Thomas Thwaites: How I built a toaster -- from scratch

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If we look around us,

Ako pogledamo oko sebe,

much of what surrounds us

puno toga što nas okružuje

started life as various rocks and sludge

započelo je kao različito kamenje i blato

buried in the ground in various places in the world.

zakopano u zemlji na različitim mjestima na svijetu.

But, of course, they don't look like rocks and sludge now.

Ali, naravno, sada ne izgledaju kao kamenje i blato;

They look like TV cameras, monitors,

sada izgledaju kao TV kamere, monitori,

annoying radio mics.

dosadne radio kompilacije.

And so this magical transformation

Tako sam ja tu čarobnu transformaciju

is what I was trying to get at with my project,

pokušao postići svojim projektom

which became known as the Toaster Project.

koji je postao poznat kao Toster Projekt.

And it was also inspired by this quote

Također, bio je inspiriran i ovim citatom

from Douglas Adams,

Douglasa Adamsa.

and the situation is from "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."

Radnja je iz “Vodiča kroz galaksiju za autostopere“.

And the situation it describes

Situacija koju opisuje

is the hero of the book -- he's a 20th-century man --

jest heroj knjige – on je čovjek dvadesetog stoljeća –

finds himself alone on a strange planet

nađe se na čudnom planetu

populated only by a technologically primitive people.

nastanjenom samo tehnološki primitivnim ljudima.

And he kind of assumes that, yes,

I nekako pretpostavlja

he'll become -- these villagers --

da će postati -- tim seljanima –

he'll become their emperor

da će postati njihovim vladarom

and transform their society

i promijeniti njihovo društvo

with his wonderful command of technology

svojim čudesnim vladanjem tehnologijom

and science and the elements,

i znanosti i elementima,

but, of course, realizes

ali, naravno, shvaća

that without the rest of human society,

kako bez ostatka čovječanstva

he can barely make a sandwich,

jedva može napraviti sendvič,

let alone a toaster.

a kamoli toster.

But he didn't have Wikipedia.

Ali, on nije imao Wikipediju.

So I thought, okay,

Tako sam pomislio, dobro,

I'll try and make an electric toaster from scratch.

pokušat ću napraviti električni toster ispočetka.

And, working on the idea

I tako, radeći na ideji

that the cheapest electric toaster

da je najjeftiniji toster

would also be the simplest to reverse-engineer,

jednostavno i najjednostavniji za unatrag izgraditi,

I went and bought the cheapest toaster I could find,

otišao sam i kupio najjeftiniji toster koji sam mogao naći,

took it home

odnio ga kući

and was kind of dismayed to discover

i bio na neki način razočaran otkrivši

that, inside this object,

da unutar tog predmeta,

which I'd bought for just 3.49 pounds,

koji sam kupio za samo tri funte i devedeset četiri centa,

there were 400 different bits

ima 400 različitih dijelova

made out of a hundred-plus different materials.

napravljenih od više od sto različitih materijala.

I didn't have the rest of my life to do this project.

Nisam imao ostatak života da završim ovaj projekt;

I had maybe nine months.

imao sam možda devet mjeseci.

So I thought, okay, I'll start with five.

I tako sam pomislio, dobro, počet ću s pet.

And these were steel, mica,

To su bili čelik, tinjac,

plastic, copper and nickel.

plastika, bakar i nikal.

So, starting with steel: how do you make steel?

Tako sam počeo s čelikom: kako se pravi čelik?

I went and knocked on the door

Otišao sam i pokucao na vrata

of the Rio Tinto Chair

Rio Tinto Chair

of Advanced Mineral Extraction at the Royal School of Mines

of Advanced Mineral Extraction na Royal School of Mines

and said, "How do you make steel?"

i pitao kako se pravi željezo?

And Professor Cilliers was very kind

Profesor Cilliers bio je jako ljubazan

and talked me through it.

i sve mi detaljno objasnio.

And my vague rememberings from GCSE science --

Moje slabo sjećanje znanosti iz srednje škole –

well, steel comes from iron,

čelik se tvori od željeza.

so I phoned up an iron mine.

I tako sam nazvao rudnik željeza.

And said, "Hi, I'm trying to make a toaster.

