Vicki Arroyo: Let's prepare for our new climate

87,466 views ใƒป 2012-10-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Thu-Huong Ha Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Mark Freehoff ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
This is the skyline of my hometown, New Orleans.
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื• ื”ืจืงื™ืข ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื™, ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก.
00:21
It was a great place to grow up,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื•,
00:23
but it's one of the most vulnerable spots in the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:27
Half the city is already below sea level.
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
00:30
In 2005, the world watched as New Orleans
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืคื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก
00:33
and the Gulf Coast were devastated by Hurricane Katrina.
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ื•ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืชืจื™ื ื”.
00:37
One thousand, eight hundred and thirty-six people died. Nearly 300,000 homes were lost.
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ืืœืฃ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•. 300,000 ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืื‘ื“ื•.
00:43
These are my mother's, at the top --
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ืฉืœื™, ืœืžืขืœื”
00:45
although that's not her car,
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ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”,
00:46
it was carried there by floodwaters up to the roof --
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื ืœืฉื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื’ื’-
00:49
and that's my sister's, below.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื•ืชื™, ืœืžื˜ื”.
00:51
Fortunately, they and other family members got out in time,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืกืชืœืงื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
00:55
but they lost their homes, and as you can see,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื”ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื,
00:57
just about everything in them.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืชื.
01:00
Other parts of the world have been hit by storms
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืคื’ื™ืขืช ืกื•ืคื•ืช
01:02
in even more devastating ways.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจืกื ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:04
In 2008, Cyclone Nargis and its aftermath
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008, ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืŸ ื ืืจื’ื™ืก ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•
01:07
killed 138,000 in Myanmar.
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ื”ืจื’ื• 138,000 ื‘ืžื™ืื ืžืจ.
01:11
Climate change is affecting our homes, our communities,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•, ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•,
01:14
our way of life. We should be preparing
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ื•ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืขืจืš
01:16
at every scale and at every opportunity.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
01:20
This talk is about being prepared for, and resilient to
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ืฉื™ื— ื–ื” ื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
01:24
the changes that are coming and that will affect our homes
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•
01:27
and our collective home, the Earth.
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ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:29
The changes in these times won't affect us all equally.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”ื”.
01:34
There are important distributional consequences,
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ,
01:36
and they're not what you always might think.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืขืจื™ื.
01:38
In New Orleans, the elderly and female-headed households
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ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก, ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืืœื” ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช
01:41
were among the most vulnerable.
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:44
For those in vulnerable, low-lying nations,
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ืœืืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
01:46
how do you put a dollar value on losing your country
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ืื™ืš ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื•ืœื“ืชืš
01:49
where you ancestors are buried? And where will your people go?
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื? ื•ืœืืŸ ื™ืœื›ื• ืื ืฉื™ืš?
01:53
And how will they cope in a foreign land?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื–ืจื”?
01:55
Will there be tensions over immigration,
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ื”ืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”,
01:57
or conflicts over competition for limited resources?
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ืื• ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื?
02:01
It's already fueled conflicts in Chad and Darfur.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆ'ืื“ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืคื•ืจ.
02:06
Like it or not, ready or not, this is our future.
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ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ืื• ืฉืœื, ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื, ื–ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื ื•.
02:11
Sure, some are looking for opportunities in this new world.
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ื•ื“ืื™, ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื”.
02:14
That's the Russians planting a flag on the ocean bottom
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
02:17
to stake a claim for minerals under the receding Arctic sea ice.
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ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื ืกื•ื’.
02:21
But while there might be some short-term individual winners,
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ืืš ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ,
02:24
our collective losses will far outweigh them.
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ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื™ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื.
02:27
Look no further than the insurance industry as they struggle
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ืืœ ืชื—ืคืฉื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื
02:30
to cope with mounting catastrophic losses
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื
02:32
from extreme weather events.
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ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
02:34
The military gets it. They call climate change
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื ื™ื. ื”ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
02:37
a threat multiplier that could harm stability and security,
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ื›ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืื™ื•ื ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
02:40
while governments around the world are evaluating
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช
02:43
how to respond.
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ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชืŸ.
02:45
So what can we do? How can we prepare and adapt?
