Taylor Wilson: My radical plan for small nuclear fission reactors

1,238,748 views ใƒป 2013-04-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Yael Goraly ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Well, I have a big announcement to make today,
1
12656
2303
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
00:14
and I'm really excited about this.
2
14959
2173
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืžื›ืš.
00:17
And this may be a little bit of a surprise
3
17132
2328
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืคืชื™ืข ืžืขื˜
00:19
to many of you who know my research
4
19460
3254
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื, ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™
00:22
and what I've done well.
5
22714
2155
ื•ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
00:24
I've really tried to solve some big problems:
6
24869
3404
ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช:
00:28
counterterrorism, nuclear terrorism,
7
28273
2467
ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
00:30
and health care and diagnosing and treating cancer,
8
30740
3648
ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
00:34
but I started thinking about all these problems,
9
34388
2464
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
00:36
and I realized that the really biggest problem we face,
10
36852
4560
ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื”ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
00:41
what all these other problems come down to,
11
41412
2248
ืฉืžืกื›ืžืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช,
00:43
is energy, is electricity, the flow of electrons.
12
43660
3642
ื•ื”ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื–ืจื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
00:47
And I decided that I was going to set out
13
47302
3119
ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื”
00:50
to try to solve this problem.
14
50421
3382
ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
00:53
And this probably is not what you're expecting.
15
53803
3972
ื•ืืช ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื—ื–ื™ืชื.
00:57
You're probably expecting me to come up here
16
57775
1652
ื•ื“ืื™ ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื ืฉืื‘ื•ื ืœื›ืืŸ
00:59
and talk about fusion,
17
59427
1579
ื•ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš,
01:01
because that's what I've done most of my life.
18
61006
1980
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™.
01:02
But this is actually a talk about, okay --
19
62986
3266
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขืฆื--
01:06
(Laughter) โ€”
20
66252
2624
[ืฆื—ื•ืง]--
01:08
but this is actually a talk about fission.
21
68876
2967
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข.
01:11
It's about perfecting something old,
22
71843
1526
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืŸ,
01:13
and bringing something old into the 21st century.
23
73369
2650
ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21.
01:16
Let's talk a little bit about how nuclear fission works.
24
76019
4625
ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
01:20
In a nuclear power plant, you have
25
80644
1744
ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช
01:22
a big pot of water that's under high pressure,
26
82388
2648
ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
01:25
and you have some fuel rods,
27
85036
1518
ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื“ืœืง,
01:26
and these fuel rods are encased in zirconium,
28
86554
2369
ื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืืœื” ืืจื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ื•ื,
01:28
and they're little pellets of uranium dioxide fuel,
29
88923
2870
ื•ื”ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื,
01:31
and a fission reaction is controlled and maintained at a proper level,
30
91793
4156
ื•ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
01:35
and that reaction heats up water,
31
95949
3151
ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื—ืžืžืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื,
01:39
the water turns to steam, steam turns the turbine,
32
99100
2825
ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืื“ื™ื, ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”,
01:41
and you produce electricity from it.
33
101925
1930
ื•ื›ืš ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ.
01:43
This is the same way we've been producing electricity,
34
103855
2780
ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื—ืฉืžืœ,
01:46
the steam turbine idea, for 100 years,
35
106635
3465
ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืช ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื–ื” 100 ืฉื ื”,
01:50
and nuclear was a really big advancement
36
110100
3021
ื•ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
01:53
in a way to heat the water,
37
113121
1580
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืžื™ื,
01:54
but you still boil water and that turns to steam and turns the turbine.
38
114701
4455
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืจืชื—ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื ืœืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”.
01:59
And I thought, you know, is this the best way to do it?
39
119156
3816
ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:02
Is fission kind of played out,
40
122972
2800
ื”ืื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ืžื™ืฆื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
02:05
or is there something left to innovate here?
41
125772
2855
ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืืŸ?
02:08
And I realized that I had hit upon something
42
128627
2585
ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
02:11
that I think has this huge potential to change the world.
43
131212
4304
ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:15
And this is what it is.
44
135516
3491
ื•ื”ื ื” ื–ื”.
02:19
This is a small modular reactor.
45
139007
2605
ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:21
So it's not as big as the reactor you see in the diagram here.
46
141612
4704
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜.
02:26
This is between 50 and 100 megawatts.
47
146316
2403
ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 50-100 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜.