Rekao sam: „Bok, pokušavam napraviti toster.

Can I come up and get some iron?"

Mogu li doći i uzeti nešto željeza?“

Unfortunately, when I got there -- emerges Ray.

Nažalost, kada sam došao tamo – pojavio se Ray.

He had misheard me

Krivo me je čuo

and thought I was coming up because I was trying to make a poster,

i pomislio je da pokušavam napraviti plakat

and so wasn't prepared to take me into the mines.

te nije bio spreman odvesti me u rudnike.

But after some nagging, I got him to do that.

Ali, nakon nešto nagovaranja, uspio sam ga nagovoriti.

(Video) Ray: It was Crease Limestone,

(Video) Ray: To je vapnenac.

and that was produced

Stvoren je od

by sea creatures

morskih bića

350 million years ago

prije 350 milijuna godina

in a nice, warm,

u lijepoj, toploj,

sunny atmosphere.

sunčanoj klimi.

When you study geology,

Kada učiš geologiju,

you can see what's happened in the past,

možeš vidjeti što se dogodilo u prošlosti.

and there were terrific changes in the earth.

A dogodile su se ogromne promjene.

Thomas Thwaites: As you can see, they had the Christmas decorations up.

Thomas Thwaites: Kako možete vidjeti, sve je bilo ukrašeno božićnim ukrasima.

And of course, it wasn't actually a working mine anymore,

I, naravno, to više nije bio aktivni rudnik,

because, though Ray was a miner there,

zato što je, iako je Ray bio rudar,

the mine had closed

rudnik bio zatvoren

and had been reopened as a kind of tourist attraction,

i ponovno otvoren kao vrsta turističke atrakcije

because, of course, it can't compete

zbog toga, naravno, što se nije mogao natjecati

on the scale of operations which are happening

s brojem radova

in South America, Australia, wherever.

u Južnoj Americi, Australiji, gdjegod.

But anyway, I got my suitcase of iron ore

Ali, svejedno, dobio sam svoj kovčeg željeza

and dragged it back to London on the train,

i odnio ga natrag u London vlakom

and then was faced with the problem:

i tada bio suočen s problemom:

Okay, how do you make this rock

Dobro, kako napraviti

into components for a toaster?

dijelove tostera od ovog kamena?

So I went back to Professor Cilliers,

Tako sam se vratio nazad profesoru Cilliersu

and he said, "Go to the library."

koji je rekao: „Idi u knjižnicu.“

So I did

Tako sam otišao

and was looking through the undergraduate textbooks on metallurgy --

i prolazio kroz udžbenike za preddiplomski studij metalurgije –

completely useless for what I was trying to do.

potpuno beskorisno za ono što sam pokušavao napraviti.

Because, of course, they don't actually tell you how to do it

Zbog toga, naravno, što ti ne kažu zapravo kako napraviti nešto

if you want to do it yourself and you don't have a smelting plant.

ako želiš to napraviti sam, a nemaš peć za topljenje rude.

So I ended up going to the History of Science Library

Tako sam završio u knjižnici povijesti znanosti

and looking at this book.

i gledao jednu knjigu.

This is the first textbook on metallurgy

To je prvi napisani udžbenik metalurgije,

written in the West, at least.

na Zapadu barem.

And there you can see that woodcut

Tamo se može vidjeti da je zapravo ono

is basically what I ended up doing.

što sam napravio bio drvorez.

But instead of a bellows, I had a leaf blower.

Ali, umjesto mijeha, imao sam puhač lišća.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And that was something that reoccurred throughout the project,

I to je nešto što se iznova događalo cijelo vrijeme projekta,

was, the smaller the scale you want to work on,

što niže na ljestvici je ono na čemu želiš raditi,

the further back in time you have to go.

to dalje u vremenu moraš ići.

And so this is after

I to je ono što se dogodilo nakon

a day and about half a night

dan i pol

smelting this iron.

topljenja željeza.

I dragged out this stuff,

Dobio sam tu tvar,

and it wasn't iron.

ali nije bila željezo.

