Thomas Thwaites: How I built a toaster -- from scratch

246,257 views ใƒป 2011-01-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
If we look around us,
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
00:18
much of what surrounds us
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื” ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•
00:20
started life as various rocks and sludge
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ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:23
buried in the ground in various places in the world.
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:27
But, of course, they don't look like rocks and sludge now.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืขื™ื;
00:29
They look like TV cameras, monitors,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืžืกื›ื™ื,
00:32
annoying radio mics.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ื•.
00:34
And so this magical transformation
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”,
00:36
is what I was trying to get at with my project,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ืฉืœื™,
00:39
which became known as the Toaster Project.
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ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืขื ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฆื ื.
00:41
And it was also inspired by this quote
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ื”ืฉืจืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื
00:43
from Douglas Adams,
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ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืœืืก ืื“ืžืก.
00:45
and the situation is from "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."
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ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืœืงื•ื— ืž"ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื”".
00:48
And the situation it describes
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ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉื
00:50
is the hero of the book -- he's a 20th-century man --
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ -- ืื“ื ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 --
00:53
finds himself alone on a strange planet
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ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืžื•ื–ืจ
00:56
populated only by a technologically primitive people.
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ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืคื’ืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
00:59
And he kind of assumes that, yes,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื”
01:01
he'll become -- these villagers --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงื™ืกืจ
01:03
he'll become their emperor
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
01:05
and transform their society
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:07
with his wonderful command of technology
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:09
and science and the elements,
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ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:11
but, of course, realizes
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื”
01:13
that without the rest of human society,
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ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
01:15
he can barely make a sandwich,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืš,
01:18
let alone a toaster.
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ืฉืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื ื.
01:20
But he didn't have Wikipedia.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืื– ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”.
01:22
So I thought, okay,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
01:24
I'll try and make an electric toaster from scratch.
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ืื ืกื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžืืคืก.
01:26
And, working on the idea
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
01:28
that the cheapest electric toaster
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ืฉื”ืžืฆื ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:30
would also be the simplest to reverse-engineer,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจืง ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ,
01:32
I went and bought the cheapest toaster I could find,
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ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ื•ืจื›ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื ื ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™,
01:35
took it home
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
01:37
and was kind of dismayed to discover
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ื•ืื– ืงืฆืช ื”ืชืื›ื–ื‘ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
01:39
that, inside this object,
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ,
01:41
which I'd bought for just 3.49 pounds,
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ืฉืงื ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืจืง ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืื•ื ื“, ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข,
01:44
there were 400 different bits
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ื”ื™ื• 400 ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
01:47
made out of a hundred-plus different materials.
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ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:51
I didn't have the rest of my life to do this project.
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ืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื;
01:54
I had maybe nine months.
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ืขืžื“ื• ืœืจืฉื•ืชื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:56
So I thought, okay, I'll start with five.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ื.
01:58
And these were steel, mica,
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืคืœื“ื”, ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืงื”,
02:00
plastic, copper and nickel.
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื•ื ื™ืงืœ.
02:03
So, starting with steel: how do you make steel?
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืคืœื“ื”: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคืœื“ื”?
02:06
I went and knocked on the door
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ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ื•ื”ืงืฉืชื™ ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื• ืฉืœ
02:08
of the Rio Tinto Chair
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ื™ื•"ืจ ืจื™ื• ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•
02:10
of Advanced Mineral Extraction at the Royal School of Mines
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ืœ"ื”ืคืงื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ ืœืžื›ืจื•ืช"
02:13
and said, "How do you make steel?"
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ื•, "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคืœื“ื”?"
02:15
And Professor Cilliers was very kind
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืกื™ืœื™ื™ืจืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื“ื™ื‘
02:17
and talked me through it.
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ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
02:19
And my vague rememberings from GCSE science --
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ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ --
02:22
well, steel comes from iron,
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ืฉืคืœื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ,
02:24
so I phoned up an iron mine.
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ืื– ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœืžื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
02:27
And said, "Hi, I'm trying to make a toaster.
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™, "ืฉืœื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืฆื ื.
02:29
Can I come up and get some iron?"