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ืื– ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ื•ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ?
02:49
I'd like to share three sets of examples, starting with
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœ
02:52
adapting to violent storms and floods.
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ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืกืขืจื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช.
02:55
In New Orleans, the I-10 Twin Spans,
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ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก, ื”- I-10 TWIN SPANS,
02:58
with sections knocked out in Katrina, have been rebuilt
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ืฉืขืคื• ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื”, ืฉื•ืงืžื•
03:01
21 feet higher to allow for greater storm surge.
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7 ืžื˜ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื’ืœ ืกืขืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:05
And these raised and energy-efficient homes
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ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœื”
03:07
were developed by Brad Pitt and Make It Right
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ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืื“ ืคื™ื˜ ื•- MAKE IT RIGHT
03:10
for the hard-hit Ninth Ward.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ื” ืงืฉื•ืช.
03:13
The devastated church my mom attends has been
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ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ืจื•ืกื” ืฉืื™ืžื™ ืคื•ืงื“ืช
03:16
not only rebuilt higher, it's poised to become
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
03:19
the first Energy Star church in the country.
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ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ื”-Energy Star ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ.
03:22
They're selling electricity back to the grid
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ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจืฉืช
03:24
thanks to solar panels, reflective paint and more.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื, ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“.
03:27
Their March electricity bill was only 48 dollars.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง 48 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
03:30
Now these are examples of New Orleans rebuilding in this way,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก ื”ืžืฉืงืžืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•,
03:34
but better if others act proactively with these changes in mind.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.
03:39
For example, in Galveston, here's a resilient home
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื’ืœื•ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืกื•ืŸ
03:43
that survived Hurricane Ike,
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ืฉืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ IKE,
03:45
when others on neighboring lots clearly did not.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ.
03:48
And around the world, satellites and warning systems
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืื”
03:51
are saving lives in flood-prone areas such as Bangladesh.
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ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ.
03:56
But as important as technology and infrastructure are,
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ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืชืฉืชื™ืช,
03:59
perhaps the human element is even more critical.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:02
We need better planning and systems for evacuation.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™.
04:06
We need to better understand how people make decisions
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื
04:09
in times of crisis, and why.
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ื‘ืขืชื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข.
04:11
While it's true that many who died in Katrina did not have access to transportation,
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ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,
04:15
others who did refused to leave as the storm approached,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื•ืืช ื”ืกื•ืคื”,
04:18
often because available transportation and shelters
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื
04:22
refused to allow them to take their pets.
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ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:25
Imagine leaving behind your own pet in an evacuation or a rescue.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ.
04:30
Fortunately in 2006, Congress passed
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006, ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ
04:32
the Pet Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act (Laughter)
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ื”ืชืงื ื” "ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ื•ืชืงื ื™ื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจืชื™ื™ื" (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:36
โ€” it spells "PETS" โ€” to change that.
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โ€” ื–ื” ืžืื™ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช PETS ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”.
04:40
Second, preparing for heat and drought.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื—ื•ื ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
04:43
Farmers are facing challenges of drought from Asia
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืืกื™ื”
04:46
to Africa, from Australia to Oklahoma,
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ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืื•ืงืœื”ื•ืžื”,
04:49
while heat waves linked with climate change
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ืœื™ ื—ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
04:51
have killed tens of thousands of people
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ื”ืจื’ื• ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
04:54
in Western Europe in 2003, and again in Russia in 2010.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘- 2003, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010.
05:00
In Ethiopia, 70 percent, that's 7-0 percent of the population,
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ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, 70 ืื—ื•ื–, ื–ื” 7-0 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”,
05:05
depends on rainfall for its livelihood.
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ืชืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื.
05:07
Oxfam and Swiss Re, together with Rockefeller Foundation,
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ืื•ืงืกืคื ื•- ืกื•ื•ื™ืก ืจื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืจืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ,
05:11
are helping farmers like this one build hillside terraces
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ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืงืœืื™ ื–ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจืกื•ืช
05:15
and find other ways to conserve water,
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืžื™ื,
05:17
but they're also providing for insurance when the droughts do come.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืขืช ื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
05:21
The stability this provides is giving the farmers
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ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื
05:24
the confidence to invest.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข.
