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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Claire Yeh
審譯者: Allen Li
00:12
Well, I have a big announcement to make today,
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我今天要發表一個重大聲明
00:14
and I'm really excited about this.
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我感到很興奮
00:17
And this may be a little bit of a surprise
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各位可能會感到驚訝
00:19
to many of you who know my research
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因為很多人對我過去的研究
00:22
and what I've done well.
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及成果相當瞭解
00:24
I've really tried to solve some big problems:
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我曾努力解決一些重大問題:
00:28
counterterrorism, nuclear terrorism,
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反恐怖主義、核子恐怖主義、
00:30
and health care and diagnosing and treating cancer,
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醫療保健、診斷治療癌症
00:34
but I started thinking about all these problems,
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但我開始思考這些問題時
00:36
and I realized that the really biggest problem we face,
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我意識到我們面臨的最大問題
00:41
what all these other problems come down to,
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也是所有問題的根源
00:43
is energy, is electricity, the flow of electrons.
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就是能源,也就是電流,
電子的流動
00:47
And I decided that I was going to set out
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我決定要開始
00:50
to try to solve this problem.
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嘗試解決這個問題
00:53
And this probably is not what you're expecting.
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以下可能並非各位期待的
00:57
You're probably expecting me to come up here
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你們可能希望我到這裡
00:59
and talk about fusion,
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來談核聚變
01:01
because that's what I've done most of my life.
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因為那是我目前做最多的事
01:02
But this is actually a talk about, okay --
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但我今天真正要說的是…
01:06
(Laughter) —
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(笑)好…
01:08
but this is actually a talk about fission.
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我今天真正要說的是-核裂變
01:11
It's about perfecting something old,
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把老東西變得更完美
01:13
and bringing something old into the 21st century.
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把老東西帶入21世紀
01:16
Let's talk a little bit about how nuclear fission works.
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先簡單說明核裂變的原理
01:20
In a nuclear power plant, you have
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核電廠裡有個
01:22
a big pot of water that's under high pressure,
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很大的高壓水箱
01:25
and you have some fuel rods,
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及一些燃料棒
01:26
and these fuel rods are encased in zirconium,
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這些燃料棒,用鋯封裝了
01:28
and they're little pellets of uranium dioxide fuel,
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小小的二氧化鈾燃料丸
01:31
and a fission reaction is controlled and maintained at a proper level,
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核裂變反應會控制在適當水準
01:35
and that reaction heats up water,
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將水加熱
01:39
the water turns to steam, steam turns the turbine,
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水變成蒸汽,蒸汽推動渦輪
01:41
and you produce electricity from it.
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電就產生了
01:43
This is the same way we've been producing electricity,
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我們一直採用相同方式發電
01:46
the steam turbine idea, for 100 years,
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蒸汽渦輪已用了100年
01:50
and nuclear was a really big advancement
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以加熱水的方法而言
01:53
in a way to heat the water,
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核能真是巨大的進步
01:54
but you still boil water and that turns to steam and turns the turbine.
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但還是要燒水,變成蒸汽推動渦輪
01:59
And I thought, you know, is this the best way to do it?
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我想,這是最好的方式嗎?
02:02
Is fission kind of played out,
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核裂變是不是落伍了
02:05
or is there something left to innovate here?
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還是可以繼續創新呢?
02:08
And I realized that I had hit upon something
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我意識到一個想法
02:11
that I think has this huge potential to change the world.
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有巨大的潛力可以改變世界
02:15
And this is what it is.
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這個想法是這樣的
02:19
This is a small modular reactor.
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這是個小型模組化反應爐
02:21
So it's not as big as the reactor you see in the diagram here.
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不像那張圖裡的反應爐那麼大
02:26
This is between 50 and 100 megawatts.
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介於50到100百萬瓦
02:28
But that's a ton of power.
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但仍是很大的功率
02:30
That's between, say at an average use,
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在一般情況下
02:33
that's maybe 25,000 to 100,000 homes could run off that.
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可供2萬5千至10萬個家庭使用
02:38
Now the really interesting thing about these reactors
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這些反應爐真正有趣的地方在於
02:41
is they're built in a factory.
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是工廠生產出來的
02:43
So they're modular reactors that are built
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模組化反應爐
02:45
essentially on an assembly line,
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是在生產線上建造出來的
02:47
and they're trucked anywhere in the world,
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然後運到世界各地
02:50
you plop them down, and they produce electricity.
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丟著就可以發電了
02:52
This region right here is the reactor.