02:28
But that's a ton of power.
48
148719
1621
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
02:30
That's between, say at an average use,
49
150340
3449
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
02:33
that's maybe 25,000 to 100,000 homes could run off that.
50
153789
5141
ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื‘-25,000-100,000 ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”.
02:38
Now the really interesting thing about these reactors
51
158930
2578
ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:41
is they're built in a factory.
52
161508
2125
ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ.
02:43
So they're modular reactors that are built
53
163633
1963
ืืœื” ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
02:45
essentially on an assembly line,
54
165596
2345
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื•-ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
02:47
and they're trucked anywhere in the world,
55
167941
2159
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
02:50
you plop them down, and they produce electricity.
56
170100
2311
ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ.
02:52
This region right here is the reactor.
57
172411
3442
ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ืจ.
02:55
And this is buried below ground, which is really important.
58
175853
2311
ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
02:58
For someone who's done a lot of counterterrorism work,
59
178164
2713
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืกืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ื‘ืœื ื™ืช,
03:00
I can't extol to you
60
180877
2696
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
03:03
how great having something buried below the ground is
61
183573
2785
ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืžื ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”
03:06
for proliferation and security concerns.
62
186358
4039
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืœื™ื’ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
03:10
And inside this reactor is a molten salt,
63
190397
3513
ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืœื— ืžื•ืžืก,
03:13
so anybody who's a fan of thorium,
64
193910
2778
ืื– ืœืžื™ ืฉื—ืกื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื,
03:16
they're going to be really excited about this,
65
196688
1326
ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื™ืฉืžื— ืืชื›ื,
03:18
because these reactors happen to be really good
66
198014
5082
ื›ื™ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“
03:23
at breeding and burning the thorium fuel cycle,
67
203096
2584
ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื“ืœืง ื”ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื,
03:25
uranium-233.
68
205680
2051
ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื 233.
03:27
But I'm not really concerned about the fuel.
69
207731
2570
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ืœื ืžื“ืื™ื’ ืื•ืชื™.
03:30
You can run these off -- they're really hungry,
70
210301
3224
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”... ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืจืขื‘ื™ื,
03:33
they really like down-blended weapons pits,
71
213525
3432
ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
03:36
so that's highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium
72
216957
2864
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉืง.
03:39
that's been down-blended.
73
219821
1033
ืฉืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•.
03:40
It's made into a grade where it's not usable for a nuclear weapon,
74
220854
3392
ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืœื ืฉืžื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
03:44
but they love this stuff.
75
224246
3151
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
03:47
And we have a lot of it sitting around,
76
227397
1783
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืœื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืกืชื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืœื• ื‘ืฆื“.
03:49
because this is a big problem.
77
229180
1642
ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
03:50
You know, in the Cold War, we built up this huge arsenal
78
230822
2117
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืžื—ืกืŸ ืขืฆื•ื
03:52
of nuclear weapons, and that was great,
79
232939
2340
ื‘ื ืฉืงื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ,
03:55
and we don't need them anymore,
80
235279
2455
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:57
and what are we doing with all the waste, essentially?
81
237734
3344
ื•ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆื?
04:01
What are we doing with all the pits of those nuclear weapons?
82
241078
2415
ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื ืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
04:03
Well, we're securing them, and it would be great
83
243493
1901
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ
04:05
if we could burn them, eat them up,
84
245394
1744
ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื, ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื,
04:07
and this reactor loves this stuff.
85
247138
2001
ื•ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:09
So it's a molten salt reactor. It has a core,
86
249139
3022
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ืจ ืžืœื— ืžื•ืชืš. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœื™ื‘ื”,
04:12
and it has a heat exchanger from the hot salt,
87
252161
3774
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื•ืกืช ื—ื•ื ืžื”ืžืœื— ื”ื—ื,
04:15
the radioactive salt, to a cold salt which isn't radioactive.
88
255935
4070
ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืœืžืœื— ืงืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
04:20
It's still thermally hot but it's not radioactive.
89
260005
2647
ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
04:22
And then that's a heat exchanger
90
262652
1780
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื•ืกืช ื—ื•ื
04:24
to what makes this design really, really interesting,
91
264432
3293
ืœืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช,
04:27
and that's a heat exchanger to a gas.
92
267725
3008
ื•ื–ื” ื•ืกืช ื—ื•ื ืœื’ื–.