05:25
It's giving them access to affordable credit.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื’ื”.
05:28
It's allowing them to become more productive so that
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืš
05:30
they can afford their own insurance over time, without assistance.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœืขืฆืžื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื›ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœื ืกื™ื•ืข.
05:34
It's a virtuous cycle, and one that could be replicated
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ื–ื” ืžืขื’ืœ ืขืจื›ื™,ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ
05:36
throughout the developing world.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
05:39
After a lethal 1995 heat wave
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ืœ ื—ื•ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื‘-1995
05:42
turned refrigerator trucks from the popular
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ื”ืกื‘ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ
05:44
Taste of Chicago festival into makeshift morgues,
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ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื“ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืงื”ืœ TASTE OF CHICAGO ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืชื™ื ืžื–ื“ืžื ื™ื,
05:47
Chicago became a recognized leader,
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ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื”
05:50
tamping down on the urban heat island impact
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ืขื ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
05:52
through opening cooling centers,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ,
05:54
outreach to vulnerable neighborhoods, planting trees,
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ืขื–ืจื” ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ืขืฆื™ื
05:58
creating cool white or vegetated green roofs.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื’ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืงืจื™ืจื™ื ืื• ื’ื’ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืฉื“ื”.
06:01
This is City Hall's green roof, next to Cook County's [portion of the] roof,
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื’ื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”, ืœืฆื“ (ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ) ื’ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื•ืง ,
06:04
which is 77 degrees Fahrenheit hotter at the surface.
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ืฉื—ื ื‘ 25 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
06:08
Washington, D.C., last year, actually led the nation
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ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:12
in new green roofs installed, and they're funding this in part
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ื‘ื’ื’ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืžืžื ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื•
06:15
thanks to a five-cent tax on plastic bags.
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืก ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ-ืกื ื˜ ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
06:19
They're splitting the cost of installing these green roofs
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืืœื”
06:21
with home and building owners.
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ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
06:23
The roofs not only temper urban heat island impact
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ืœื ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื’ื’ื•ืช ืžืžื–ืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™
06:26
but they save energy, and therefore money,
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืกืฃ,
06:28
the emissions that cause climate change,
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ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
06:30
and they also reduce stormwater runoff.
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ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื ื’ืจ ืžืกื•ืคื•ืช .
06:33
So some solutions to heat can provide for win-win-wins.
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ.
06:37
Third, adapting to rising seas.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืื™ื.
06:41
Sea level rise threatens coastal ecosystems, agriculture,
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ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
06:45
even major cities. This is what one to two meters
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื˜ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืจื™ื
06:48
of sea level rise looks like in the Mekong Delta.
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ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื’.
06:51
That's where half of Vietnam's rice is grown.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื•ืจื– ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ื’ื“ืœื”.
06:54
Infrastructure is going to be affected.
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ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืชื•ืฉืคืข.
06:57
Airports around the world are located on the coast.
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ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
06:59
It makes sense, right? There's open space,
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžืจื—ื‘,
07:01
the planes can take off and land without worrying about
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ
07:04
creating noise or avoiding tall buildings.
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ืžื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจืขืฉ ืื• ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
07:06
Here's just one example, San Francisco Airport,
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ื”ื ื” ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช, ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
07:09
with 16 inches or more of flooding.
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ืขื 40 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื˜ืคื•ืŸ.
07:12
Imagine the staggering cost of protecting
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื”
07:15
this vital infrastructure with levees.
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ืฉืœ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื›ืจื™ื.
07:18
But there might be some changes in store
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ืืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื
07:20
that you might not imagine. For example,
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ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืขืจืชื ื‘ื ืคืฉื›ื. ืœืžืฉืœ,
07:23
planes require more runway for takeoff
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ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืจืื”
07:25
because the heated, less dense air, provides for less lift.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืžื ื•ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืฃ, ื™ืกืคืง ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื”.
07:29
San Francisco is also spending 40 million dollars
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ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื’ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” 40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
07:32
to rethink and redesign its water and sewage treatment,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื‘,
07:36
as water outfall pipes like this one can be flooded with seawater,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืจื–ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ ื™ื,
07:39
causing backups at the plant, harming the bacteria
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ, ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
07:42
that are needed to treat the waste.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ื.