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這個區域就是反應爐
02:55
And this is buried below ground, which is really important.
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是埋在地底下的,這很重要
02:58
For someone who's done a lot of counterterrorism work,
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對從事反恐工作的人來說
03:00
I can't extol to you
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我的言語難以形容
03:03
how great having something buried below the ground is
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埋在地下有多美好
03:06
for proliferation and security concerns.
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因為沒有核子擴散和安全問題
03:10
And inside this reactor is a molten salt,
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反應爐裡面是熔解的鹽
03:13
so anybody who's a fan of thorium,
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在座如果有
釷元素的粉絲
03:16
they're going to be really excited about this,
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一定會很興奮
03:18
because these reactors happen to be really good
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因為這種反應爐最擅長
03:23
at breeding and burning the thorium fuel cycle,
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釷燃料循環
的滋生和燃燒
03:25
uranium-233.
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最後產生鈾-233
03:27
But I'm not really concerned about the fuel.
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我真正關心的不是燃料
03:30
You can run these off -- they're really hungry,
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因為總會用完的,反應爐很餓
03:33
they really like down-blended weapons pits,
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反應爐很喜歡稀釋的核武原料
03:36
so that's highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium
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像高濃縮鈾和及核武級的鈽
03:39
that's been down-blended.
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加以稀釋
03:40
It's made into a grade where it's not usable for a nuclear weapon,
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降到不可能用來作為核武
03:44
but they love this stuff.
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模組化反應爐很愛吃這個
03:47
And we have a lot of it sitting around,
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而我國有一大堆
03:49
because this is a big problem.
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這是個大問題
03:50
You know, in the Cold War, we built up this huge arsenal
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冷戰時期我們儲備了
03:52
of nuclear weapons, and that was great,
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大量的核武,太棒了
03:55
and we don't need them anymore,
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我們再也不需要核武了
03:57
and what are we doing with all the waste, essentially?
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這些留下來的垃圾該怎麼辦?
04:01
What are we doing with all the pits of those nuclear weapons?
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核武裡的核物質要怎麼處理?
04:03
Well, we're securing them, and it would be great
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我們要確保其安全
04:05
if we could burn them, eat them up,
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如果能燒掉、吃掉,那就太棒了
04:07
and this reactor loves this stuff.
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這個反應爐就愛這樣
04:09
So it's a molten salt reactor. It has a core,
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熔鹽反應爐有個核心
04:12
and it has a heat exchanger from the hot salt,
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還有熱交換器,把熱量由
04:15
the radioactive salt, to a cold salt which isn't radioactive.
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「熱鹽」,即放射性鹽
傳到「冷鹽」,即無放射性的鹽
04:20
It's still thermally hot but it's not radioactive.
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冷鹽還是很熱,但沒有放射性
04:22
And then that's a heat exchanger
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熱交換器
04:24
to what makes this design really, really interesting,
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是這種反應爐設計最有趣的地方
04:27
and that's a heat exchanger to a gas.
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這種熱交換器用的是氣體
04:30
So going back to what I was saying before about all power
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我剛說了,產生所有的能量前
04:33
being produced -- well, other than photovoltaic --
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除了光電池外…
04:36
being produced by this boiling of steam and turning a turbine,
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都要燒水,產生蒸汽,推動渦輪
04:40
that's actually not that efficient, and in fact,
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如此效率並不高,事實上
04:42
in a nuclear power plant like this,
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傳統的核電廠
04:45
it's only roughly 30 to 35 percent efficient.
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效率大約只有30到35%
04:49
That's how much thermal energy the reactor's putting out
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這是反應爐產生的熱能
04:52
to how much electricity it's producing.
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與實際產生電力的比值
04:54
And the reason the efficiencies are so low is these reactors
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效率這麼低的原因是這些反應爐
04:56
operate at pretty low temperature.
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在低溫下運轉
04:58
They operate anywhere from, you know,
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運轉溫度介於
05:00
maybe 200 to 300 degrees Celsius.
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約攝氏200到300度
05:04
And these reactors run at 600 to 700 degrees Celsius,
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新型反應爐高達攝氏600到700度
05:08
which means the higher the temperature you go to,
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溫度越高
05:10
thermodynamics tells you that you will have higher efficiencies.
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依據熱力學原理,效率就越高
05:13
And this reactor doesn't use water. It uses gas,
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而且這個反應爐不用水,改用氣體
05:17
so supercritical CO2 or helium,
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用超臨界二氧化碳,或是氦氣
05:19
and that goes into a turbine,
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氣體直接進入渦輪
05:21
and this is called the Brayton cycle.