04:30
So going back to what I was saying before about all power
93
270733
2544
ืื– ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—
04:33
being produced -- well, other than photovoltaic --
94
273277
2993
ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ... ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช...
04:36
being produced by this boiling of steam and turning a turbine,
95
276270
3898
ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื™ื ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช,
04:40
that's actually not that efficient, and in fact,
96
280168
2520
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืขื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืขืฆื
04:42
in a nuclear power plant like this,
97
282688
2376
ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
04:45
it's only roughly 30 to 35 percent efficient.
98
285064
4808
ื–ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื›-30 ืขื“ 35 ืื—ื•ื–.
04:49
That's how much thermal energy the reactor's putting out
99
289872
2537
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืš
04:52
to how much electricity it's producing.
100
292409
1653
ืœืขื•ืžืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ.
04:54
And the reason the efficiencies are so low is these reactors
101
294062
2925
ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ืš ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:56
operate at pretty low temperature.
102
296987
1706
ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
04:58
They operate anywhere from, you know,
103
298693
1755
ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
05:00
maybe 200 to 300 degrees Celsius.
104
300448
3693
ืื•ืœื™ 200-300 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก.
05:04
And these reactors run at 600 to 700 degrees Celsius,
105
304141
3999
ื•ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืคืขืœื• ื‘- 600-700 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
05:08
which means the higher the temperature you go to,
106
308140
2705
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืคืขืœ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:10
thermodynamics tells you that you will have higher efficiencies.
107
310845
2896
ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:13
And this reactor doesn't use water. It uses gas,
108
313741
3674
ื•ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื–,
05:17
so supercritical CO2 or helium,
109
317415
2478
ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืื• ื”ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื
05:19
and that goes into a turbine,
110
319893
1441
ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”,
05:21
and this is called the Brayton cycle.
111
321334
1861
ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ.
05:23
This is the thermodynamic cycle that produces electricity,
112
323195
2474
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
05:25
and this makes this almost 50 percent efficient,
113
325669
2430
ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 50 ืื—ื•ื–.
05:28
between 45 and 50 percent efficiency.
114
328099
2890
ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 45 ืœ-50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
05:30
And I'm really excited about this,
115
330989
1671
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”,
05:32
because it's a very compact core.
116
332660
2513
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ืœื™ื‘ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
05:35
Molten salt reactors are very compact by nature,
117
335173
4136
ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื— ืžื•ืžืก ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื,
05:39
but what's also great is you get a lot more electricity out
118
339309
3305
ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ
05:42
for how much uranium you're fissioning,
119
342614
2745
ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ืงืขื™ื,
05:45
not to mention the fact that these burn up.
120
345359
2079
ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ืขืจ
05:47
Their burn-up is much higher.
121
347438
1592
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื”
05:49
So for a given amount of fuel you put in the reactor,
122
349030
1978
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง ืฉืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืจ,
05:51
a lot more of it's being used.
123
351008
2356
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:53
And the problem with a traditional nuclear power plant like this
124
353364
3185
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื”
05:56
is, you've got these rods that are clad in zirconium,
125
356549
4272
ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืขื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ื•ื,
06:00
and inside them are uranium dioxide fuel pellets.
126
360821
2729
ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื“ืœืง ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื.
06:03
Well, uranium dioxide's a ceramic,
127
363550
2174
ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืจืžื™,
06:05
and ceramic doesn't like releasing what's inside of it.
128
365724
3216
ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืงืจืžื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื.
06:08
So you have what's called the xenon pit,
129
368940
2301
ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื xenon pit
06:11
and so some of these fission products love neutrons.
130
371241
2104
ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื”ืืœื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
06:13
They love the neutrons that are going on
131
373345
1247
ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื
06:14
and helping this reaction take place.
132
374592
2400
ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
06:16
And they eat them up, which means that, combined with
133
376992
2976
ื•ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
06:19
the fact that the cladding doesn't last very long,
134
379968
2237
ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
06:22
you can only run one of these reactors
135
382205
1714
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
06:23
for roughly, say, 18 months without refueling it.
136
383919
4528
ืจืง, 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื ื ื™ื—, ื‘ืœื™ ืœืชื“ืœืง ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
06:28
So these reactors run for 30 years without refueling,
137
388447
4591
ืื– ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืจืฆื™ื 30 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืชื“ืœื•ืง,
06:33
which is, in my opinion, very, very amazing,
138
393038
2720
ืฉื–ื” ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
06:35
because it means it's a sealed system.
