Let's put birth control back on the agenda | Melinda Gates

249,215 views ใƒป 2012-04-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:04
Today, I'd like to talk with you
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืื™ืชื›ื
00:06
about something that should be a totally uncontroversial topic.
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ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช-ื“ืขื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช,
00:11
But, unfortunately, it's become incredibly controversial.
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ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืคืš ืœืกืœืข-ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื‘ื™ืจ.
00:17
This year, if you think about it,
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ื”ืฉื ื”, ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”,
00:19
over a billion couples will have sex with one another.
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ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
00:24
Couples like this one,
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ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
00:26
and this one,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
00:28
and this one,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื”
00:29
and, yes,
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:31
even this one.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื–ื”.
00:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:34
And my idea is this --
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
00:37
all these men and women should be free to decide
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ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
00:41
whether they do or do not want to conceive a child.
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ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“.
00:46
And they should be able to use one of these birth control methods
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืžืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ืืœื”
00:49
to act on their decision.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื.
00:53
Now, I think you'd have a hard time
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืชืชืงืฉื• ืžืื“
00:56
finding many people who disagree with this idea.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืœืงื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:00
Over one billion people use birth control without any hesitation at all.
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ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”
ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ืก.
01:07
They want the power to plan their own lives
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
01:12
and to raise healthier, better educated and more prosperous families.
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ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:18
But, for an idea that is so broadly accepted in private,
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ืืš ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™-ื—ื“ืจื™ื,
01:24
birth control certainly generates a lot of opposition in public.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื ื•ืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™.
01:30
Some people think when we talk about contraception
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
01:33
that it's code for abortion,
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื•ืช,
01:35
which it's not.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
01:37
Some people -- let's be honest --
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื -- ื”ื‘ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื™ื --
01:39
they're uncomfortable with the topic because it's about sex.
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ืฉืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื”ื ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืงืก.
01:43
Some people worry
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื
01:45
that the real goal of family planning is to control populations.
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ืฉืžื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
01:51
These are all side issues
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™
01:55
that have attached themselves to this core idea that men and women
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ืฉื ืฆืžื“ื• ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”, ืœืคื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื
02:00
should be able to decide when they want to have a child.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžืชื™ ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“.
02:05
And as a result, birth control has almost completely and totally disappeared
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ืขืœืžื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ
02:12
from the global health agenda.
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ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
02:14
The victims of this paralysis are the people of sub-Saharan Africa
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ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ืขืžื™ ืชืช-ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื”.
02:21
and South Asia.
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02:23
Here in Germany, the proportion of people that use contraception
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ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”
02:27
is about 66 percent.
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ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›-66%.
02:29
That's about what you'd expect.
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ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
02:32
In El Salvador, very similar, 66 percent.
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ื‘ืืœ-ืกืœื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื“. 66%.
02:36
Thailand, 64 percent.
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ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“ - 64%.
02:39
But let's compare that to other places,
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ืืš ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื–ืืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:42
like Uttar Pradesh, one of the largest states in India.
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ื˜ืืจ ืคืจื“ืฉ, ืื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
02:46
In fact, if Uttar Pradesh was its own country,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื™ืœื• ืื•ื˜ืืจ ืคืจื“ืฉ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
02:49
it would be the fifth largest country in the world.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:54
Their contraception rate -- 29 percent.
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ืจืžืช ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”: 29%.
02:58
Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, 10 percent.
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ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”: 10%.
03:05
Chad, 2 percent.
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ืฆ'ืื“: 2%.
03:10
Let's just take one country in Africa, Senegal.
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ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืจืฅ ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืกื ื’ืœ.
03:13
Their rate is about 12 percent.
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ื”ืจืžื” ืฉื ื”ื™ื 12%.
03:15
But why is it so low?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”?
03:17
One reason is that the most popular contraceptives are rarely available.
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:24
Women in Africa will tell you over and over again
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ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื›ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
03:27
that what they prefer today is an injectable.
