Let's put birth control back on the agenda | Melinda Gates

Prevoditelj: Anja Kolobarić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Today, I'd like to talk with you

Danas ću vam govoriti

about something that should be a totally uncontroversial topic.

o nečemu što bi trebalo biti posve nekontroverzna tema,

But, unfortunately, it's become incredibly controversial.

ali je nažalost postalo iznimno kontroverzno.

This year, if you think about it,

Ako razmislite o tome, ove godine

over a billion couples will have sex with one another.

preko milijardu parova spavat će jedno s drugim.

Couples like this one,

Parovi poput ovoga,

and this one,

i ovoga,

and this one,

i ovoga

and, yes,

i da,

even this one.

čak i ovoga.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And my idea is this --

A ja smatram sljedeće:

all these men and women should be free to decide

svi ovi muškarci i žene trebali bi imati slobodu izbora

whether they do or do not want to conceive a child.

po pitanju toga žele li ili ne žele imati dijete.

And they should be able to use one of these birth control methods

Trebali bi biti u mogućnosti koristiti jedno od ovih oblika kontracepcije

to act on their decision.

u svrhu ostvarivanja te odluke.

Now, I think you'd have a hard time

Mislim da bi vam bilo teško

finding many people who disagree with this idea.

pronaći ljude koji se s ovim ne bi složili.

Over one billion people use birth control without any hesitation at all.

Preko milijardu ljudi koristi kontracepciju bez ikakvog oklijevanja.

They want the power to plan their own lives

Žele moći planirati vlastite živote

and to raise healthier, better educated and more prosperous families.

i odgajati zdravije, bolje obrazovane i uspješnije obitelji.

But, for an idea that is so broadly accepted in private,

No, za jednu ideju koja je u privatnosti tako široko prihvaćena,

birth control certainly generates a lot of opposition in public.

kontracepcija definitivno izaziva jako puno protivljenja u javnosti.

Some people think when we talk about contraception

Neki ljudi misle da kad govorimo o kontracepciji,

that it's code for abortion,

da je to tek šifra za pobačaj,

which it's not.

a nije.

Some people -- let's be honest --

Budimo iskreni, nekim je ljudima

they're uncomfortable with the topic because it's about sex.

neugodno zbog te teme jer se radi o seksu.

Some people worry

Neki ljudi brinu

that the real goal of family planning is to control populations.

da je pravi cilj planiranja obitelji kontrola populacije.

These are all side issues

Sve su to sporedna pitanja

that have attached themselves to this core idea that men and women

koja su se nadovezala na tu temeljnu ideju da bi muškarci i žene

should be able to decide when they want to have a child.

trebali moći odlučiti o tome kada žele imati dijete.

And as a result, birth control has almost completely and totally disappeared

Posljedično, kontracepcija je gotovo potpuno nestala

from the global health agenda.

s dnevnog reda javnog zdravstva.

The victims of this paralysis are the people of sub-Saharan Africa

Žrtve te paralize su stanovnici subsaharske Afrike

and South Asia.

i sjeverne Azije.

Here in Germany, the proportion of people that use contraception

Ovdje u Njemačkoj stopa ljudi koji koriste kontracepciju

is about 66 percent.

iznosi oko 66 %.

That's about what you'd expect.

Ta brojka ne iznenađuje.

In El Salvador, very similar, 66 percent.

U El Salvadoru je slična situacija - 66 %.

Thailand, 64 percent.

Na Tajlandu 64 %.

But let's compare that to other places,

Ali usporedimo to s drugim mjestima

like Uttar Pradesh, one of the largest states in India.

poput Uttar Pradesha, jedne od najvećih indijskih zemalja.

In fact, if Uttar Pradesh was its own country,

Naime, da je Uttar Pradesh samostalna država,

it would be the fifth largest country in the world.

bila bi peta najveća država u svijetu.

Their contraception rate -- 29 percent.

Njihova stopa uporabe kontracepcije iznosi 29 %.

Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, 10 percent.

Nigerija, najnaseljenija afrička zemlja, ima stopu uporabe od 10 %.

Chad, 2 percent.

Čad - 2 %.

Let's just take one country in Africa, Senegal.