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稱為布雷頓循環
05:23
This is the thermodynamic cycle that produces electricity,
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是個產生電的熱力學循環
05:25
and this makes this almost 50 percent efficient,
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效率接近50%
05:28
between 45 and 50 percent efficiency.
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在45%到50%之間
05:30
And I'm really excited about this,
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我真的感到很興奮
05:32
because it's a very compact core.
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因為這個核心相當小
05:35
Molten salt reactors are very compact by nature,
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熔鹽反應爐本來就很小
05:39
but what's also great is you get a lot more electricity out
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另外也很棒的,是會得到更多的電
05:42
for how much uranium you're fissioning,
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比等量的鈾分裂還多
05:45
not to mention the fact that these burn up.
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更不用提燃耗了
05:47
Their burn-up is much higher.
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新反應爐的燃耗比率高多了
05:49
So for a given amount of fuel you put in the reactor,
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放進等量的燃料
05:51
a lot more of it's being used.
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利用到的多了很多
05:53
And the problem with a traditional nuclear power plant like this
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傳統的核電廠有個問題
05:56
is, you've got these rods that are clad in zirconium,
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燃料棒用鋯包著
06:00
and inside them are uranium dioxide fuel pellets.
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裡面是二氧化鈾燃料丸
06:03
Well, uranium dioxide's a ceramic,
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二氧化鈾已燒結為陶瓷
06:05
and ceramic doesn't like releasing what's inside of it.
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陶瓷不太會釋出內部的東西
06:08
So you have what's called the xenon pit,
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氙氣會累積
06:11
and so some of these fission products love neutrons.
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有些核裂變產物很喜歡中子
06:13
They love the neutrons that are going on
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很喜歡周圍這些中子
06:14
and helping this reaction take place.
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並幫助反應進行
06:16
And they eat them up, which means that, combined with
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會將其侵蝕掉,再加上
06:19
the fact that the cladding doesn't last very long,
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包覆層不太耐用
06:22
you can only run one of these reactors
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所以傳統反應爐
06:23
for roughly, say, 18 months without refueling it.
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補充燃料一次大約只可燒18個月
06:28
So these reactors run for 30 years without refueling,
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新式核反應爐可用30年
不用補充燃料
06:33
which is, in my opinion, very, very amazing,
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我覺得非常非常驚人
06:35
because it means it's a sealed system.
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因為這意味著一個全封閉的系統
06:37
No refueling means you can seal them up
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不用補充燃料表示可以封起來
06:40
and they're not going to be a proliferation risk,
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就不會有核子擴散的風險了
06:43
and they're not going to have
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不會有…
06:45
either nuclear material or radiological material
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核子物質或放射性物質
06:48
proliferated from their cores.
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從內核洩漏出來
06:50
But let's go back to safety, because everybody
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再回到安全問題
06:53
after Fukushima had to reassess the safety of nuclear,
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福島事故後,大家都重新評估
核能安全
06:57
and one of the things when I set out to design a power reactor
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我開始設計新型反應爐的理念之一
06:59
was it had to be passively and intrinsically safe,
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就是必須為被動安全和本質安全
07:03
and I'm really excited about this reactor
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我對新型反應爐感到很興奮
07:06
for essentially two reasons.
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有兩個重要原因:
07:08
One, it doesn't operate at high pressure.
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第一,不必在高壓環境中運轉
07:11
So traditional reactors like a pressurized water reactor
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傳統反應爐,如壓水式反應爐
07:14
or boiling water reactor, they're very, very hot water
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或沸水式反應爐
07:16
at very high pressures, and this means, essentially,
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都有高熱高壓的水,這表示
07:20
in the event of an accident, if you had any kind of breach
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一旦發生事故
07:23
of this stainless steel pressure vessel,
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當不銹鋼壓力容器出現裂縫
07:26
the coolant would leave the core.
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冷卻劑就會從內核中洩漏出來
07:28
These reactors operate at essentially atmospheric pressure,
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新型反應爐在一般大氣壓力下運轉
07:31
so there's no inclination for the fission products
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核裂變產物不太可能
07:35
to leave the reactor in the event of an accident.
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會在事故中洩漏
07:38
Also, they operate at high temperatures,
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而且反應爐在高溫運轉
07:40
and the fuel is molten, so they can't melt down,
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燃料本就是熔化的,所以不會熔毀
07:43
but in the event that the reactor ever went out of tolerances,
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即使這個反應爐真的撐不住了
07:47
or you lost off-site power in the case
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或像福島那樣失去外部電源
07:50
of something like Fukushima, there's a dump tank.