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงื”.
03:30
They get it in their arm -- and they go about four times a year,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจืง ืœื”ืŸ ืœื–ืจื•ืข -- ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื 4 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
03:34
they have to get it every three months -- to get their injection.
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ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ื ืžื™ื“ื™ 3 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื -- ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื”.
03:37
The reason women like it so much in Africa is they can hide it from their husbands,
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ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
03:43
who sometimes want a lot of children.
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
03:45
The problem is every other time a woman goes into a clinic in Senegal,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ื™ื” ื›ืฉืื™ืฉื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืžืจืคืื” ื‘ืกื ื’ืœ,
03:51
that injection is stocked out.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืœื” ืฉื”ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืื–ืœื”.
03:53
It's stocked out 150 days out of the year.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ื–ืœืช 150 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
03:58
So can you imagine the situation --
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ --
04:00
she walks all this way to go get her injection.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”.
04:03
She leaves her field, sometimes leaves her children,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœื”, ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื’ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”,
04:06
and it's not there.
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ื•ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื ื”.
04:08
And she doesn't know when it's going to be available again.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืœืื™.
04:11
This is the same story across the continent of Africa today.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
04:17
And so what we've created as a world has become a life-and-death crisis.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ืฉืื ื•, ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฆืจื ื•, ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช.
04:22
There are 100,000 women [per year] who say they don't want to be pregnant
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ื™ืฉ (ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”) ื›-100,000 ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
04:28
and they die in childbirth -- 100,000 women a year.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื” -- 100,000 ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
04:32
There are another 600,000 women [per year]
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ 600,000 ื ืฉื™ื (ื‘ืฉื ื”)
04:35
who say they didn't want to be pregnant in the first place,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
04:37
and they give birth to a baby
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
04:40
and her baby dies in that first month of life.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
04:44
I know everyone wants to save these mothers and these children.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ,
04:51
But somewhere along the way, we got confused by our own conversation.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•,
04:57
And we stopped trying to save these lives.
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ื•ืื ื• ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืืœื”.
05:01
So if we're going to make progress on this issue,
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ืื– ืื ื‘ื“ืขืชื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•,
05:05
we have to be really clear about what our agenda is.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
05:09
We're not talking about abortion.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื•ืช.
05:11
We're not talking about population control.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ.
05:15
What I'm talking about is giving women the power to save their lives,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ,
05:21
to save their children's lives
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ
05:23
and to give their families the best possible future.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
05:28
Now, as a world,
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ื•ื›ืขื•ืœื,
05:30
there are lots of things we have to do in the global health community
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
05:33
if we want to make the world better in the future --
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ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ --
05:36
things like fight diseases.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
05:38
So many children today die of diarrhea, as you heard earlier, and pneumonia.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืชื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืœืฉื•ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ืžื“ืœืงืช ืจื™ืื•ืช.
05:43
They kill literally millions of children a year.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
05:45
We also need to help small farmers --
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื --
05:48
farmers who plow small plots of land in Africa --
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ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” --
05:52
so that they can grow enough food to feed their children.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
05:55
And we have to make sure that children are educated around the world.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:59
But one of the simplest and most transformative things we can do
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
06:04
is to give everybody access to birth control methods
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ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
06:08
that almost all Germans have access to and all Americans, at some point,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜,
ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ.
06:14
they use these tools during their life.
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06:17
And I think as long as we're really clear about what our agenda is,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:23
there's a global movement waiting to happen
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืจืง ืžืžืชื™ื ื”
06:26
and ready to get behind this totally uncontroversial idea.
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ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
06:33
When I grew up, I grew up in a Catholic home.
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ื›ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงืชื•ืœื™.
06:36
I still consider myself a practicing Catholic.
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”.
06:39
My mom's great-uncle was a Jesuit priest.
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ืื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉื•ืขื™.
06:43
My great-aunt was a Dominican nun.