07:44
So these outfall pipes have been retrofitted
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžืจื–ื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื•ืกื‘ื•
07:46
to shut seawater off from entering the system.
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช.
07:49
Beyond these technical solutions, our work
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:52
at the Georgetown Climate Center with communities
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืงืœื™ื ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื˜ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช
07:54
encourages them to look at what existing legal and policy tools are available
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื
07:57
and to consider how they can accommodate change.
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ื•ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
08:01
For example, in land use, which areas do you want
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืงืจืงืข, ืขืœ ืืœื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื
08:04
to protect, through adding a seawall, for example,
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉืœ,
08:07
alter, by raising buildings, or retreat from,
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืžืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื, ืื• ืœืกื’ืช ืžืžื ื•,
08:11
to allow the migration of important natural systems,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
08:13
such as wetlands or beaches?
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื?
08:16
Other examples to consider. In the U.K.,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืงื•ืœ. ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
08:18
the Thames Barrier protects London from storm surge.
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ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืชืžื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื’ืœ ื”ืกืขืจื”.
08:22
The Asian Cities Climate [Change] Resilience Network
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ืจืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื ืคืฉื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืขืจื™ ืืกื™ื” [ืฉื™ื ื•ื™]
08:24
is restoring vital ecosystems like forest mangroves.
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ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ.
08:28
These are not only important ecosystems in their own right,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžืŸ,
08:31
but they also serve as a buffer to protect inland communities.
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ืืœื ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ื—ื™ืฅ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืš ืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
08:35
New York City is incredibly vulnerable to storms,
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ ืœืกืขืจื•ืช,
08:39
as you can see from this clever sign, and to sea level rise,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœื˜ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ื–ื” ื•ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื,
08:42
and to storm surge, as you can see from the subway flooding.
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ื•ืœื’ืœื™ ืกืขืจื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืจืฉืืช ืžืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
08:46
But back above ground, these raised ventilation grates
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืกื•ืจื’ื™ ื”ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
08:49
for the subway system show that solutions can be both
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื
ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ. ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
08:52
functional and attractive. In fact, in New York,
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08:54
San Francisco and London, designers have envisioned
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ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•, ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืœื•
08:57
ways to better integrate the natural and built environments
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช
09:00
with climate change in mind.
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ืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
09:03
I think these are inspiring examples of what's possible
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื™
09:06
when we feel empowered to plan for a world that will be different.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
09:09
But now, a word of caution.
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ืืš ื›ืขืชื•, ืžื™ืœืช ืื–ื”ืจื”.
09:12
Adaptation's too important to be left to the experts.
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ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื.
09:15
Why? Well, there are no experts.
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื.
09:18
We're entering uncharted territory, and yet
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ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื— ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืขื ื–ืืช
09:21
our expertise and our systems are based on the past.
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ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
09:25
"Stationarity" is the notion that we can anticipate the future
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"ืงื‘ื™ืขืชื™ื•ืช" ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
09:28
based on the past, and plan accordingly,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื ืกืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื,
09:31
and this principle governs much of our engineering,
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ื•ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•,
ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ,
09:34
our design of critical infrastructure, city water systems,
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ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
09:37
building codes, even water rights and other legal precedents.
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09:41
But we can simply no longer rely on established norms.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
09:44
We're operating outside the bounds of CO2 concentrations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ CO2
09:48
that the planet has seen for hundreds of thousands of years.
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ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
09:53
The larger point I'm trying to make is this.
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื•.
09:56
It's up to us to look at our homes and our communities,
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
10:00
our vulnerabilities and our exposures to risk,
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ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
10:02
and to find ways to not just survive, but to thrive,
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ืืœื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’,
10:06
and it's up to us to plan and to prepare
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ื•ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš
10:09
and to call on our government leaders and require them
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ื•ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื
10:11
to do the same, even while they address
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื
10:13
the underlying causes of climate change.
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ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
10:17
There are no quick fixes.
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงืกื.
10:18
There are no one-size-fits-all solutions.
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ.
10:21
We're all learning by doing.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
10:23
But the operative word is doing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
10:28
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:29
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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