Thomas Thwaites: How I built a toaster -- from scratch

244,742 views ・ 2011-01-14

TED


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譯者: Sherry Yang 審譯者: Joan Liu
00:15
If we look around us,
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看看四周
00:18
much of what surrounds us
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身邊周圍很多東西
00:20
started life as various rocks and sludge
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原先只是各種石頭或爛泥
00:23
buried in the ground in various places in the world.
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埋在世界的各個角落
00:27
But, of course, they don't look like rocks and sludge now.
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當然現在看起來並不像石頭或爛泥
00:29
They look like TV cameras, monitors,
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而是像電視攝影機啦、螢幕啦
00:32
annoying radio mics.
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或惱人的無線麥克風
00:34
And so this magical transformation
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這樣驚人的轉變
00:36
is what I was trying to get at with my project,
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正是我所著手的計畫
00:39
which became known as the Toaster Project.
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也就是--烤麵包機計畫
00:41
And it was also inspired by this quote
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我也是受到亞當斯(Douglas Adams)的一句話
00:43
from Douglas Adams,
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所啟發的
00:45
and the situation is from "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy."
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場景是來自小說《銀河便車指南》
00:48
And the situation it describes
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內容是在描述
00:50
is the hero of the book -- he's a 20th-century man --
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書裡的英雄--一個20世紀的人--
00:53
finds himself alone on a strange planet
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發現自己處在一個陌生的星球
00:56
populated only by a technologically primitive people.
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上面只住有原始技術的人
00:59
And he kind of assumes that, yes,
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他有點假想自己
01:01
he'll become -- these villagers --
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會變成這些居民的...
01:03
he'll become their emperor
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這些人的皇帝
01:05
and transform their society
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並將其社會轉型
01:07
with his wonderful command of technology
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用他豐富的科技知識
01:09
and science and the elements,
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加上科學及其他元素
01:11
but, of course, realizes
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但是,當然啦
01:13
that without the rest of human society,
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他發現若沒有其餘人類社會的部分
01:15
he can barely make a sandwich,
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他連三明治都做不大出來
01:18
let alone a toaster.
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更別說是烤麵包機了
01:20
But he didn't have Wikipedia.
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但他沒有維基百科
01:22
So I thought, okay,
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所以我想說
01:24
I'll try and make an electric toaster from scratch.
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那我就來從零開始做個烤麵包機
01:26
And, working on the idea
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要實行這個想法
01:28
that the cheapest electric toaster
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買台最便宜的烤麵包機
01:30
would also be the simplest to reverse-engineer,
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就是最簡單的逆向操作
01:32
I went and bought the cheapest toaster I could find,
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我盡力去買了最便宜的烤麵包機
01:35
took it home
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帶回家後
01:37
and was kind of dismayed to discover
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有點傻眼的發現
01:39
that, inside this object,
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這個東西裡面
01:41
which I'd bought for just 3.49 pounds,
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這個我才花3英鎊45便士(約170台幣)買的東西
01:44
there were 400 different bits
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竟然有400種不同的小零件
01:47
made out of a hundred-plus different materials.
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由100多種材料所製成
01:51
I didn't have the rest of my life to do this project.
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我不是要花一輩子的時間去研究
01:54
I had maybe nine months.
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只有大概9個月
01:56
So I thought, okay, I'll start with five.
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所以我想說,那就先從5個開始吧
01:58
And these were steel, mica,
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有鋼、雲母
02:00
plastic, copper and nickel.
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塑膠、銅和鎳
02:03
So, starting with steel: how do you make steel?
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那先從鋼開始,如何鍊鋼?
02:06
I went and knocked on the door
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我登門拜訪了
02:08
of the Rio Tinto Chair
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力拓礦業的主席
02:10
of Advanced Mineral Extraction at the Royal School of Mines
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他在英國皇家礦業學校教「進階採礦學」
02:13
and said, "How do you make steel?"
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我問他要如何煉鋼
02:15
And Professor Cilliers was very kind
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西里斯(Cilliers)教授人很好
02:17
and talked me through it.
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他詳細的向我說明
02:19
And my vague rememberings from GCSE science --
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我依稀記得國中的自然課教過
02:22
well, steel comes from iron,
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鋼來自於鐵
02:24
so I phoned up an iron mine.