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ืื ื“ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื–ื™ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช.
06:47
She was a schoolteacher and a principal her entire life.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™"ืก ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”.
06:51
In fact, she's the one who taught me as a young girl how to read.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
06:55
I was very close to her.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื”.
06:57
And I went to Catholic schools for my entire childhood
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™
07:01
until I left home to go to university.
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ืขื“ ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
07:04
In my high school, Ursuline Academy,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืื•ืจืกื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ,
07:07
the nuns made service and social justice a high priority in the school.
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ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก.
07:14
Today, in the [Gates] Foundation's work,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก,
07:16
I believe I'm applying the lessons that I learned in high school.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฉืžืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:22
So, in the tradition of Catholic scholars,
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ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื™ื,
07:25
the nuns also taught us to question received teachings.
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ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืคืงืคืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
07:31
And one of the teachings that we girls and my peers questioned
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื ื•, ืื ื•, ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื™,
07:37
was is birth control really a sin?
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ื”ื™ื”, ื”ืื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื—ื˜ื?
07:41
Because I think one of the reasons
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
07:43
we have this huge discomfort talking about contraception
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ืœืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ
07:48
is this lingering concern
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
07:50
that if we separate sex from reproduction, we're going to promote promiscuity.
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ืฉืื ื ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืŸ ืœืคืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื ืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืคืงืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
07:56
And I think that's a reasonable question to be asked about contraception --
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ --
08:00
what is its impact on sexual morality?
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ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™?
08:05
But, like most women,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื,
08:07
my decision about birth control had nothing to do with promiscuity.
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ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืงืจื•ืช.
08:12
I had a plan for my future. I wanted to go to college.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขืชื™ื“ื™. ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงื•ืœื’'.
08:15
I studied really hard in college,
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ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืงื•ืœื’',
08:18
and I was proud to be one of the very few female computer science graduates
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ืื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืงื•ืžืฅ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
08:22
at my university.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื™.
08:24
I wanted to have a career, so I went on to business school
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”, ืื– ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™"ืก ืœืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื,
08:28
and I became one of the youngest female executives at Microsoft.
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ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืื—ืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘"ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜".
08:33
I still remember, though, when I left my parents' home
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™,
08:36
to move across the country to start this new job at Microsoft.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘"ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜",
08:40
They had sacrificed a lot to give me five years of higher education.
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ื”ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
08:46
But they said, as I left home --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื›ืฉืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช --
08:48
and I literally went down the front steps, down the porch at home --
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉื™ืจื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช --
08:51
and they said,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•:
08:52
"Even though you've had this great education,
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"ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื›ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช,
08:55
if you decide to get married and have kids right away,
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"ืืš ืื ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“,
09:01
that's OK by us, too."
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"ื’ื ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื•."
09:03
They wanted me to do the thing that would make me the very happiest.
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืฉืืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืฉืจ.
09:08
I was free to decide what that would be.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:11
It was an amazing feeling.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
09:15
In fact, I did want to have kids --
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืื›ืŸ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื --
09:19
but I wanted to have them when I was ready.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ืฉืื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื”.
09:23
And so now, Bill and I have three.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
09:26
And when our eldest daughter was born,
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ื•ื›ืฉื‘ืชื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื ื•ืœื“ื”,
09:29
we weren't, I would say, exactly sure how to be great parents.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
09:33
Maybe some of you know that feeling.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช.
09:35
And so we waited a little while before we had our second child.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืงืฆืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื‘ื,
09:39
And it's no accident that we have three children
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื
09:43
that are spaced three years apart.
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ 3 ืฉื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
09:46
Now, as a mother, what do I want the very most for my children?
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ื•ื›ืื, ืžื” ืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™?
09:52
I want them to feel the way I did --
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ --
09:54
like they can do anything they want to do in life.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื•.