But luckily,

Srećom,

I found a patent online

našao sam patent na internetu

for industrial furnaces that use microwaves,

za tvorničke peći koji koristi mikrovalnu.

and at 30 minutes at full power,

Trideset minuta na najvišoj temperaturi,

and I was able to finish off the process.

i uspio sam završiti proces.

So, my next --

Tako, moja sljedeća –

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

The next thing I was trying to get was copper.

Sljedeća stvar koju sam pokušao nabaviti bila je bakar.

Again, this mine

Ponovno, rudnik je

was once the largest copper mine in the world.

nekad bio najveći rudnik bakra u svijetu.

It's not anymore,

Više nije,

but I found a retired geology professor

ali pronašao sam umirovljenog profesora geologije

to take me down,

koji me je odveo u njega.

and he said, "Okay, I'll let you have some water from the mine."

Rekao je: „Dobro, dat ću ti nešto vode iz mog rudnika.“

And the reason I was interested in getting water

Razlog zbog kojega sam bio zainteresiran za nabavljanje vode jest,

is because water which goes through mines

jer voda koja protječe rudnikom

becomes kind of acidic

postaje na neki način kisela

and will start picking up,

i počne se nakupljati,

dissolving the minerals from the mine.

rastapajući minerale iz rudnika.

And a good example of this is the Rio Tinto,

Dobar primjer toga je Rio Tinto

which is in Portugal.

koji je u Portugalu.

As you can see, it's got lots and lots of minerals dissolved in it.

Kako možete vidjeti, ima veoma puno minerala rastopljenih u njoj.

So many such

Toliko puno

that it's now just a home for bacteria

da je sada dom za bakterije

who really like acidic, toxic conditions.

koje jako vole kisele otrovne uvjete.

But anyway, the water I dragged back

Ali svejedno, voda koju sam donio natrag

from the Isle of Anglesey where the mine was --

iz otočja Anglesey - gdje je rudnik bio –

there was enough copper in it

imala je dovoljno bakra u sebi

such that I could cast the pins

da sam njime mogao omotati igle

of my metal electric plug.

svoje metalne električne utičnice.

So my next thing: I was off to Scotland

Moja sljedeća stvar: uputio sam se u Škotsku

to get mica.

kako bih nabavio tinjac.

And mica is a mineral

Tinjac je mineral

which is a very good insulator

koji je jako dobar izolator

and very good at insulating electricity.

i veoma dobar u izolaciji struje.

That's me getting mica.

To sam ja kako nabavljam tinjac.

And the last material I'm going to talk about today is plastic,

I zadnja tvar o kojoj ću govoriti danas jest plastika.

and, of course,

Naravno,

my toaster had to have a plastic case.

moj toster je morao imati plastično postolje.

Plastic is the defining feature

Plastika je definirajući dio

of cheap electrical goods.

jeftinih električnih dobara.

And so plastic comes from oil, so I phoned up BP

Plastika se dobiva od nafte, i tako sam nazvao BP

and spent a good half an hour

i proveo dobrih pola sata

trying to convince the PR office at BP

uvjeravajući djelatnika javnih odnosa BP-a

that it would be fantastic for them

da bi bilo odlično za njih

if they flew me to an oil rig

kada bi mi platili let do platforme za iskopavanje nafte

and let me have a jug of oil.

i dopustili mi uzeti lončić nafte.

BP obviously has a bit more on their mind now.

BP je očito imao malo više nafte na pameti.

But even then

Ali, čak i tada

they weren't convinced

nisu bili uvjereni

and said, "Okay, we'll phone you back" -- never did.

i rekli su: „Dobro, nazvat ćemo vas“, nikad nisu.

So I looked at other ways of making plastic.

Tako sam potražio druge načine dobivanja plastike.

And you can actually make plastic

Možete očito napraviti plastiku

from obviously oils which come from plants, but also from starches.

iz ulja koja dolaze od biljaka, ali i iz škroba.

So this is attempting to make

Ovo je pokušaj pravljenja

potato starch plastic.

plastike od škroba iz krumpira.

And for a while that was looking really good.

Neko vrijeme se to činilo vrlo dobro.

I poured it into the mold, which you can see there,

Ulio sam ga u kalup, koji možete vidjeti tamo,

which I've made from a tree trunk.

koji sam napravio od debla.