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所以我就打電話給一家鐵礦場
02:27
And said, "Hi, I'm trying to make a toaster.
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我說:「哈囉,我想做一個烤麵包機(toaster)」
02:29
Can I come up and get some iron?"
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「可以過去跟你要一些鐵嗎?」
02:33
Unfortunately, when I got there -- emerges Ray.
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結果,我到那裡之後,雷(Ray)出現了
02:36
He had misheard me
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他聽錯我的意思
02:38
and thought I was coming up because I was trying to make a poster,
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以為我去是要做海報(poster)
02:41
and so wasn't prepared to take me into the mines.
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所以沒準備要帶我進礦場
02:44
But after some nagging, I got him to do that.
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我好說歹說之後終於說服了他
02:46
(Video) Ray: It was Crease Limestone,
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(影片) 雷:這是褶曲石灰岩
02:50
and that was produced
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由海底生物
02:52
by sea creatures
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所產生的
02:55
350 million years ago
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在3億5千萬年前
02:58
in a nice, warm,
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有著舒適、溫暖
03:00
sunny atmosphere.
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陽光的環境下
03:02
When you study geology,
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等你讀地質學之後
03:04
you can see what's happened in the past,
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就能看見過去發生的事
03:07
and there were terrific changes in the earth.
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中間有很多大變動
03:16
Thomas Thwaites: As you can see, they had the Christmas decorations up.
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湯瑪士斯韋茨: 如你所見,他們還有聖誕節的裝飾
03:20
And of course, it wasn't actually a working mine anymore,
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當然,這個礦場已經沒有在運作了
03:23
because, though Ray was a miner there,
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雖然雷曾是那裡的礦工
03:26
the mine had closed
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但這間礦場已經關閉
03:28
and had been reopened as a kind of tourist attraction,
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並以觀光為主重新開放
03:31
because, of course, it can't compete
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因為他的確無法
03:33
on the scale of operations which are happening
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跟現在的南美、澳洲等地方的
03:36
in South America, Australia, wherever.
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經營規模相比
03:39
But anyway, I got my suitcase of iron ore
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反正呢,我裝了整箱的鐵礦
03:42
and dragged it back to London on the train,
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坐火車拖回倫敦
03:44
and then was faced with the problem:
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然後問題來了:
03:46
Okay, how do you make this rock
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要怎麼把這顆石頭
03:48
into components for a toaster?
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變成烤麵包機的元件?
03:50
So I went back to Professor Cilliers,
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所以我又回去找西里斯教授
03:52
and he said, "Go to the library."
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他說: 「去圖書館找」
03:54
So I did
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我就去了
03:56
and was looking through the undergraduate textbooks on metallurgy --
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然後翻了一些關於冶金學的研究生教科書 --
03:59
completely useless for what I was trying to do.
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跟我要做的完全不相干
04:02
Because, of course, they don't actually tell you how to do it
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想也知道他們不可能真的教你怎麼做
04:05
if you want to do it yourself and you don't have a smelting plant.
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如果是DIY,又沒有冶鍊廠
04:08
So I ended up going to the History of Science Library
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所以最後我去了科學史博物館
04:10
and looking at this book.
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看到了這本書
04:12
This is the first textbook on metallurgy
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這是西方在寫冶金學的
04:14
written in the West, at least.
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第一本教科書
04:16
And there you can see that woodcut
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你看到的木刻畫呢
04:18
is basically what I ended up doing.
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基本上就是我後來做的事
04:20
But instead of a bellows, I had a leaf blower.
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只是我沒有風箱,但我有吹落葉機
04:23
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:25
And that was something that reoccurred throughout the project,
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整個計畫在重現的就是
04:28
was, the smaller the scale you want to work on,
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你想投入的規模越小
04:30
the further back in time you have to go.
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就要用越原始的方法來做
04:33
And so this is after
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所以這就是在
04:35
a day and about half a night
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大概一天又半個晚上之後
04:37
smelting this iron.
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我把鐵礦融化了
04:39
I dragged out this stuff,
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然後我把它拉出來
04:41
and it wasn't iron.