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ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ?"
02:33
Unfortunately, when I got there -- emerges Ray.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื -- ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจื™ื™.
02:36
He had misheard me
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ
02:38
and thought I was coming up because I was trying to make a poster,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจ),
02:41
and so wasn't prepared to take me into the mines.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช.
02:44
But after some nagging, I got him to do that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืงืฆืช ื ื™ื“ื ื•ื“ื™ื, ืฉื›ื ืขืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
02:46
(Video) Ray: It was Crease Limestone,
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืจื™ื™: ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืื‘ืŸ-ื’ื™ืจ.
02:50
and that was produced
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ
02:52
by sea creatures
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื™ื
02:55
350 million years ago
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ืœืคื ื™ 350 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
02:58
in a nice, warm,
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ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื ื•ื—, ื—ืžื™ื,
03:00
sunny atmosphere.
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ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ-ืฉืžืฉ.
03:02
When you study geology,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:04
you can see what's happened in the past,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:07
and there were terrific changes in the earth.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืื– ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฆืจื™-ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
03:16
Thomas Thwaites: As you can see, they had the Christmas decorations up.
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ืชื•ืžืืก ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืก: ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ ื—ื’-ืžื•ืœื“.
03:20
And of course, it wasn't actually a working mine anymore,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœ,
03:23
because, though Ray was a miner there,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉื,
03:26
the mine had closed
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ื”ืžื›ืจื” ื ืกื’ืจ
03:28
and had been reopened as a kind of tourist attraction,
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ื•ื ืคืชื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื˜ืจืงืฆื™ื” ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช,
03:31
because, of course, it can't compete
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช
03:33
on the scale of operations which are happening
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ืขื ืจืžืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช
03:36
in South America, Australia, wherever.
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
03:39
But anyway, I got my suitcase of iron ore
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืžื™ืœืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืคืจืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ
03:42
and dragged it back to London on the train,
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ื•ืกื—ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ,
03:44
and then was faced with the problem:
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ื•ืื– ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”:
03:46
Okay, how do you make this rock
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืœืข ื”ื–ื”
03:48
into components for a toaster?
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ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื ื?
03:50
So I went back to Professor Cilliers,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืกื™ืœื™ื™ืจืก,
03:52
and he said, "Go to the library."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืœืš ืœืกืคืจื™ื”."
03:54
So I did
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืชื™
03:56
and was looking through the undergraduate textbooks on metallurgy --
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ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ --
03:59
completely useless for what I was trying to do.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:02
Because, of course, they don't actually tell you how to do it
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ื›ื™, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
04:05
if you want to do it yourself and you don't have a smelting plant.
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ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืชื›ื” ื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืง.
04:08
So I ended up going to the History of Science Library
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข
04:10
and looking at this book.
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ื•ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:12
This is the first textbook on metallurgy
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืœื•ืจื’ื™ื”
04:14
written in the West, at least.
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ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ืœืคื—ื•ืช.
04:16
And there you can see that woodcut
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืคืช ืขืฅ,
04:18
is basically what I ended up doing.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
04:20
But instead of a bellows, I had a leaf blower.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื•ื—, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžืคื•ื— ืขืœื™ื.
04:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:25
And that was something that reoccurred throughout the project,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื™ื–ื,
04:28
was, the smaller the scale you want to work on,
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:30
the further back in time you have to go.
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ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
04:33
And so this is after
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™
04:35
a day and about half a night
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ื™ื•ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฆื™ ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ
04:37
smelting this iron.
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ื”ืชื›ื” ื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
04:39
I dragged out this stuff,
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ืฉืœืคืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
04:41
and it wasn't iron.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
04:43
But luckily,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ,
04:45
I found a patent online
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืคื˜ื ื˜
04:47
for industrial furnaces that use microwaves,
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ืœื›ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:50
and at 30 minutes at full power,
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30 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกืคืง ื”ืžื›ืกื™ืžืœื™,
04:52
and I was able to finish off the process.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
04:57
So, my next --
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ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ --
04:59
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:03
The next thing I was trying to get was copper.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื–ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉืช.