139
395758
1953
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื”.
06:37
No refueling means you can seal them up
140
397711
2871
ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื“ืœืง ืื•ืชื, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืื•ืชื
06:40
and they're not going to be a proliferation risk,
141
400582
2913
ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืกื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ืœื™ื’ืช ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
06:43
and they're not going to have
142
403495
2271
ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
06:45
either nuclear material or radiological material
143
405766
2504
ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
06:48
proliferated from their cores.
144
408270
2312
ืœื ื™ื–ืœื’ื• ืžื”ืœื™ื‘ื”.
06:50
But let's go back to safety, because everybody
145
410582
3064
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื
06:53
after Fukushima had to reassess the safety of nuclear,
146
413646
3778
ืื—ืจื™ ืคื•ืงื•ืฉื™ืžื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ,
06:57
and one of the things when I set out to design a power reactor
147
417424
2550
ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื›ื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
06:59
was it had to be passively and intrinsically safe,
148
419974
3552
ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจืžื” ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
07:03
and I'm really excited about this reactor
149
423526
2479
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืžื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
07:06
for essentially two reasons.
150
426005
2329
ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
07:08
One, it doesn't operate at high pressure.
151
428334
2944
ืื—ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
07:11
So traditional reactors like a pressurized water reactor
152
431278
3241
ืื– ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืžื™ื
07:14
or boiling water reactor, they're very, very hot water
153
434519
2432
ืื• ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืžืจืชื™ื— ืžื™ื, ืืœื” ืžื™ื ืžืื“, ืžืื“ ื—ืžื™ื
07:16
at very high pressures, and this means, essentially,
154
436951
3407
ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืžืื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืขืฆื,
07:20
in the event of an accident, if you had any kind of breach
155
440358
2864
ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื™ ืคืจืฆื”
07:23
of this stainless steel pressure vessel,
156
443222
3041
ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคืœื“ืช ืืœ-ื—ืœื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื—ืฅ,
07:26
the coolant would leave the core.
157
446263
2272
ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ื™ื“ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืœื™ื‘ื”.
07:28
These reactors operate at essentially atmospheric pressure,
158
448535
3039
ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™,
07:31
so there's no inclination for the fission products
159
451574
3906
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข
07:35
to leave the reactor in the event of an accident.
160
455480
2572
ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”.
07:38
Also, they operate at high temperatures,
161
458052
2318
ื•ื’ื, ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
07:40
and the fuel is molten, so they can't melt down,
162
460370
2879
ื•ื”ื“ืœืง ืžื•ืชืš, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื›ื™ื,
07:43
but in the event that the reactor ever went out of tolerances,
163
463249
4578
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ,
07:47
or you lost off-site power in the case
164
467827
2310
ืื• ืฉืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืชืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื”
07:50
of something like Fukushima, there's a dump tank.
165
470137
3190
ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื•ืงื•ืฉื™ืžื”, ืื– ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื˜ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืžืจ.
07:53
Because your fuel is liquid, and it's combined with your coolant,
166
473327
4471
ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœืš ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืงืจืจ,
07:57
you could actually just drain the core
167
477798
2371
ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”
08:00
into what's called a sub-critical setting,
168
480169
2181
ืœืชื•ืš ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžืขืจืš ืชืช-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™",
08:02
basically a tank underneath the reactor
169
482350
1954
ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ื•ืจ
08:04
that has some neutrons absorbers.
170
484304
1960
ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืกื•ืคื’ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
08:06
And this is really important, because the reaction stops.
171
486264
3790
ื•ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื”.
08:10
In this kind of reactor, you can't do that.
172
490054
2664
ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจ, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:12
The fuel, like I said, is ceramic inside zirconium fuel rods,
173
492718
3481
ื”ื“ืœืง, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืงืจืžื™ ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื“ืœืง ื–ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ื™ื,
08:16
and in the event of an accident in one of these type of reactors,
174
496199
2991
ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”,
08:19
Fukushima and Three Mile Island --
175
499190
2137
ืคื•ืงื•ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื -
08:21
looking back at Three Mile Island, we didn't really see this for a while โ€”
176
501327
2895
ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” -
08:24
but these zirconium claddings on these fuel rods,
177
504222
3486
ืื‘ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืืœื”,
08:27
what happens is, when they see high pressure water,
178
507708
2829
ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
08:30
steam, in an oxidizing environment,
179
510537
2557
ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื ืช,
08:33
they'll actually produce hydrogen,
180
513094
2072
ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื™ืžืŸ,
08:35
and that hydrogen has this explosive capability
181
515166
2928
ื•ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืคื™ืฅ
08:38
to release fission products.