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結果不是鐵
04:43
But luckily,
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幸好
04:45
I found a patent online
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我在網路上找到一個專利
04:47
for industrial furnaces that use microwaves,
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就是工業用的微波融爐
04:50
and at 30 minutes at full power,
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火力全開30分鐘後
04:52
and I was able to finish off the process.
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差不多就完成了
04:57
So, my next --
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所以接下來...
04:59
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
05:03
The next thing I was trying to get was copper.
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接下來我要找銅
05:06
Again, this mine
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一樣,這個礦場
05:09
was once the largest copper mine in the world.
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之前曾是全世界最大的銅礦場
05:11
It's not anymore,
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現在不是了
05:13
but I found a retired geology professor
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我找到一位退休的地質學教授
05:15
to take me down,
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來帶我下去
05:17
and he said, "Okay, I'll let you have some water from the mine."
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他說: 「好,我讓你在礦場裡取些水」
05:20
And the reason I was interested in getting water
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我想要拿到水的理由是
05:23
is because water which goes through mines
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因為流過整個礦場的水
05:25
becomes kind of acidic
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會變得偏酸性
05:27
and will start picking up,
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而且會帶走
05:29
dissolving the minerals from the mine.
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和溶解礦物裡的礦物質
05:31
And a good example of this is the Rio Tinto,
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力拓礦業有個不錯的例子
05:34
which is in Portugal.
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這是在葡萄牙
05:36
As you can see, it's got lots and lots of minerals dissolved in it.
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你可以看到,有很多的礦物溶解在裡面
05:39
So many such
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多到呢
05:41
that it's now just a home for bacteria
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現在變成細菌的滋生地
05:44
who really like acidic, toxic conditions.
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因為細菌喜歡酸又有毒的環境
05:47
But anyway, the water I dragged back
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總之,我從安格爾西島的礦場
05:49
from the Isle of Anglesey where the mine was --
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帶回來的水裡
05:51
there was enough copper in it
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含有足夠的銅
05:53
such that I could cast the pins
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能讓我鑄造出
05:55
of my metal electric plug.
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插頭的金屬腳
05:57
So my next thing: I was off to Scotland
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所以再下來,我到蘇格蘭
06:00
to get mica.
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去採雲母
06:03
And mica is a mineral
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雲母是一種
06:06
which is a very good insulator
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很好的絕緣體
06:09
and very good at insulating electricity.
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隔絕電的效果很好
06:12
That's me getting mica.
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這是我拿到雲母的樣子
06:15
And the last material I'm going to talk about today is plastic,
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今天要講的最後一項材料是塑膠
06:18
and, of course,
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當然啦
06:20
my toaster had to have a plastic case.
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烤麵包機一定要有塑膠外殼
06:22
Plastic is the defining feature
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塑膠是便宜電器的
06:24
of cheap electrical goods.
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一個特點
06:26
And so plastic comes from oil, so I phoned up BP
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塑膠來自石油,我就打給英國石油公司
06:29
and spent a good half an hour
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花了半個小時
06:31
trying to convince the PR office at BP
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在說服公關
06:33
that it would be fantastic for them
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我說如果他們可以
06:35
if they flew me to an oil rig
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帶我飛到油井去
06:37
and let me have a jug of oil.
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取一罐石油的話就太好了
06:39
BP obviously has a bit more on their mind now.
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英國石油公司顯然地還有很多其他事要做。
06:43
But even then
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但即使如此
06:45
they weren't convinced
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他們還是無法接受
06:47
and said, "Okay, we'll phone you back" -- never did.
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就說「好的,我們會再跟你聯絡」--根本沒有
06:50
So I looked at other ways of making plastic.
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所以我就尋求其他方法
06:53
And you can actually make plastic
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其實要製造塑膠
06:55
from obviously oils which come from plants, but also from starches.
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可以從植物或是澱粉類食物中取得
06:58
So this is attempting to make
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所以我就試著做個
07:00
potato starch plastic.
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馬鈴薯澱粉塑膠
07:02
And for a while that was looking really good.
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一開始看起來還不錯
07:04
I poured it into the mold, which you can see there,
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我倒進模具裡,在那邊
07:06
which I've made from a tree trunk.
