Lessons from the longest study on human development | Helen Pearson

578,215 views ใƒป 2017-10-23

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Today I want to confess something to you,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
00:16
but first of all I'm going to ask you a couple of questions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช.
00:19
How many people here have children?
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ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื?
00:23
And how many of you are confident
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
00:25
that you know how to bring up your children
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
00:27
in exactly the right way?
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื”?
00:28
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:31
OK, I don't see too many hands going up on that second one,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
00:35
and that's my confession, too.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืฉืœื™.
00:36
I've got three boys;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื:
00:37
they're three, nine and 12.
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืชืฉืข ื•-12.
00:39
And like you, and like most parents,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื›ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
00:41
the honest truth is I have pretty much no idea what I'm doing.
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”.
00:45
I want them to be happy and healthy in their lives,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
00:47
but I don't know what I'm supposed to do
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:49
to make sure they are happy and healthy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
00:51
There's so many books offering all kinds of conflicting advice,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืขืฆื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช,
00:54
it can be really overwhelming.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ.
00:56
So I've spent most of their lives just making it up as I go along.
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™.
01:00
However, something changed me a few years ago,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
01:03
when I came across a little secret that we have in Britain.
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ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืกื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
01:07
It's helped me become more confident about how I bring up my own children,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžื’ื“ืœืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
01:10
and it's revealed a lot about how we as a society can help all children.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:14
I want to share that secret with you today.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืืชื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:17
For the last 70 years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 70 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
01:19
scientists in Britain have been following thousands of children through their lives
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
01:24
as part of an incredible scientific study.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
01:27
There's nothing quite like it anywhere else in the world.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืืฃ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:30
Collecting information on thousands of children
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ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
01:32
is a really powerful thing to do,
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืง,
01:34
because it means we can compare the ones who say,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื,
01:36
do well at school or end up healthy or happy or wealthy as adults,
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ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื,
01:40
and the ones who struggle much more,
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ืื• ืืœื” ืฉืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:42
and then we can sift through all the information we've collected
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืกืคื ื•
01:45
and try to work out why their lives turned out different.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืขื ื— ืœืžื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืฉื•ื ื”.
01:48
This British study -- it's actually a kind of crazy story.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” -- ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
01:51
So it all starts back in 1946,
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ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘1946,
01:53
just a few months after the end of the war,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
01:55
when scientists wanted to know
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ื›ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช
01:57
what it was like for a woman to have a baby at the time.
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
02:00
They carried out this huge survey of mothers
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ืกืงืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื”ื•ืช
02:03
and ended up recording the birth of nearly every baby
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง
02:05
born in England, Scotland and Wales in one week.
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ื•-ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืก ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“.
02:08
That was nearly 14,000 babies.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 14,000 ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
02:12
The questions they asked these women
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ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:14
are very different than the ones we might ask today.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:16
They sound really old-fashioned now.
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ื”ื ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:18
They asked them things like,
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ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•,
02:19
"During pregnancy,
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"ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
02:20
did you get your full extra ration of a pint of milk a day?"
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ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื?"
02:25
"How much did you spend on smocks, corsets,
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"ื›ืžื” ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื, ืžื—ื•ื›ื™ื,
02:28
nightdresses, knickers and brassieres?"
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ื›ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื”, ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ื™ื•ืช?"
02:32
And this is my favorite one:
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™:
02:34
"Who looked after your husband while you were in bed with this baby?"
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"ืžื™ ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขืœืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืจื•ืชืงืช ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ืขื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง?"
02:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:42
Now, this wartime study actually ended up being so successful
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืฆืœื—
02:45
that scientists did it again.
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘.
02:47
They recorded the births of thousands of babies born in 1958
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ื”ื ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘1958
02:50
and thousands more in 1970.
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ื•ืืœืคื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘1970.
02:52
They did it again in the early 1990s,
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90,
02:54
and again at the turn of the millennium.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื.
02:57
Altogether, more than 70,000 children have been involved in these studies
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ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž70,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:00
across those five generations.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:02
They're called the British birth cohorts,
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ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
03:04
and scientists have gone back and recorded more information
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ืชื™ืขื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
03:07
on all of these people every few years ever since.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื–.
03:10
The amount of information that's now been collected on these people
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืืกืคื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:14
is just completely mind-boggling.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช.
03:15
It includes thousands of paper questionnaires
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ื
03:17
and terabytes' worth of computer data.