10:00
And so, what has struck me
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™,
10:02
as I've travelled the last decade for the foundation around the world
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ื›ืฉื ืกืขืชื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:06
is that all women want that same thing.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
10:12
Last year, I was in Nairobi, in the slums, in one called Korogocho --
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™, ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™, ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ืจื•ื’ื•ืฆ'ื• --
10:17
which literally means when translated, "standing shoulder to shoulder."
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ืฉื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•: "ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื›ืชืฃ ืืœ ื›ืชืฃ".
10:22
And I spoke with this women's group that's pictured here.
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ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ืœืžื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
10:25
And the women talked very openly about their family life in the slums,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™-ืœื‘ ืจื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™,
10:29
what it was like.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื.
10:31
And they talked quite intimately about what they did for birth control.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
10:35
Marianne, in the center of the screen in the red sweater,
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ื•ืžืจื™ืืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกืš, ื‘ืกื•ื•ื“ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื,
10:38
she summed up that entire two-hour conversation
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื›ืžื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื
10:42
in a phrase that I will never forget.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื›ื—.
10:45
She said, "I want to bring every good thing to this child
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”: "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”
10:53
before I have another."
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"ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืœื“ ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“."
10:55
And I thought -- that's it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ -- ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”.
10:57
That's universal.
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ื–ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
10:59
We all want to bring every good thing to our children.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
11:05
But what's not universal is our ability to provide every good thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืชืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช.
11:10
So many women suffer from domestic violence.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
11:13
And they can't even broach the subject of contraception,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
11:16
even inside their own marriage.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
11:18
There are many women who lack basic education.
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ืœื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ืกืจื” ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
11:22
Even many of the women who do have knowledge and do have power
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ื•ืืฃ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ื•ื’ื ื”ื›ื•ื—
11:27
don't have access to contraceptives.
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”.
11:30
For 250 years, parents around the world
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ืžื–ื” 250 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
11:35
have been deciding to have smaller families.
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ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
11:39
This trend has been steady for a quarter of a millennium,
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ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืจื‘ืข ืืœืฃ
11:43
across cultures and across geographies,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื,
11:47
with the glaring exception of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืช ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื”.
11:54
The French started bringing down their family size in the mid-1700s.
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ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-18,
11:58
And over the next 150 years, this trend spread all across Europe.
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 150 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืžื’ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
12:05
The surprising thing to me, as I learned this history,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืข ืื•ืชื™, ื›ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ื•ื“ืขื” ืœื™,
12:09
was that it spread not along socioeconomic lines but around cultural lines.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
12:15
People who spoke the same language made that change as a group.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื” ืฉืคื” ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
12:19
They made the same choice for their family,
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ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
12:22
whether they were rich or whether they were poor.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื.
12:26
The reason that trend toward smaller families spread
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื”
12:30
was that this whole way was driven by an idea --
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” --
12:33
the idea that couples can exercise conscious control
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
12:38
over how many children they have.
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื.
12:42
This is a very powerful idea.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
12:46
It means that parents have the ability to affect the future,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
12:50
not just accept it as it is.
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ื•ืœื ืกืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”.
12:55
In France, the average family size went down every decade
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื™ืจื“ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืจ
12:59
for 150 years in a row until it stabilized.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 150 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘.
13:03
It took so long back then because the contraceptives weren't that good.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื–ื” ืืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
13:09
In Germany, this transition started in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years
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ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ื•-50 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“
13:15
for family size to stabilize in this country.
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ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืืจืฅ.
13:18
And in Asia and Latin America, the transition started in the 1960s,
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ื•ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
13:23
and it happened much faster because of modern contraception.
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ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
13:29
I think, as we go through this history, it's important to pause for a moment
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ืืš ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ืื™, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข
13:35
and to remember why this has become such a contentious issue.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื ื•ืฉื ื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™.
13:40
It's because some family planning programs
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”
13:43
resorted to unfortunate incentives and coercive policies.