182
518094
2210
ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข.
08:40
So the core of this reactor, since it's not under pressure
183
520304
2214
ืื– ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ
08:42
and it doesn't have this chemical reactivity,
184
522518
2264
ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคืขื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช,
08:44
means that there's no inclination for the fission products
185
524782
3474
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื”ืืœื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”
08:48
to leave this reactor.
186
528256
1734
ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ.
08:49
So even in the event of an accident,
187
529990
2265
ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื ื”,
08:52
yeah, the reactor may be toast, which is, you know,
188
532255
3718
ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฆืœื”, ืฉื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
08:55
sorry for the power company,
189
535973
1659
ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ,
08:57
but we're not going to contaminate large quantities of land.
190
537632
2100
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข.
08:59
So I really think that in the, say,
191
539732
4012
ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉ, ื ื’ื™ื“,
09:03
20 years it's going to take us to get fusion
192
543744
2128
ื‘-20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš
09:05
and make fusion a reality,
193
545872
2220
ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
09:08
this could be the source of energy
194
548092
2581
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
09:10
that provides carbon-free electricity.
195
550673
2674
ืฉืžืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืœื ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
09:13
Carbon-free electricity.
196
553347
1658
ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืœื ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
09:15
And it's an amazing technology because
197
555005
3345
ื•ื–ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ื›ื™
09:18
not only does it combat climate change,
198
558350
2830
ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
09:21
but it's an innovation.
199
561180
1504
ืืœื ื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ.
09:22
It's a way to bring power to the developing world,
200
562684
3067
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
09:25
because it's produced in a factory and it's cheap.
201
565751
2479
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื•ื–ื” ื–ื•ืœ.
09:28
You can put them anywhere in the world you want to.
202
568230
2136
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื.
09:30
And maybe something else.
203
570366
3256
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื•.
09:33
As a kid, I was obsessed with space.
204
573622
2521
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
09:36
Well, I was obsessed with nuclear science too, to a point,
205
576143
2743
ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื“ืข ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
09:38
but before that I was obsessed with space,
206
578886
2400
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
09:41
and I was really excited about, you know,
207
581286
1911
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื“ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
09:43
being an astronaut and designing rockets,
208
583197
1874
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื,
09:45
which was something that was always exciting to me.
209
585071
2086
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื™.
09:47
But I think I get to come back to this,
210
587157
3406
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”,
09:50
because imagine having a compact reactor in a rocket
211
590563
3301
ื›ื™ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื›ื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืœ
09:53
that produces 50 to 100 megawatts.
212
593864
2830
ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 50 ืœ-100 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜.
09:56
That is the rocket designer's dream.
213
596694
3277
ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
09:59
That's someone who is designing a habitat on another planet's dream.
214
599971
3731
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ.
10:03
Not only do you have 50 to 100 megawatts
215
603702
2004
ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 50 ืœ-100 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜
10:05
to power whatever you want to provide propulsion to get you there,
216
605706
4413
ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื,
10:10
but you have power once you get there.
217
610119
1399
ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ืฉืืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื.
10:11
You know, rocket designers who use solar panels
218
611518
3521
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื
10:15
or fuel cells, I mean a few watts or kilowatts --
219
615039
2959
ืื• ืชืื™ ื“ืœืง, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื” ื•ื•ืื˜ ืื• ืงื™ืœื•ื•ืื˜-
10:17
wow, that's a lot of power.
220
617998
1593
ื•ื•ืื•, ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
10:19
I mean, now we're talking about 100 megawatts.
221
619591
2445
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ 100 ืžื’ื•ื•ืื˜.
10:22
That's a ton of power.
222
622036
1173
ื–ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ.
10:23
That could power a Martian community.
223
623209
2287
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
10:25
That could power a rocket there.
224
625496
1597
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื˜ื™ืœ.