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我們還有排汙槽
07:53
Because your fuel is liquid, and it's combined with your coolant,
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因為燃料是液體,混合了冷卻劑
07:57
you could actually just drain the core
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事實上可把整個內核
08:00
into what's called a sub-critical setting,
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排入亞臨界裝置
08:02
basically a tank underneath the reactor
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基本上就是反應爐下的水槽
08:04
that has some neutrons absorbers.
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裡面有中子吸收劑
08:06
And this is really important, because the reaction stops.
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這很重要,因為連鎖反應停止了
08:10
In this kind of reactor, you can't do that.
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傳統反應爐無法做到這點
08:12
The fuel, like I said, is ceramic inside zirconium fuel rods,
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它的燃料是包在鋯燃料棒裡的陶瓷
08:16
and in the event of an accident in one of these type of reactors,
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以下幾種反應爐如果發生事故
08:19
Fukushima and Three Mile Island --
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例如福島和三哩島…
08:21
looking back at Three Mile Island, we didn't really see this for a while —
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回顧三哩島,我們好久沒關心了…
08:24
but these zirconium claddings on these fuel rods,
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燃料棒外面的鋯包覆
08:27
what happens is, when they see high pressure water,
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遇到高壓的水
08:30
steam, in an oxidizing environment,
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或蒸汽,並處在氧化環境中
08:33
they'll actually produce hydrogen,
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實際上會產生氫氣
08:35
and that hydrogen has this explosive capability
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氫氣有可能爆炸
08:38
to release fission products.
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釋放核裂變產物
08:40
So the core of this reactor, since it's not under pressure
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新式反應爐內核不處在壓力狀態
08:42
and it doesn't have this chemical reactivity,
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而且沒有這種化學反應性
08:44
means that there's no inclination for the fission products
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就表示不太可能讓核裂變產物
08:48
to leave this reactor.
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洩漏出反應爐
08:49
So even in the event of an accident,
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所以一旦發生事故
08:52
yeah, the reactor may be toast, which is, you know,
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是的,這個反應爐會燒壞,就是說
08:55
sorry for the power company,
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電力公司,抱歉了
08:57
but we're not going to contaminate large quantities of land.
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但它不會汙染大片土地
08:59
So I really think that in the, say,
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所以我真的覺得
09:03
20 years it's going to take us to get fusion
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這可給我們20年過渡時間
09:05
and make fusion a reality,
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讓核聚變成為現實
09:08
this could be the source of energy
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這種能源
09:10
that provides carbon-free electricity.
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提供了無碳的電力
09:13
Carbon-free electricity.
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無碳電力
09:15
And it's an amazing technology because
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這是非常令人驚歎的技術
09:18
not only does it combat climate change,
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不但可對抗氣候變遷
09:21
but it's an innovation.
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更是個創新
09:22
It's a way to bring power to the developing world,
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可將能源帶給開發中國家
09:25
because it's produced in a factory and it's cheap.
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因為是在工廠生產的,所以很便宜
09:28
You can put them anywhere in the world you want to.
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可裝置在任何地方
09:30
And maybe something else.
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接下來我要談一些別的
09:33
As a kid, I was obsessed with space.
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小時候我對太空非常癡迷
09:36
Well, I was obsessed with nuclear science too, to a point,
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嗯,我對核子科學也非常著迷
09:38
but before that I was obsessed with space,
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但在那以前,我對太空很著迷
09:41
and I was really excited about, you know,
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我很興奮
09:43
being an astronaut and designing rockets,
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希望能當太空人和設計火箭
09:45
which was something that was always exciting to me.
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總是讓我很興奮
09:47
But I think I get to come back to this,
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我覺得可以重拾童年夢想
09:50
because imagine having a compact reactor in a rocket
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只要火箭裡裝個小型反應爐
09:53
that produces 50 to 100 megawatts.
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可發電50到100百萬瓦
09:56
That is the rocket designer's dream.
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這是火箭設計師的夢想
09:59
That's someone who is designing a habitat on another planet's dream.
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也是外星基地設計師的夢想
10:03
Not only do you have 50 to 100 megawatts
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不只有50到100百萬瓦電力
10:05
to power whatever you want to provide propulsion to get you there,
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提供給以任何動力推進的飛行器
10:10
but you have power once you get there.