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ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ื™ื”.
13:49
For instance, in the 1960s, India adopted very specific numeric targets
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื™ืžืฆื” ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืžืื“
13:55
and they paid women to accept having an IUD placed in their bodies.
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ื•ืฉื™ืœืžื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ื•ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืงืŸ ืชื•ืš-ืจื—ืžื™.
14:00
Now, Indian women were really smart in this situation.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื’ื• ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
14:04
When they went to get an IUD inserted, they got paid six rupees.
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ, ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœื”ืŸ 6 ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
14:07
And so what did they do?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•?
14:09
They waited a few hours or a few days,
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื›ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืื• ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
14:11
and they went to another service provider and had the IUD removed for one rupee.
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ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืื—ืช.
14:18
For decades in the United States,
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ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
14:21
African-American women were sterilized without their consent.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืงืจื• ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชืŸ.
14:27
The procedure was so common
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ื”ื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ,
14:29
it became known as the Mississippi appendectomy --
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ืขื“ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™: "ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ืกืคืชืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™" --
14:33
a tragic chapter in my country's history.
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ืคืจืง ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื™.
14:37
And as recently as the 1990s, in Peru,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90, ื‘ืคืจื•,
14:40
women from the Andes region were given anesthesia
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื“ืžื•
14:44
and they were sterilized without their knowledge.
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ื•ืขื•ืงืจื• ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชืŸ.
14:48
The most startling thing about this
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ื‘ื–ื”
14:51
is that these coercive policies weren't even needed.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช.
14:54
They were carried out in places
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
14:55
where parents already wanted to lower their family size.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืจืฆื• ืžืžื™ืœื ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
15:00
Because in region after region, again and again,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืื–ื•ืจ, ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
15:03
parents have wanted to have smaller families.
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจืฆื• ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:08
There's no reason to believe
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
15:09
that African women have innately different desires.
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ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
15:14
Given the option, they will have fewer children.
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืชืœื“ื ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
15:18
The question is:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื:
15:20
will we invest in helping all women get what they want now?
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ื”ืื ื ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ืฉืื™ืคืชืŸ?
15:26
Or, are we going to condemn them to some century-long struggle,
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ืื• ืฉืžื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืŸ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื,
15:31
as if this was still revolutionary France
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช
15:33
and the best method was coitus interruptus?
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื’ืœ ื”ื ืกื•ื’?
15:39
Empowering parents -- it doesn't need justification.
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ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื -- ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื”.
15:45
But here's the thing -- our desire to bring every good thing to our children
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•
15:51
is a force for good throughout the world.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
15:55
It's what propels societies forward.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืงื“ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
15:59
In that same slum in Nairobi, I met a young businesswoman,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืฉืช-ืขืกืงื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
16:03
and she was making backpacks out of her home.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืชืจืžื™ืœื™ ื’ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
16:05
She and her young kids would go to the local jeans factory
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ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืคืขืœ ื”ื’'ื™ื ืกื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™
16:08
and collect scraps of denim.
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ื•ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ ื’'ื™ื ืก.
16:10
She'd create these backpacks and resell them.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ืชืจืžื™ืœื™ ื”ื’ื‘ ื”ืืœื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
16:13
And when I talked with her, she had three children,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืื™ืชื”, ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
16:15
and I asked her about her family.
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”.
16:17
And she said she and her husband decided
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•
16:19
that they wanted to stop having children after their third one.
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ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
16:22
And so when I asked her why, she simply said,
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ื•ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื•ืข, ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช:
16:24
"Well, because I couldn't run my business if I had another child."
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"ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ."
16:28
And she explained the income that she was getting out of her business
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื” ืžื”ืขืกืง
16:31
afforded her to be able to give an education to all three of her children.
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”.
16:35
She was incredibly optimistic about her family's future.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื“ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืชื™ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”.
