourself,

如各位所知，靠自己的力量拿 A 是一回事

it's another thing to help someone else do well.

協助他人取得好成績則是另一回事

And so to feel that sense of responsibility makes all the difference in the world.

因此這種責任感將使整個情況改觀

So building community among those students, very important.

因此建立學生社群十分重要

Third, the idea of, it takes researchers to produce researchers.

第三個想法是 藉由研究人員培育研究人員

Whether you're talking about artists producing artists

無論是藉由藝術家培育藝術家

or you're talking about people getting into the social sciences,

或鼓勵學生投入社會科學

whatever the discipline -- and especially in science and engineering, as in art, for example --

無論哪門學科－ 尤其是理工科，如同藝術

you need scientists to pull the students into the work.

我們需要科學家帶領學生進入這門領域

And so our students are working in labs regularly.

因此本校學生經常在實驗室裡埋頭苦幹

And one great example that you'll appreciate:

以下是個很棒的例子

During a snowstorm in Baltimore several years ago,

幾年前，巴爾的摩暴風雪期間

the guy on our campus with this Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant

本校接受霍華休斯 醫學研究中心資助的研究人員

literally came back to work in his lab after several days,

幾天後回實驗室工作

and all these students had refused to leave the lab.

發現所有學生都不肯離開實驗室

They had food they had packed out.

他們佔據了整個實驗室

They were in the lab working,

他們在實驗室裡埋頭苦幹

and they saw the work, not as schoolwork, but as their lives.

對他們來說實驗並非作業，而是生活

They knew they were working on AIDS research.

他們知道自己正進行愛滋病研究

They were looking at this amazing protein design.

他們觀察令人驚嘆的蛋白質設計

And what was interesting was each one of them focused on that work.

令人感興趣的是 每位學生都專注於這項研究

And he said, "It doesn't get any better than that."

研究人員說 :「沒有什麼比這更棒的事了」

And then finally, if you've got the community

最後，當擁有社群

and you've got the high expectations and you've got researchers producing researchers,

擁有高度期望 和作育英才的研究人員後

you have to have people who are willing as faculty

必須擁有好老師

to get involved with those students, even in the classroom.

願意關懷學生，即使在課堂中

I'll never forget a faculty member calling the staff and saying,

我永遠忘不了一位老師對輔導人員說 :

"I've got this young man in class, a young black guy,

「我班上有個小夥子，一位黑人」

and he seems like he's just not excited about the work.

「似乎對學習興趣缺缺」

He's not taking notes. We need to talk to him."

「根本不寫筆記，我們得跟他談談」

What was significant was that the faculty member was observing every student

重點是老師得觀察每位學生

to understand who was really involved and who was not

瞭解學生是否確實投入課程

and was saying, "Let me see how I can work with them.

然後說 :「看看我能如何帶動他們」

Let me get the staff to help me out."

「我可以向輔導人員尋求協助」

It was that connecting.

這是一種聯繫

That young man today is actually a faculty member M.D./Ph.D. in neuroengineering at Duke.

那名小伙子已取得醫學博士學位 現在任教於杜克大學神經工程系

Give him a big hand for that.

請給他熱烈的掌聲

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And so the significance is that we have now developed this model

因此重點在於我們開發了這種模式

that is helping us, not only finally with evaluation, assessing what works.

不僅協助我們進行評估 評估哪些做法行得通

And what we learned was that we needed to think about redesigning courses.

我們領悟到的是 我們必須考慮重新設計課程

And so we redesigned chemistry, we redesigned physics.

因此我們重新設計了化學及物理課程

But now we are looking at redesigning the humanities and social sciences.

但現在我們致力於 重新設計人文及社會科學課程

Because so many students are bored in class.

因為太多學生對課程興趣缺缺

Do you know that?

你們知道嗎？

Many students, K-12 and in universities,

許多學生，包括 K-12 學生及大學生

don't want to just sit there and listen to somebody talk.

不願只是坐在課堂上聽課

They need to be engaged.

他們需要參與

And so we have done -- if you look at our website at the Chemistry Discovery Center,

因此我們所做的是－ 如果各位瀏覽我們的化學探索中心網站

you'll see people coming from all over the country

將看見全國各地的人

to look at how we are redesigning courses,

前來觀看我們如何重新設計課程

having an emphasis on collaboration, use of technology,

強調合作的重要、科技的運用

using problems out of our biotech companies on our campus,

在課程中使用生技公司提出的問題

and not giving students the theories,

並非僅教導學生理論

but having them struggle with those theories.

而是教導他們對理論提出質疑

And it's working so well that throughout our university system in Maryland,

效果非常棒 在整個馬里蘭州大學系統中

more and more courses are being redesigned.

進行重新設計的課程與日俱增

It's called academic innovation.

這就是所謂的學術創新

And what does all of that mean?

這一切意味著什麼？

It means that now, not just in science and engineering,

意味著不僅是理工科

we now have programs in the arts, in the humanities, in the social sciences,

我們現在將這個計畫 推廣到藝術、人文及社會科學領域

in teacher education, even particularly for women in I.T.

推廣到師資教育領域 甚至－尤其是IT領域的女性

If you don't know it, there's been a 79-percent decline

如果各位不知道 主修計算機科學的女性人數

in the number of women majoring in computer science just since 2000.

自從 2000 年以來已下降 79 %

And what I'm saying is that what will make the difference

我認為將使情況改觀的做法

will be building community among students,

是藉由建立學生社群

telling young women, young minority students and students in general,

告訴年輕女性、少數族裔學生及一般學生

you can do this work.

你們辦得到

And most important, giving them a chance to build that community

最重要的是給予他們建立社群的機會

with faculty pulling them into the work

讓老師帶領他們進入這個領域

and our assessing what works and what does not work.

我們評估什麼可行或不可行

Most important, if a student has a sense of self,

最重要的是，如果學生擁有自我意識

it is amazing how the dreams and the values

不可思議的是，夢想和價值

can make all the difference in the world.

將使整個情況改觀

When I was a 12-year-old child in the jail in Birmingham,

當我還是身處伯明罕監獄的12歲孩子時

I kept thinking, "I wonder what my future could be."

我不斷地想 : 「不知道我的未來將會如何」

I had no idea that it was possible for this little black boy in Birmingham

我不曾想過這位來自伯明罕的黑人小子

to one day be president of a university that has students from 150 countries,

某天會成為擁有 來自150個國家學生的大學校長

where students are not there just to survive,

那裡的學生不僅是為了獲得學位

where they love learning, where they enjoy being the best,

他們喜愛學習，渴望成為佼佼者

where they will one day change the world.

他們有天將改變世界

Aristotle said, "Excellence is never an accident.

亞里士多德說 :「卓越並非偶然」

It is the result of high intention, sincere effort and intelligent execution.

「它是高度企圖心 全力以赴和謹慎實行的結果」

It represents the wisest option among many alternatives."

「它代表眾多選擇中最明智的選擇」

And then he said something that gives me goosebumps.

他還說了一些令我起雞皮疙瘩的話

He said, "Choice, not chance, determines your destiny."

他說: 「決定命運的是選擇，而非機會」

Choice, not chance, determines your destiny, dreams and values.

是選擇，而非機會 決定了你的命運、夢想和價值

Thank you all very much.

十分感謝

(Applause)

（掌聲）