05:06
Again, this mine
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื›ืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื
05:09
was once the largest copper mine in the world.
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ืžื›ืจื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:11
It's not anymore,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื.
05:13
but I found a retired geology professor
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืชืจืชื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืคืจืฉ
05:15
to take me down,
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ืฉื™ื™ืจื“ ืื™ืชื™ ืœืžื›ืจื”.
05:17
and he said, "Okay, I'll let you have some water from the mine."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืืจืฉื” ืœืš ืœืงื—ืช ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ืจื”."
05:20
And the reason I was interested in getting water
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžื›ืจื”
05:23
is because water which goes through mines
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช
05:25
becomes kind of acidic
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื
05:27
and will start picking up,
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœื”ืžื™ืก
05:29
dissolving the minerals from the mine.
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื›ืจื”.
05:31
And a good example of this is the Rio Tinto,
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ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”"ืจื™ื• ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•",
05:34
which is in Portugal.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ.
05:36
As you can see, it's got lots and lots of minerals dissolved in it.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื–ื” ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
05:39
So many such
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ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
05:41
that it's now just a home for bacteria
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ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช
05:44
who really like acidic, toxic conditions.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืชื ืื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืขืœ.
05:47
But anyway, the water I dragged back
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืกื—ื‘ืชื™
05:49
from the Isle of Anglesey where the mine was --
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ืž"ืื™-ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืกื™ื™" ืฉืฉื ื”ืžื›ืจื” ื ืžืฆื --
05:51
there was enough copper in it
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื ื—ื•ืฉืช
05:53
such that I could cast the pins
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ืœืชื™ ืœืฆืงืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื
05:55
of my metal electric plug.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœื™ ืžืžืชื›ืช.
05:57
So my next thing: I was off to Scotland
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื: ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“
06:00
to get mica.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืงื”.
06:03
And mica is a mineral
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ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ืจืœ
06:06
which is a very good insulator
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ
06:09
and very good at insulating electricity.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
06:12
That's me getting mica.
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ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื™ืงื”.
06:15
And the last material I'm going to talk about today is plastic,
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
06:18
and, of course,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš
06:20
my toaster had to have a plastic case.
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ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืฉืชื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื ื ืฉืœื™.
06:22
Plastic is the defining feature
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจ
06:24
of cheap electrical goods.
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ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื–ื•ืœื™ื.
06:26
And so plastic comes from oil, so I phoned up BP
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ืื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื•ืคืง ืžื ืคื˜, ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœ-BP
06:29
and spent a good half an hour
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”
06:31
trying to convince the PR office at BP
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื™ื—ืกื™-ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ BP
06:33
that it would be fantastic for them
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ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื
06:35
if they flew me to an oil rig
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ืื ื™ื˜ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืืกื“ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื—ื™ ื ืคื˜
06:37
and let me have a jug of oil.
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ื•ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื ืคื˜ ืžืœื•ื ื”ืงื ืงืŸ.
06:39
BP obviously has a bit more on their mind now.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืช BP ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
06:43
But even then
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื,
06:45
they weren't convinced
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืขื•
06:47
and said, "Okay, we'll phone you back" -- never did.
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ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”," -- ื•ื”ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•.
06:50
So I looked at other ways of making plastic.
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ืื– ื—ืคืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
06:53
And you can actually make plastic
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง
06:55
from obviously oils which come from plants, but also from starches.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ืœืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืขืžื™ืœื ื™ื.
06:58
So this is attempting to make
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ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
07:00
potato starch plastic.
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืชืคื•ื—ื™-ืื“ืžื”.
07:02
And for a while that was looking really good.
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ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—.
07:04
I poured it into the mold, which you can see there,
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ืฉืคื›ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื” ื›ืืŸ,
07:06
which I've made from a tree trunk.
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ืฉื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืžื’ื–ืข ืขืฅ.
07:08
And it was looking good for a while,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
07:10
but I left it outside, because you had to leave it outside to dry,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ืฉืืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ,
07:13
and unfortunately I came back
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ืจืชื™,
07:15
and there were snails eating the unhydrolyzed bits of potato.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื›ืœื• ืืช ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืชืคื•ื—ื™-ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืชืคืจืงื• ื‘ืžื™ื.