Uzmimo samo jednu afričku zemlju - Senegal

Their rate is about 12 percent.

čija stopa iznosi oko 12 %.

But why is it so low?

Ali zašto je ta stopa tako niska?

One reason is that the most popular contraceptives are rarely available.

Jedan od razloga leži u nedostupnosti najomiljenijih kontracepcijskih sredstava.

Women in Africa will tell you over and over again

Afričke žene uvijek će vam reći

that what they prefer today is an injectable.

da sada preferiraju sredstva u obliku cjepiva.

They get it in their arm -- and they go about four times a year,

Dobivaju ih u ruku, i to oko četiri puta godišnje

they have to get it every three months -- to get their injection.

i moraju ići svaka tri mjeseca po novu dozu.

The reason women like it so much in Africa is they can hide it from their husbands,

A preferiraju taj oblik jer ga mogu sakriti od muževa

who sometimes want a lot of children.

koji ponekad žele jako puno djece.

The problem is every other time a woman goes into a clinic in Senegal,

Problem je u tome što svaki drugi put kad žena ode u kliniku u Senegalu,

that injection is stocked out.

sazna da cjepiva nema na zalihi.

It's stocked out 150 days out of the year.

Nema ga na zalihi 150 dana tijekom godine.

So can you imagine the situation --

Zamislite tu situaciju -

she walks all this way to go get her injection.

ona prijeđe toliki put za cjepivo.

She leaves her field, sometimes leaves her children,

Napusti polje, a ponekad i djecu,

and it's not there.

a cjepiva nema

And she doesn't know when it's going to be available again.

i ne zna kad će ponovno biti dostupno.

This is the same story across the continent of Africa today.

Ta se priča danas ponavlja diljem afričkog kontinenta.

And so what we've created as a world has become a life-and-death crisis.

Stvorili smo svijet u kojem vlada kriza na život ili smrt.

There are 100,000 women [per year] who say they don't want to be pregnant

Godišnje 100 000 žena koje izjave da ne žele zatrudnjeti

and they die in childbirth -- 100,000 women a year.

umru pri porodu - 100 000 žena godišnje.

There are another 600,000 women [per year]

Ima tu i drugih 600 000 žena koje godišnje

who say they didn't want to be pregnant in the first place,

izjave da nisu ni htjele ostati trudne,

and they give birth to a baby

a rode dijete

and her baby dies in that first month of life.

koje premine tijekom prvog mjeseca života.

I know everyone wants to save these mothers and these children.

Znam da svi žele spasiti te žene i njihovu djecu,

But somewhere along the way, we got confused by our own conversation.

ali negdje usput sami smo sebe zbunili tim pričama

And we stopped trying to save these lives.

i prestali smo pokušavati spašavati te živote.

So if we're going to make progress on this issue,

Ako planiramo napredovati po ovom pitanju,

we have to be really clear about what our agenda is.

moramo izričito naglasiti što nam je na dnevnom redu.

We're not talking about abortion.

Ne govorimo o pobačaju,

We're not talking about population control.

ne govorimo o kontroli populacije.

What I'm talking about is giving women the power to save their lives,

već o tome da ženama dajemo moć da spase vlastite živote,

to save their children's lives

da spase živote svoje djece

and to give their families the best possible future.

i da svojim obiteljima pruže najbolju moguću budućnost.

Now, as a world,

Kao svijet

there are lots of things we have to do in the global health community

puno toga moramo učiniti u zajednicama javnog zdravstva

if we want to make the world better in the future --

ako želim popraviti svijet u budućnosti -

things like fight diseases.

kao npr. boriti se s bolestima.

So many children today die of diarrhea, as you heard earlier, and pneumonia.

Danas toliko djece umire od proljeva, kao što ste već čuli, i upale pluća.

They kill literally millions of children a year.

Te bolesti ubijaju doslovno milijune djece godišnje.

We also need to help small farmers --

Moramo pomoći i malim farmerima -

farmers who plow small plots of land in Africa --

farmerima koji u Africi obrađuju male komade zemlje -

so that they can grow enough food to feed their children.

da uzgoje dovoljno hrane da prehrane svoju djecu.

And we have to make sure that children are educated around the world.

Moramo osigurati i da djeca diljem svijeta budu obrazovana.