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ื•ื˜ืจื”-ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
03:20
Scientists have also built up a huge bank of tissue samples,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืื’ืจ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืจืงืžื”,
03:23
which includes locks of hair, nail clippings, baby teeth and DNA.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืงื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืจ, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื•DNA.
03:28
They've even collected 9,000 placentas from some of the births,
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืืกืคื• 9,000 ืฉืœื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื™ื“ื•ืช
03:32
which are now pickled in plastic buckets in a secure storage warehouse.
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ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืœื™ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืžื—ืกืŸ ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—.
03:38
This whole project has become unique --
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ --
03:40
so, no other country in the world is tracking generations of children
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ืื–, ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
03:43
in quite this detail.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื•.
03:45
These are some of the best-studied people on the planet,
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:48
and the data has become incredibly valuable for scientists,
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืคืš ืœืžืžืฉ ื™ืงืจ ืขืจืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื,
03:51
generating well over 6,000 academic papers and books.
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ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž6,000 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื.
03:56
But today I want to focus on just one finding --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืžืฆื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ --
03:59
perhaps the most important discovery to come from this remarkable study.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
04:03
And it's also the one that spoke to me personally,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™,
04:06
because it's about how to use science to do the best for our children.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:10
So, let's get the bad news out of the way first.
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ืื–, ื‘ื ื ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ.
04:14
Perhaps the biggest message from this remarkable study is this:
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
04:17
don't be born into poverty or into disadvantage,
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ืืœ ืชื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืขื•ื ื™ ืื• ืœืจืงืข ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ,
04:21
because if you are,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื›ืŸ,
04:22
you're far more likely to walk a difficult path in life.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:25
Many children in this study were born into poor families
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช
04:28
or into working-class families that had cramped homes or other problems,
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ืื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื™ื ืฆืคื•ืคื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
04:33
and it's clear now that those disadvantaged children
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืจืงืข ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ
04:35
have been more likely to struggle on almost every score.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื“.
04:38
They've been more likely to do worse at school,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
04:41
to end up with worse jobs and to earn less money.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ.
04:43
Now, maybe that sounds really obvious,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืืœื™ื•,
04:45
but some of the results have been really surprising,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช,
04:48
so children who had a tough start in life
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ืื– ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
04:50
are also more likely to end up unhealthy as adults.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื”,
04:53
They're more likely to be overweight,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ,
04:55
to have high blood pressure,
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ืžืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
04:56
and then decades down the line,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืื”,
04:58
more likely to have a failing memory, poor health and even to die earlier.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:05
Now, I talked about what happens later,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:08
but some of these differences emerge at a really shockingly early age.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆืฆื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
05:12
In one study,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“,
05:13
children who were growing up in poverty
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืขื•ื ื™
05:15
were almost a year behind the richer children on educational tests,
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ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื,
05:19
and that was by the age of just three.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ.
05:22
These types of differences have been found again and again across the generations.
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฆืฆื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:26
It means that our early circumstances have a profound influence
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจืขืช
05:29
on the way that the rest of our lives play out.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืชืคืจืฉ.
05:32
And working out why that is
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ื•ืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš
05:33
is one of the most difficult questions that we face today.
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืชื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
05:37
So there we have it.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื–ื”.
05:39
The first lesson for successful life, everyone, is this:
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ื”ืœืงื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื, ื”ื•ื:
05:42
choose your parents very carefully.
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ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
05:43
(Laughter)
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05:44
Don't be born into a poor family or into a struggling family.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืืœ ืชื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงืฉืช ื™ื•ื.
05:49
Now, I'm sure you can see the small problem here.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืืŸ.
05:51
We can't choose our parents or how much they earn,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื•,
05:55
but this British study has also struck a real note of optimism
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช
05:58
by showing that not everyone who has a disadvantaged start
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช
06:02
ends up in difficult circumstances.
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ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
06:05
As you know, many people have a tough start in life,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ,
06:07
but they end up doing very well on some measure nevertheless,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”,
06:10
and this study starts to explain how.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืš.
06:13
So the second lesson is this:
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ืื– ื”ืœืงื— ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื:
06:15
parents really matter.
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช.
06:17
In this study,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
06:18
children who had engaged, interested parents,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
06:21
ones who had ambition for their future,
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ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
06:23
were more likely to escape from a difficult start.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ืงืฉื”.