16:41
This is the same mental calculus
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™
16:44
that hundreds of millions of men and women have gone through.
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ืฉืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“.
16:48
And evidence proves that they have it exactly right.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
16:52
They are able to give their children more opportunities
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ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
16:56
by exercising control over when they have them.
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืชื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
17:01
In Bangladesh,
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ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
17:03
there's a district called Matlab.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื ืžื˜ืœืื‘.
17:05
It's where researchers have collected data on over 180,000 inhabitants since 1963.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืกืคื• ืฉื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ 180,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžืื– 1963.
17:11
In the global health community,
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
17:13
we like to say it's one of the longest pieces of research that's been running.
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ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ื”ืœื•.
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
17:17
We have so many great health statistics.
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17:19
In one of the studies, what did they do?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื?
17:21
Half the villagers were chosen to get contraceptives.
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ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”.
17:26
They got education and access to contraception.
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ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”.
17:29
Twenty years later, following those villages,
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ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 20 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
17:32
what we learned is that they had a better quality of life than their neighbors.
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ื ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื.
17:36
The families were healthier.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:38
The women were less likely to die in childbirth.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”.
17:41
Their children were less likely to die in the first thirty days of life.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘-30 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
17:45
The children were better nourished.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:47
The families were also wealthier.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:49
The adult women's wages were higher.
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ืฉื›ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:52
Households had more assets -- things like livestock or land or savings.
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ื‘ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ืกื™ื -- ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช, ืื“ืžื•ืช ืื• ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
17:57
Finally, their sons and daughters had more schooling.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”.
18:02
So when you multiply these types of effects over millions of families,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžื›ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช,
18:07
the product can be large-scale economic development.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืจื—ื‘-ื”ื™ืงืฃ.
18:12
People talk about the Asian economic miracle of the 1980s --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืก ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 --
18:16
but it wasn't really a miracle.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืก.
18:18
One of the leading causes of economic growth across that region
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื
18:21
was this cultural trend towards smaller families.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
18:27
Sweeping changes start at the individual family level --
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื—ืคื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช --
18:31
the family making a decision about what's best for their children.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
18:36
When they make that change and that decision,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•,
18:39
those become sweeping regional and national trends.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื’ืžื•ืช ืกื•ื—ืคื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
18:43
When families in sub-Saharan Africa are given the opportunity
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชืช ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
18:47
to make those decisions for themselves,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžืŸ,
18:50
I think it will help spark a virtuous cycle of development
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—
18:54
in communities across the continent.
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
18:58
We can help poor families build a better future.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:02
We can insist that all people have the opportunity
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
19:06
to learn about contraceptives
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”
19:08
and have access to the full variety of methods.
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ื•ื™ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื”.
19:12
I think the goal here is really clear:
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืื“:
19:15
universal access to birth control that women want.
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช.
19:20
And for that to happen, it means that both rich and poor governments alike
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช
19:26
must make contraception a total priority.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืช ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
19:30
We can do our part, in this room and globally,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงื ื•, ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•,
19:34
by talking about the hundreds of millions of families
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
19:37
that don't have access to contraception today
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”
19:40
and what it would do to change their lives if they did have access.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื”.
19:45
I think if Marianne and the members of her women's group
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื™ืœื• ืžืจื™ืืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”
19:48
can talk about this openly
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช
19:51
and have this discussion out amongst themselves and in public,
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ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
19:55
we can, too.
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ื’ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
19:57
And we need to start now.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
20:00
Because like Marianne, we all want to bring every good thing to our children.
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ื›ื™, ื›ืžื• ืžืจื™ืืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
20:07
And where is the controversy in that?
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ื•ืžื™ ื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœ ื›ืš?
20:10
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
20:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:14
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
20:22
I have some questions for Melinda.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืžืœื™ื ื“ื”.
20:26
(Applause ends)
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(ืกื•ืฃ ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:28
Thank you for your courage and everything else.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœืš ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ.