But one of the simplest and most transformative things we can do

Ali jedna od najučinkovitijih stvari koje možemo učiniti

is to give everybody access to birth control methods

jest svima omogućiti pristup kontracepcijskim metodama

that almost all Germans have access to and all Americans, at some point,

kojima imaju pristup gotovo svi Nijemci i svi Amerikanci u određenom razdoblju

they use these tools during their life.

života kada ih koriste.

And I think as long as we're really clear about what our agenda is,

Dok nam je jasno što nam je na dnevnom redu,

there's a global movement waiting to happen

čeka nas globalni pokret

and ready to get behind this totally uncontroversial idea.

koji je spreman poduprijeti ovu nekontroverznu ideju.

When I grew up, I grew up in a Catholic home.

Odrastala sam u katoličkom domu,

I still consider myself a practicing Catholic.

još se uvijek smatram praktičnim katolikom.

My mom's great-uncle was a Jesuit priest.

Majčin praujak bio je jezuitski svećenik.

My great-aunt was a Dominican nun.

Moja prateta bila je sestra dominikanka.

She was a schoolteacher and a principal her entire life.

Bila je učiteljica i ravnateljica cijeli svoj život.

In fact, she's the one who taught me as a young girl how to read.

Ona me i naučila čitati kad sam bila djevojčica.

I was very close to her.

Bile smo jako bliske.

And I went to Catholic schools for my entire childhood

Cijeli život išla sam u katoličke škole

until I left home to go to university.

sve dok zbog fakulteta nisam otišla od kuće.

In my high school, Ursuline Academy,

U mojoj srednjoj školi Ursuline Academy

the nuns made service and social justice a high priority in the school.

sestrama je u školi služba i društvena pravda bio veliki prioritet.

Today, in the [Gates] Foundation's work,

Vjerujem da danas u radu Zaklade Gates

I believe I'm applying the lessons that I learned in high school.

primjenjujem lekcije koje sam usvojila u srednjoj školi.

So, in the tradition of Catholic scholars,

Prema tradiciji katoličkih učenjaka,

the nuns also taught us to question received teachings.

sestre nas uče da preispitujemo primljena učenja.

And one of the teachings that we girls and my peers questioned

Jedno od učenja koje smo mi djevojke i moji vršnjaci preispitivali bilo je

was is birth control really a sin?

pitanje je li kontracepcija uistinu grijeh.

Because I think one of the reasons

Mislim da je jedan od razloga

we have this huge discomfort talking about contraception

zašto nam je toliko neugodno pričati o kontracepciji

is this lingering concern

jest ta trajna zabrinutost

that if we separate sex from reproduction, we're going to promote promiscuity.

da ako odvojimo seks od reprodukcije, promicat ćemo promiskuitet.

And I think that's a reasonable question to be asked about contraception --

Mislim da je to jedno razumno pitanje koje se treba postaviti o kontracepciji -

what is its impact on sexual morality?

kako ona utječe na seksualnu moralnost?

But, like most women,

No, kao ni većini žena,

my decision about birth control had nothing to do with promiscuity.

moja odluka o kontracepciji nije imala nikakve veze s promiskuitetom.

I had a plan for my future. I wanted to go to college.

Imala sam plan za budućnosti. Htjela sam ići na fakultet.

I studied really hard in college,

Marljivo sam učila na faksu

and I was proud to be one of the very few female computer science graduates

i ponosila sam se time što sam jedna od rijetkih studentica računalnih znanosti

at my university.

na mom fakultetu.

I wanted to have a career, so I went on to business school

Htjela sam imati karijeru, pa sam otišla u poslovnu školu

and I became one of the youngest female executives at Microsoft.

i postala jedna od najmlađih rukovoditeljica u Microsoftu.

I still remember, though, when I left my parents' home

No, još se uvijek sjećam kako sam napustila roditeljski dom

to move across the country to start this new job at Microsoft.

i otišla na drugi kraj zemlje zbog tog novog posla u Microsoftu.

They had sacrificed a lot to give me five years of higher education.

Puno su se žrtvovali kako bi meni omogućili pet godina visoke naobrazbe.