07:19
So kind of out of desperation,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืื•ืฉ,
07:22
I decided that I could think laterally.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงื™ืคื”.
07:25
And geologists have actually christened --
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ื•ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื ื›ื• --
07:27
well, they're debating whether to christen --
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืื ืœื—ื ื•ืš --
07:29
the age that we're living in --
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื --
07:31
they're debating whether to make it a new geological epoch
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ื”ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”
07:34
called the Anthropocene, the age of Man.
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ื’ืŸ, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื“ื.
07:37
And that's because geologists of the future
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
07:39
would kind of see a sharp shift
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ื™ืจืื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื“
07:41
in the strata of rock that is being laid down now.
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืงืข ื–ื” ืขืชื”.
07:43
So suddenly, it will become kind of radioactive from Chernobyl
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ื›ืš ืฉืคืชืื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆ'ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
07:46
and the 2,000 or so nuclear bombs
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ื•ืž-2000 ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื
07:48
that have been set off since 1945.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืžืื– 1945.
07:52
And there'd also be an extinction event --
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืžืื•ืจืข ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” --
07:55
like fossils would suddenly disappear.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืขืœืžื• ืœืคืชืข.
07:58
And also, I thought
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ื•ื’ื, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™,
08:00
that there would be
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื•
08:02
synthetic polymers,
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ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืกื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื,
08:04
plastics, embedded in the rock.
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ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื, ื”ื ืขื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืกืœืขื™ื.
08:06
So I looked up a plastic --
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
08:08
so I decided that I could mine
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืจื•ืช
08:10
some of this modern-day rock.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
08:12
And I went up to Manchester
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ื•ื ืกืขืชื™ ืขื“ ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ
08:14
to visit a place called Axion Recycling.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืงืจื "ืืงืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ".
08:17
And they're at the sharp end of what's called the WEEE,
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”-WEEE,
08:20
which is this European electrical and electronic waste directive.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
08:25
And that was brought into force
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ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™
08:27
to try and deal with the mountain of stuff
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืจืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
08:30
that is just being made
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื
08:33
and then living for a while in our homes
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ื•ืื– ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื™ื ื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”
08:35
and then going to landfill.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
08:37
But this is it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
08:46
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
09:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:49
So there's a picture
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”
09:51
of my toaster.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื ื ืฉืœื™.
09:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:57
That's it without the case on.
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ื–ื” ืœืœื ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉืœื• ืžืขืœื™ื•.
10:00
And there it is on the shelves.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ื.
10:03
Thanks.
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ืชื•ื“ื”
10:05
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:09
Bruno Giussani: I'm told you did plug it in once.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจืช ืื•ืชื• ืคืขื ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
10:11
TT: Yeah, I did plug it in.
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ืช.ืช.: ื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื•.
10:13
I don't know if you could see,
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช,
10:15
but I was never able to make insulation for the wires.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
10:18
Kew Gardens were insistent
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"ื’ื ื™-ืงื™ื•" ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืชื
10:20
that I couldn't come and hack into their rubber tree.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื’ืจื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขืฅ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
10:23
So the wires were uninsulated.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
10:25
So there was 240 volts
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื 240 ื•ื•ืœื˜
10:27
going through these homemade copper wires,
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ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช
10:29
homemade plug.
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ื•ืชืงืข ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ืช.
10:31
And for about five seconds,
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ื•ืœืžืฉืš ื›-5 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
10:33
the toaster toasted,
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ื”ืžืฆื ื ืงืœื” ื˜ื•ืกื˜ื™ื,
10:35
but then, unfortunately,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ,
10:37
the element kind of melted itself.
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ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืชื™ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
10:40
But I considered it a partial success, to be honest.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช.
10:43
BG: Thomas Thwaites. TT: Thanks.
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ื‘ื™.ื’'ื™. ืชื•ืžืืก ืชื•ื•ืื™ื™ื˜ืก. (ืช.ืช.: ืชื•ื“ื”)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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