20:32
So, Melinda, in the last few years
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ืžืœื™ื ื“ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
20:34
I've heard a lot of smart people say something to the effect of,
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•:
20:39
"We don't need to worry about the population issue anymore.
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"ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ.
20:43
Family sizes are coming down naturally all over the world.
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"ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
20:46
We're going to peak at nine or 10 billion. And that's it."
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"ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ-9 ืื• 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“, ื•ื–ื”ื•."
20:51
Are they wrong?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื?
20:52
Melinda Gates: If you look at the statistics across Africa,
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ืžืœื™ื ื“ื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก: ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื›ื•ืœื”,
ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
20:55
they are wrong.
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20:56
And I think we need to look at it, though, from a different lens.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
20:59
We need to look at it from the ground upwards.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
21:01
I think that's one of the reasons we got ourselves in so much trouble
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื–ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื”.
21:05
on this issue of contraception.
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21:06
We looked at it from top down
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”,
21:08
and said we want to have different population numbers over time.
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ื•ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
21:11
Yes, we care about the planet. Yes, we need to make the right choices.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื•; ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
21:15
But the choices have to be made at the family level.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
21:17
And it's only by giving people access and letting them choose what to do
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ื•ืจืง ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
21:22
that you get those sweeping changes that we have seen globally --
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื --
21:25
except for sub-Saharan Africa and those places in South Asia and Afghanistan.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืชืช ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื“ืจื•ื-ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
21:32
CA: Some people on the right in America
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ื›"ื: ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™
21:34
and in many conservative cultures around the world
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ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
21:39
might say something like this:
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•:
21:41
"It's all very well to talk about saving lives and empowering women and so on.
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"ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืขืฆืžืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
21:45
But, sex is sacred.
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"ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ.
21:48
What you're proposing is going to increase the likelihood
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"ืžื” ืฉืืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื™ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช
21:52
that lots of sex happens outside marriage.
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"ืœืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ.
21:54
And that is wrong."
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"ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ."
21:57
What would you say to them?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื”ื?
21:59
MG: I would say that sex is absolutely sacred.
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ืž"ื’: ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ.
22:02
And it's sacred in Germany, and it's sacred in the United States,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
22:05
and it's sacred in France and so many places around the world.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
22:08
And the fact that 98 percent of women in my country who are sexually experienced
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉ-98% ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื™
22:13
say they use birth control doesn't make sex any less sacred.
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ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ,
22:17
It just means that they're getting to make choices about their lives.
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ืืœื ื–ื” ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ.
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช,
22:21
And I think in that choice,
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22:22
we're also honoring the sacredness of the family
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ืื ื• ื’ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
22:25
and the sacredness of the mother's life
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ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื
22:27
and the childrens' lives by saving their lives.
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ื•ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
22:29
To me, that's incredibly sacred, too.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื’ื ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
22:33
CA: So what is your foundation doing to promote this issue?
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ื›"ื: ืื– ืžื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”?
22:38
And what could people here and people listening on the web --
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ื•ืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ --
22:42
what would you like them to do?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
22:43
MG: I would say this -- join the conversation.
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ืž"ื’: ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ืš: ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
22:45
We've listed the website up here. Join the conversation.
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ืจืฉืžื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืืชืจ. ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
22:50
Tell your story about how contraception has either changed your life
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื›ื, ืื™ืš ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื
22:53
or somebody's life that you know.
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ืื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
22:55
And say that you're for this.
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ื•ืื™ืžืจื• ืฉืืชื ื‘ืขื“.
22:57
We need a groundswell of people saying, "This makes sense.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉื•ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืงืจื: "ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
23:00
We've got to give all women access -- no matter where they live."
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"ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” -- ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช."