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甚至到目的地之後,也有電可用
10:11
You know, rocket designers who use solar panels
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相較原先火箭設計師利用太陽能板
10:15
or fuel cells, I mean a few watts or kilowatts --
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和燃料電池,只有幾瓦到幾千瓦…
10:17
wow, that's a lot of power.
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哇,那可是好多電力
10:19
I mean, now we're talking about 100 megawatts.
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我們談的是100百萬瓦
10:22
That's a ton of power.
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這是超多的電力
10:23
That could power a Martian community.
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夠為整個火星社區供電了
10:25
That could power a rocket there.
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足以為火箭供電
10:27
And so I hope that
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所以我希望有機會
10:29
maybe I'll have an opportunity to kind of explore
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在探索核能的同時
10:31
my rocketry passion at the same time that I explore my nuclear passion.
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也有機會探索我熱愛的火箭
10:36
And people say, "Oh, well, you've launched this thing,
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有人會說,「你發射的這個東西,
10:39
and it's radioactive, into space, and what about accidents?"
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它有輻射,發生事故怎麼辦?」
10:42
But we launch plutonium batteries all the time.
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其實太空船一直在用鈽電池
10:45
Everybody was really excited about Curiosity,
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大家都對探測火星的好奇號很興奮
10:47
and that had this big plutonium battery on board
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它上面就裝了一個這麼大的鈽電池
10:49
that has plutonium-238,
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用的是鈽-238
10:52
which actually has a higher specific activity
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它的反應活性
10:54
than the low-enriched uranium fuel of these molten salt reactors,
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比熔鹽反應爐的低濃度鈾燃料更高
10:58
which means that the effects would be negligible,
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表示它的影響可以忽略
11:01
because you launch it cold,
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因為發射時反應爐還沒啟動
11:03
and when it gets into space is where you actually activate this reactor.
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進入太空後才會啟動
11:06
So I'm really excited.
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我真的很興奮
11:08
I think that I've designed this reactor here
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我想我已設計出這個反應爐
11:10
that can be an innovative source of energy,
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這是創新的能源
11:14
provide power for all kinds of neat scientific applications,
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可為各種了不起的科學應用供電
11:18
and I'm really prepared to do this.
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我已經準備好這麼做了
11:20
I graduated high school in May, and --
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五月我就要高中畢業了…
11:23
(Laughter) (Applause) —
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(笑聲)(掌聲)…
11:27
I graduated high school in May,
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五月我高中畢業後
11:29
and I decided that I was going to start up a company
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要成立一家公司
11:32
to commercialize these technologies that I've developed,
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來商業化我發明的各種技術
11:34
these revolutionary detectors for scanning cargo containers
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如革命性的貨櫃掃描偵測器
11:37
and these systems to produce medical isotopes,
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和生產醫療同位素的系統
11:40
but I want to do this, and I've slowly been building up
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我還在慢慢建立團隊
11:43
a team of some of the most incredible people
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和一些我所見過最了不起的人
11:45
I've ever had the chance to work with,
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共同合作
11:47
and I'm really prepared to make this a reality.
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我已準備好讓夢想成真
11:50
And I think, I think, that looking at the technology,
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我想,我這麼想,你看這些技術
11:53
this will be cheaper than or the same price as natural gas,
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跟天然氣價格差不多,甚至更低
11:59
and you don't have to refuel it for 30 years,
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30年都不需添加燃料
12:00
which is an advantage for the developing world.
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這對開發中國家是很有利的
12:03
And I'll just say one more maybe philosophical thing
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我再說一件可能比較哲學的事
12:06
to end with, which is weird for a scientist.
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來結束演講,這對科學家有點怪
12:08
But I think there's something really poetic
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不過我覺得
12:11
about using nuclear power to propel us to the stars,
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用核能帶我們到外星
是很有詩意的
12:15
because the stars are giant fusion reactors.
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因為星星是巨大的核聚變反應爐
12:17
They're giant nuclear cauldrons in the sky.
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是天空中巨大的核子大鍋
12:20
The energy that I'm able to talk to you today,
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今天我之所以有能量和各位說話
12:23
while it was converted to chemical energy in my food,
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來自我食物中的化學能
12:25
originally came from a nuclear reaction,
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追根究柢也是來自核能
12:28
and so there's something poetic about, in my opinion,
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我認為很有詩意的是
12:31
perfecting nuclear fission
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讓核裂變可以更完美
12:34
and using it as a future source of innovative energy.
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以作為未來的創新能源
12:38
So thank you guys.
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謝謝大家
12:40
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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