But they said, as I left home --

No, kad sam odlazila, rekli su mi,

and I literally went down the front steps, down the porch at home --

doslovno sam silazila niz stube ispred kuće,

and they said,

i rekli su mi:

"Even though you've had this great education,

"Iako si imala sjajno obrazovanje,

if you decide to get married and have kids right away,

ako se odlučiš udati i odmah imati djecu,

that's OK by us, too."

mi nemamo ništa protiv."

They wanted me to do the thing that would make me the very happiest.

Htjeli su da učinim ono što bi me najviše usrećilo.

I was free to decide what that would be.

Bila sam slobodna izabrati što će to biti.

It was an amazing feeling.

Bio je to sjajan osjećaj.

In fact, I did want to have kids --

Zapravo sam htjela imati djecu,

but I wanted to have them when I was ready.

ali htjela sam ih imati onda kad budem spremna.

And so now, Bill and I have three.

Sada Bill i ja imamo troje djece.

And when our eldest daughter was born,

Kad nam se rodila najstarija kći,

we weren't, I would say, exactly sure how to be great parents.

rekla bih da nismo bili baš najsigurniji kako biti odlični roditelji.

Maybe some of you know that feeling.

Možda neki od vas znaju taj osjećaj.

And so we waited a little while before we had our second child.

Stoga smo se malo strpili do drugog djeteta.

And it's no accident that we have three children

Nemamo slučajno troje djece

that are spaced three years apart.

između kojih je po tri godine razlike.

Now, as a mother, what do I want the very most for my children?

Kao majka, što najviše želim svojoj djeci?

I want them to feel the way I did --

Želim da se osjećaju poput mene -

like they can do anything they want to do in life.

kao da sa svojim životom mogu raditi sve što požele.

And so, what has struck me

Ono što me zapanjilo

as I've travelled the last decade for the foundation around the world

dok sam tijekom prošlog desetljeća zbog zaklade putovala svijetom

is that all women want that same thing.

bilo je to što sve žene žele to isto.

Last year, I was in Nairobi, in the slums, in one called Korogocho --

Prošle godine bila sam u Nairobiju u predgrađu Korogocho -

which literally means when translated, "standing shoulder to shoulder."

naziv koji u doslovnom prijevodu znači "stajati rame uz rame".

And I spoke with this women's group that's pictured here.

Razgovarala sam sa ženskom skupinom s ove slike.

And the women talked very openly about their family life in the slums,

Žene su zaista otvoreno govorile o svom obiteljskom životu u predgrađu,

what it was like.

o tome kakav je.

And they talked quite intimately about what they did for birth control.

A prilično su povjerljivo govorile o metodama kontracepcije.

Marianne, in the center of the screen in the red sweater,

Marriane, žena sa sredine ekrana u crvenom džemperu,

she summed up that entire two-hour conversation

sažela je taj cijeli dvosatni razgovor

in a phrase that I will never forget.

u frazu koju nikad neću zaboraviti.

She said, "I want to bring every good thing to this child

Rekla je: "Želim ovom djetetu pružiti svako dobro

before I have another."

prije nego dobijem sljedeće."

And I thought -- that's it.

Pomislih - to je to.

That's universal.

To je univerzalno.

We all want to bring every good thing to our children.

Svi želimo svojoj djeci pružiti svako dobro.

But what's not universal is our ability to provide every good thing.

No, naše mogućnosti da im pružimo svako dobro nisu univerzalne.

So many women suffer from domestic violence.

Puno je žena žrtava obiteljskog nasilja

And they can't even broach the subject of contraception,

koje ne mogu ni načeti temu kontracepcije,

even inside their own marriage.

čak ni unutar vlastitog braka.

There are many women who lack basic education.

Ima žena koje nemaju osnovno obrazovanje.

Even many of the women who do have knowledge and do have power

Čak i puno žena koje imaju i znanje i moć

don't have access to contraceptives.

nema pristup kontracepcijskim sredstvima.

For 250 years, parents around the world

Već 250 godina roditelji diljem svijeta

have been deciding to have smaller families.

odlučuju se za manje obitelji.