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我用樹幹做的
07:08
And it was looking good for a while,
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一開始看起來還不錯
07:10
but I left it outside, because you had to leave it outside to dry,
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但是我放在外面之後,因為要風乾
07:13
and unfortunately I came back
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過了一會兒再回來
07:15
and there were snails eating the unhydrolyzed bits of potato.
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就出現好幾隻蝸牛在吃馬鈴薯未水解的部分
07:19
So kind of out of desperation,
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在絕望之後呢
07:22
I decided that I could think laterally.
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我決定做橫向思考
07:25
And geologists have actually christened --
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地質學家有要命名--
07:27
well, they're debating whether to christen --
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還在爭議當中啦--
07:29
the age that we're living in --
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我們生活的這個世紀--
07:31
they're debating whether to make it a new geological epoch
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到底要不要劃下一個新地質時代
07:34
called the Anthropocene, the age of Man.
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稱之為「人類世」,即人類的時代
07:37
And that's because geologists of the future
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因為未來的地質學家
07:39
would kind of see a sharp shift
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會在下沉的地層岩石中
07:41
in the strata of rock that is being laid down now.
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發現急劇的變動
07:43
So suddenly, it will become kind of radioactive from Chernobyl
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突然間,車諾比的輻射事件啦、
07:46
and the 2,000 or so nuclear bombs
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1945年後發射的
07:48
that have been set off since 1945.
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2千顆核彈啦
07:52
And there'd also be an extinction event --
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還有絕種的事件
07:55
like fossils would suddenly disappear.
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像化石突然不見
07:58
And also, I thought
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還有,我想
08:00
that there would be
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還會有
08:02
synthetic polymers,
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很多合成聚合物
08:04
plastics, embedded in the rock.
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像是塑膠啦,嵌在石頭裡
08:06
So I looked up a plastic --
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所以我到處找
08:08
so I decided that I could mine
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決定採一些
08:10
some of this modern-day rock.
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「現代」的石頭
08:12
And I went up to Manchester
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我到曼徹斯特去
08:14
to visit a place called Axion Recycling.
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找一個地方叫「Axion回收場」
08:17
And they're at the sharp end of what's called the WEEE,
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他們處在所謂WEEE的第一線
08:20
which is this European electrical and electronic waste directive.
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也就是「歐洲報廢電子電氣設備指令」
08:25
And that was brought into force
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那是在實施
08:27
to try and deal with the mountain of stuff
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去處理一大堆的東西
08:30
that is just being made
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才剛被製造出來
08:33
and then living for a while in our homes
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在我們家裡用了一陣子之後
08:35
and then going to landfill.
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就進了掩埋場
08:37
But this is it.
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大概是這樣
08:46
(Music)
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(音樂)
09:47
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:49
So there's a picture
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這就是我做的
09:51
of my toaster.
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烤麵包機
09:53
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
09:57
That's it without the case on.
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這是外殼拿掉的樣子
10:00
And there it is on the shelves.
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還有放在架上的樣子
10:03
Thanks.
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謝謝大家
10:05
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
10:09
Bruno Giussani: I'm told you did plug it in once.
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布魯諾吉桑尼: 我說你也插上一次插頭吧
10:11
TT: Yeah, I did plug it in.
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有阿,我有插
10:13
I don't know if you could see,
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不知道你們有沒有發現
10:15
but I was never able to make insulation for the wires.
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我沒有做電線的絕緣皮
10:18
Kew Gardens were insistent
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皇家植物園的態度很硬
10:20
that I couldn't come and hack into their rubber tree.
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說我不能擅自取用橡膠樹
10:23
So the wires were uninsulated.
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所以電線是不絕緣的
10:25
So there was 240 volts
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結果240伏特的電
10:27
going through these homemade copper wires,
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流過整個手工的銅線
10:29
homemade plug.
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手工的插頭
10:31
And for about five seconds,
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大概有五秒鐘
10:33
the toaster toasted,
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麵包機有在烤
10:35
but then, unfortunately,
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可是之後
10:37
the element kind of melted itself.
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那些原件感覺有點融化
10:40
But I considered it a partial success, to be honest.
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可是我認為還是算成功啦,說真的
10:43
BG: Thomas Thwaites. TT: Thanks.
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-湯瑪士斯韋茨 -謝謝
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