06:25
It seems that parents and what they do are really, really important,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
06:30
especially in the first few years of life.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:32
Let me give you an example of that.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื–ื”.
06:34
In one study,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“,
06:35
scientists looked at about 17,000 children who were born in 1970.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื›17,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘1970.
06:40
They sifted all the mountains of data that they had collected
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ื”ื ืกื™ื ื ื• ืืช ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืกืคื•
06:43
to try to work out
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
06:44
what allowed the children who'd had a difficult start in life
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ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
06:47
to go on and do well at school nevertheless.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
06:49
In other words, which ones beat the odds.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื™ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื ืฆื— ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื.
06:52
The data showed that what mattered more than anything else was parents.
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืื” ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
06:56
Having engaged, interested parents in those first few years of life
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ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ืฉื ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื
06:59
was strongly linked to children going on to do well at school later on.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
07:04
In fact, quite small things that parents do
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•
07:07
are associated with good outcomes for children.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
07:10
Talking and listening to a child,
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ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœื™ืœื“,
07:12
responding to them warmly,
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื,
07:14
teaching them their letters and numbers,
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ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
07:16
taking them on trips and visits.
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ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื.
07:17
Reading to children every day seems to be really important, too.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืงืจื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
07:21
So in one study,
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ืื– ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“,
07:22
children whose parents were reading to them daily when they were five
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ
07:26
and then showing an interest in their education at the age of 10,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 10,
07:29
were significantly less likely to be in poverty at the age of 30
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 30
07:33
than those whose parents weren't doing those things.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
07:36
Now, there are huge challenges with interpreting this type of science.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉื ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
07:41
These studies show that certain things that parents do
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืจืื• ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
07:44
are correlated with good outcomes for children,
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ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
07:46
but we don't necessarily know those behaviors caused the good outcomes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
07:50
or whether some other factor is getting in the way.
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ืื• ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื›ืืŸ.
07:52
For example, we have to take genes into account,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืงืœืœ ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื,
07:54
and that's a whole other talk in itself.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”.
07:57
But scientists working with this British study
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”
07:59
are working really hard to get at causes,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื,
08:01
and this is one study I particularly love.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืžืฉ ืื”ื‘ืชื™.
08:03
In this one,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
08:04
they looked at the bedtime routines of about 10,000 children
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ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ ืฉืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›10,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื
08:07
born at the turn of the millennium.
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื.
08:09
Were the children going to bed at regular times,
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
08:12
or did they go to bed at different times during the week?
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข?
08:14
The data showed that those children who were going to bed at different times
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืื” ืฉืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:18
were more likely to have behavioral problems,
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
08:20
and then those that switched to having regular bedtimes
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ื•ืื– ืืœื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
08:23
often showed an improvement in behavior,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
08:26
and that was really crucial,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื›ืจื™ืข,
08:27
because it suggested it was the bedtime routines
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ ืฉืขืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื”
08:29
that were really helping things get better for those kids.
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
08:33
Here's another one to think about.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
08:34
In this one,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”,
08:35
scientists looked at children who were reading for pleasure.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืงืจืื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืื”.
08:38
That means that they picked up a magazine, a picture book, a story book.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืงืจืื• ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ, ืกืคืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืกืคืจ ืงืจื™ืื”.
08:43
The data showed that children who were reading for pleasure
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืื” ืฉืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืงืจืื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืื”
08:46
at the ages of five and 10
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื—ืžืฉ ื•ืขืฉืจ
08:48
were more likely to go on in school better, on average,
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ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
08:51
on school tests later in their lives.
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ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
08:53
And not just tests of reading,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืงืจื™ืื”,
08:55
but tests of spelling and maths as well.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:58
This study tried to control for all the confounding factors,
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืกื ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
09:01
so it looked at children who were equally intelligent
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”
09:03
and from the same social-class background,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืจืงืข ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื“ื•ืžื”,
09:05
so it seemed as if it was the reading which really helped those children
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื
09:09
go on and score better on those school tests later in their lives.
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ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
09:13
Now at the start,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
09:14
I said the first lesson from this study
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืœืงื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
09:16
was not to be born into poverty or into disadvantage,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ืœืขื•ื ื™ ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื ืื™ื,
09:19
because those children tend to follow more difficult paths in their lives.