23:03
And one of the things that we're going to do
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื”
23:05
is do a large event July 11 in London,
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘-11.7 ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
23:08
with a whole host of countries, a whole host of African nations,
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ืขื ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
23:12
to all say we're putting this back on the global health agenda.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
23:15
We're going to commit resources to it,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•,
23:17
and we're going to do planning from the bottom up with governments
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ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื”
23:20
to make sure that women are educated --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืชื–ื›ื™ื ื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” --
23:22
so that if they want the tool, they have it,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืŸ ืชืงื‘ืœื ื” ืื•ืชื•,
23:24
and that they have lots of options available
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ
23:27
either through their local healthcare worker
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
23:29
or their local community rural clinic.
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ืื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืจืคืื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช.
23:32
CA: Melinda, I'm guessing that some of those nuns who taught you at school
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ื›"ื: ืžืœื™ื ื“ื”, ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชืš ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก
23:37
are going to see this TED Talk at some point.
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ื™ืจืื• ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆืืช TED ื”ื–ืืช.
23:40
Are they going to be horrified, or are they cheering you on?
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ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ื™ื–ื“ืขื–ืขื• ืื• ืฉืžื ื™ืจื™ืขื• ืœืš?
23:43
MG: I know they're going to see the TED Talk
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ืž"ื’: ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืฆืคื• ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืช TED ื–ืืช,
23:45
because they know that I'm doing it and I plan to send it to them.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืฆื” ื•ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื”ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
23:48
And, you know, the nuns who taught me were incredibly progressive.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
23:51
I hope that they'll be very proud of me
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืื“ ืชืชื’ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื™,
23:53
for living out what they taught us about social justice and service.
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื”.
23:57
I have come to feel incredibly passionate about this issue
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™
24:01
because of what I've seen in the developing world.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
24:04
And for me, this topic has become very close to heart
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ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœืœื™ื‘ื™
24:09
because you meet these women and they are so often voiceless.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉืงื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ื ืฉืžืข.
24:12
And yet they shouldn't be --
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
24:13
they should have a voice, they should have access.
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ืงื•ืœืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื”.
24:16
And so I hope they'll feel
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ื ื”
24:17
that I'm living out what I've learned from them
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžื”ืŸ
24:20
and from the decades of work that I've already done at the foundation.
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ื•ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ.
24:24
CA: So, you and your team brought together today an amazing group of speakers
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ื›"ื: ืืช ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืืกืคืชื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆื™ื
24:29
to whom we're all grateful.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืืกื™ืจื™-ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื.
24:32
Did you learn anything?
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ืœืžื“ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ?
24:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
24:35
MG: Oh my gosh, I learned so many things. I have so many follow-up questions.
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ืž"ื’: ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช.
24:39
And I think a lot of this work is a journey.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืกืข.
24:41
You heard the discussion about the journey through energy,
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ืฉืžืขืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืข ื“ืจืš ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
24:45
or the journey through social design,
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืข ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
24:47
or the journey in the coming and saying,
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ืื• ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ:
24:49
"Why aren't there any women on this platform?"
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"ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช?"
24:51
And I think for all of us who work on these development issues,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืœื”,
24:55
you learn by talking to other people.
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ืœื•ืžื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื.
24:56
You learn by doing. You learn by trying and making mistakes.
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ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉื™ื”, ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื™ื”.
24:59
And it's the questions you ask.
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื.
25:01
Sometimes it's the questions you ask that helps lead to the answer
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
25:04
the next person that can help you answer it.
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ืื• ืœืื“ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”.
25:06
So I have lots of questions for the panelists from today.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืžืจืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
25:09
And I thought it was just an amazing day.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
25:11
CA: Melinda, thank you for inviting all of us on this journey with you.
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ื›"ื: ืžืœื™ื ื“ื”, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ืฉื”ื–ืžื ืช ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžืกืข ืฉืœืš.
25:15
Thank you so much. MG: Great. Thanks, Chris.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš. ืž"ื’: ื ื”ื“ืจ. ืชื•ื“ื”, ื›ืจื™ืก.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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