And it was looking good for a while,

Izgledalo je dobro neko vrijeme,

but I left it outside, because you had to leave it outside to dry,

ali sam ga ostavio vani jer ga morate ostaviti vani da se osuši

and unfortunately I came back

i, nažalost, kada sam se vratio,

and there were snails eating the unhydrolyzed bits of potato.

puževi su jeli nehidrolizirane komadiće krumpira.

So kind of out of desperation,

Tako sam iz očaja

I decided that I could think laterally.

odlučio da ću razmišljati sa strane.

And geologists have actually christened --

I geolozi su ustvari krstili –

well, they're debating whether to christen --

zapravo raspravljaju hoće li krstiti –

the age that we're living in --

razdoblje u kojem živimo –

they're debating whether to make it a new geological epoch

raspravljaju hoće li ga prozvati novom geološkom epohom

called the Anthropocene, the age of Man.

nazvanom antropocen, razdoblje čovjeka.

And that's because geologists of the future

Zbog toga što bi geolozi budućnosti

would kind of see a sharp shift

mogli vidjeli naglu promjenu

in the strata of rock that is being laid down now.

u slojevima stijena koja se događa sada.

So suddenly, it will become kind of radioactive from Chernobyl

Odjednom bi postala radioaktivna kao iz Černobila

and the 2,000 or so nuclear bombs

i oko 2.000 nuklearnih bombi

that have been set off since 1945.

koje su aktivirane od 1945.

And there'd also be an extinction event --

Također bi se dogodilo i istrebljenje –

like fossils would suddenly disappear.

fosili bi iznenadno nestali.

And also, I thought

I, također, pomislio sam

that there would be

da bi

synthetic polymers,

sintetički polimeri,

plastics, embedded in the rock.

plastika, bili ugrađeni u stijene.

So I looked up a plastic --

Potražio sam plastiku –

so I decided that I could mine

odlučio sam da bih mogao iskopati

some of this modern-day rock.

nešto ovog današnjeg kamena.

And I went up to Manchester

Otišao sam u Manchester

to visit a place called Axion Recycling.

posjetiti mjesto zvano Axion recikliranje.

And they're at the sharp end of what's called the WEEE,

Oni su dio nečega što se zove WEEE,

which is this European electrical and electronic waste directive.

direktiva o električnom i elektronskom otpadu.

And that was brought into force

Pokrenuti su kako bi

to try and deal with the mountain of stuff

pokušali i nosili se s hrpom stvari

that is just being made

koja je upravo proizvedena

and then living for a while in our homes

i živi neko vrijeme u našim domovima

and then going to landfill.

i onda ide na smetlište.

But this is it.

Ali to je to.

(Music)

(Glazba)

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So there's a picture

Evo slika

of my toaster.

mog tostera.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

That's it without the case on.

To je to bez presvlaka.

And there it is on the shelves.

Evo ga na policama.

Thanks.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Bruno Giussani: I'm told you did plug it in once.

Bruno Giussani: Rečeno mi je da si ga i uključio jednom.

TT: Yeah, I did plug it in.

TT: Da, uključio sam ga.

I don't know if you could see,

Ne znam možete li vidjeti,

but I was never able to make insulation for the wires.

ali nikad nisam uspio napravio izolaciju za žice.

Kew Gardens were insistent

Djelatnici Kew Gardens - a bili su uporni

that I couldn't come and hack into their rubber tree.

da ne mogu doći i koristiti se njihovim plastičnim drvetom.

So the wires were uninsulated.

Pa su žice bez izolacije.

So there was 240 volts

Tako je 240 V

going through these homemade copper wires,

protjecalo ovim domaće izrađenim bakrenim žicama,

homemade plug.

domaće izrade uključenima.

And for about five seconds,

I za tih oko pet sekundi,

the toaster toasted,

toster je radio,

but then, unfortunately,

ali tada, nažalost,

the element kind of melted itself.

dio se na neki način otopio sam od sebe.

But I considered it a partial success, to be honest.

Ali smatrao sam to djelomičnim uspjehom - da budem iskren.

BG: Thomas Thwaites. TT: Thanks.

BG: Thomas Thwaites. (TT: Hvala.)