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ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื˜ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
09:22
But then I said that parenting matters,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
09:25
and that good parenting, if you can call it that,
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื” ื›ื›ื”,
09:27
helps children beat the odds
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ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื
09:28
and overcome some of those early disadvantages.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.
09:31
So wait,
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ืื– ื—ื›ื•,
09:33
does that actually mean, then, that poverty doesn't matter after all?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื– ืฉืขื•ื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ?
09:38
You could argue it doesn't matter if a child is born poor --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ื™ื” --
09:41
as long as their parents are good parents, they're going to do just fine.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื“ื“ืจ.
09:44
I don't believe that's true.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:46
This study shows that poverty and parenting matter.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:49
And one study actually put figures on that,
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš,
09:51
so it looked at children growing up in persistent poverty
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืžืชืžืฉืš
09:54
and how well they were doing at school.
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
09:56
The data showed
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ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืื”
09:57
that even when their parents were doing everything right --
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš --
10:00
putting them to bed on time
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ื”ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
10:01
and reading to them every day and everything else --
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ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ --
10:04
that only got those children so far.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
10:06
Good parenting only reduced the educational gap
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ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืจืง ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ืคืขืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื”
10:09
between the rich and poor children by about 50 percent.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืื—ื•ื–.
10:13
Now that means that poverty leaves a really lasting scar,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืฆืœืงืช ืขืžื•ืงื”,
10:17
and it means that if we really want to ensure the success and well-being
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื•ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ื•
10:20
of the next generation,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
10:22
then tackling child poverty is an incredibly important thing to do.
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ืื– ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื•.
10:27
Now, what does all this mean for you and me?
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ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื’ื ืœื™ ื•ืœื›ื?
10:30
Are there lessons here we can all take home and use?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืœืงื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช?
10:32
As a scientist and a journalist,
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ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื•ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช,
10:34
I like to have some science to inform my parenting ...
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืฆืช ืžื—ืงืจ
10:37
and I can tell you that when you're shouting at your kids
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
10:40
to go to bed on time,
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ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
10:41
it really helps to have the scientific literature on your side.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืœืฆื“ื›ื.
10:44
(Laughter)
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10:45
And wouldn't it be great to think
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
10:47
that all we had to do to have happy, successful children
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื
10:50
was to talk to them, be interested in their future,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื, ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ื,
10:52
put them to bed on time, and give them a book to read?
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ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืกืคืจ ืœืงืจื•ื?
10:55
Our job would be done.
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ืฉืœื.
10:57
Now, as you can imagine,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
10:58
the answers aren't quite as simple as that.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
11:01
For one thing, this study looks at what happens
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
11:04
to thousands and thousands of children on average,
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ืœืืœืคื™ ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
11:06
but that doesn't necessarily say what will help my child or your child
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ ืื• ืฉืœื›ื
11:10
or any individual child.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืื—ืจ.
11:11
In the end, each of our children is going to walk their own path,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื•,
11:15
and that's partly defined by the genes they inherit
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืฉื•
11:17
and of course all the experiences they have through their lives,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
11:20
including their interactions with us, their parents.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ืชื ื•, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:23
I will tell you what I did after I learned all this.
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ืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
11:25
It's a bit embarrassing.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžื‘ื™ืš.
11:27
I realized I was so busy working,
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
11:30
and ironically,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™,
11:31
learning and writing about this incredible study of British children,
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ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
11:35
that there were days when I hardly even spoke to my own British children.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
11:39
So at home, we introduced talking time,
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ืื– ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”,
11:41
which is just 15 minutes at the end of the day
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ื–ื” 15 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื
11:43
when we talk and listen to the boys.
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ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
11:46
I try better now to ask them what they did today,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื” ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:49
and to show that I value what they do at school.
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ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื”ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
11:52
Of course, I make sure they always have a book to read.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื•ื“ืื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืกืคืจ ืœืงืจื•ื.
11:55
I tell them I'm ambitious for their future,
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
11:57
and I think they can be happy and do great things.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื.
12:01
I don't know that any of that will make a difference,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ,
12:04
but I'm pretty confident it won't do them any harm,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื–ื™ืง ืœื”ื,
12:07
and it might even do them some good.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื”ื.
12:09
Ultimately, if we want happy children,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื,
12:12
all we can do is listen to the science,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ืข,
12:14
and of course,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
12:15
listen to our children themselves.
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ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื.
12:17
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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