10:27
And so I hope that
225
627093
2707
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื’ื
10:29
maybe I'll have an opportunity to kind of explore
226
629800
2121
ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
10:31
my rocketry passion at the same time that I explore my nuclear passion.
227
631921
4667
ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
10:36
And people say, "Oh, well, you've launched this thing,
228
636588
2990
ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื™ื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
10:39
and it's radioactive, into space, and what about accidents?"
229
639578
2564
ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ืื– ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช?"
10:42
But we launch plutonium batteries all the time.
230
642142
3033
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื.
10:45
Everybody was really excited about Curiosity,
231
645175
2119
ื›ื•ืœื ืžืื“ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื• ืžืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ื˜ื™
10:47
and that had this big plutonium battery on board
232
647294
2601
ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื• ืกื•ืœืœืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
10:49
that has plutonium-238,
233
649895
2119
ืขื ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื-238
10:52
which actually has a higher specific activity
234
652014
2400
ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคื™ืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:54
than the low-enriched uranium fuel of these molten salt reactors,
235
654414
3744
ืžืืฉืจ ื“ืœืง ืื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืขืฉืจ ืคื—ื•ืช, ืฉื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื— ื”ืžื•ืชืš ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•,
10:58
which means that the effects would be negligible,
236
658158
3503
ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื ื™ื—ื•ืช,
11:01
because you launch it cold,
237
661661
1452
ื›ื™ ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืงืจ,
11:03
and when it gets into space is where you actually activate this reactor.
238
663113
3711
ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ.
11:06
So I'm really excited.
239
666824
1308
ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื ืจื’ืฉ.
11:08
I think that I've designed this reactor here
240
668132
2537
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชื™ื›ื ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:10
that can be an innovative source of energy,
241
670669
3905
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
11:14
provide power for all kinds of neat scientific applications,
242
674574
3681
ืœืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
11:18
and I'm really prepared to do this.
243
678255
2528
ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:20
I graduated high school in May, and --
244
680783
2767
ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื™, ื•-
11:23
(Laughter) (Applause) โ€”
245
683550
4148
(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื) โ€”
11:27
I graduated high school in May,
246
687698
2051
ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื™,
11:29
and I decided that I was going to start up a company
247
689749
2840
ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค
11:32
to commercialize these technologies that I've developed,
248
692589
2368
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืกื—ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™,
11:34
these revolutionary detectors for scanning cargo containers
249
694957
2857
ื”ื’ืœืื™ื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœืกืจื™ืงืช ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื
11:37
and these systems to produce medical isotopes,
250
697814
2280
ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื,
11:40
but I want to do this, and I've slowly been building up
251
700094
3448
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื”
11:43
a team of some of the most incredible people
252
703542
2253
ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
11:45
I've ever had the chance to work with,
253
705795
2187
ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื
11:47
and I'm really prepared to make this a reality.
254
707982
2762
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
11:50
And I think, I think, that looking at the technology,
255
710744
3097
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
11:53
this will be cheaper than or the same price as natural gas,
256
713841
5350
ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืชืขืœื” ื›ืžื• ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
11:59
and you don't have to refuel it for 30 years,
257
719191
1800
ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชื“ืœืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื”,
12:00
which is an advantage for the developing world.
258
720991
2727
ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
12:03
And I'll just say one more maybe philosophical thing
259
723718
3122
ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™
12:06
to end with, which is weird for a scientist.
260
726840
1929
ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ืขืŸ
12:08
But I think there's something really poetic
261
728769
2494
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืคื•ืื˜ื™
12:11
about using nuclear power to propel us to the stars,
262
731263
3799
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
12:15
because the stars are giant fusion reactors.
263
735062
2755
ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืขืฆืžื ื›ื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืขื ืง.
12:17
They're giant nuclear cauldrons in the sky.
264
737817
2341
ื”ื ืงื“ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
12:20
The energy that I'm able to talk to you today,
265
740158
3397
ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื
12:23
while it was converted to chemical energy in my food,
266
743555
2095
ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
12:25
originally came from a nuclear reaction,
267
745650
3188
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
12:28
and so there's something poetic about, in my opinion,
268
748838
2776
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื•ืื˜ื™
12:31
perfecting nuclear fission
269
751614
2969
ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช
12:34
and using it as a future source of innovative energy.
270
754583
3719
ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช.
12:38
So thank you guys.
271
758302
1951
ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
12:40
(Applause)
272
760253
4985
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7