This trend has been steady for a quarter of a millennium,

Taj je trend ostao nepromijenjen već četvrtinu tisućljeća

across cultures and across geographies,

u različitim kulturama i u različitim zemljama,

with the glaring exception of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

uz upadljivu iznimku subsaharske Afrike i južne Azije.

The French started bringing down their family size in the mid-1700s.

Francuzi su počeli smanjivati veličinu obitelji sredinom 1700-ih,

And over the next 150 years, this trend spread all across Europe.

a tijekom sljedećih 150 godina taj se trend proširio Europom.

The surprising thing to me, as I learned this history,

Kad sam naučila o tom razvoju, ono što me iznenadilo bilo je

was that it spread not along socioeconomic lines but around cultural lines.

to što se nije proširio socioekonomskim linijama, već kulturalnim.

People who spoke the same language made that change as a group.

Ljudi koji su govorili istim jezikom tu su promjenu usvojili kao grupa.

They made the same choice for their family,

Tu su odluku donijeli i za svoje obitelji,

whether they were rich or whether they were poor.

bez obzira na to bili oni bogati ili siromašni.

The reason that trend toward smaller families spread

Taj trend manjih obitelji proširio se

was that this whole way was driven by an idea --

zato što je cijelim tim putem upravljala jedna ideja -

the idea that couples can exercise conscious control

ideja da parovi mogu svjesnom kontrolom

over how many children they have.

utjecati na broj svoje djece.

This is a very powerful idea.

Moćna je to ideja

It means that parents have the ability to affect the future,

koja znači da roditelji imaju mogućnost utjecati na budućnost,

not just accept it as it is.

a ne je samo prihvatiti takvu kakva jest.

In France, the average family size went down every decade

U Francuskoj se prosječna veličina obitelji smanjivala svakim desetljećem

for 150 years in a row until it stabilized.

tijekom 150 godina sve dok se nije stabilizirala.

It took so long back then because the contraceptives weren't that good.

Tada je trebalo toliko vremena jer kontracepcija nije bila tako kvalitetna.

In Germany, this transition started in the 1880s, and it took just 50 years

U Njemačkoj je ta tranzicija započela 1880-ih i trebalo je samo 50 godina

for family size to stabilize in this country.

da se veličina obitelji stabilizira.

And in Asia and Latin America, the transition started in the 1960s,

U Aziji i Latinskoj Americi tranzicija je započela 1960-ih

and it happened much faster because of modern contraception.

i dogodila se puno brže zbog modernih kontracepcijskih sredstava.

I think, as we go through this history, it's important to pause for a moment

Promatrajući ovaj razvoj, važno je zastati

and to remember why this has become such a contentious issue.

i prisjetiti se zašto je to postalo tako sporno pitanje.

It's because some family planning programs

Zato što su neki programi za planiranje obitelji

resorted to unfortunate incentives and coercive policies.

pribjegavali nepovoljnim poticajima i prisilnim strategijama.

For instance, in the 1960s, India adopted very specific numeric targets

Npr. 1960-ih Indija je prihvatila jako specifične ciljne brojke

and they paid women to accept having an IUD placed in their bodies.

i plaćali su ženama da pristanu ugraditi kontracepcijski uložak.

Now, Indian women were really smart in this situation.

Indijke su u toj situaciji postupile zaista pametno.

When they went to get an IUD inserted, they got paid six rupees.

Kad su išle na ugradnju uloška, dobile su šest rupija.

And so what did they do?

I što su one učinile?

They waited a few hours or a few days,

Čekale su nekoliko sati ili nekoliko dana

and they went to another service provider and had the IUD removed for one rupee.

i otišle drugom pružatelju usluga kod kojega su za 1 rupi uklonile uložak.

For decades in the United States,

U SAD-u desetljećima su

African-American women were sterilized without their consent.

Afroamerikanke bivale sterilizirane bez pristanka.

The procedure was so common

Taj je postupak bio toliko uobičajen

it became known as the Mississippi appendectomy --

da je postao poznat kao misisipijska apendektomija -

a tragic chapter in my country's history.

tragično razdoblje u povijesti moje zemlje.

And as recently as the 1990s, in Peru,

A nedavno, 1990-ih, u Peruu

women from the Andes region were given anesthesia

žene iz pokrajine Ande dobivale su anesteziju

and they were sterilized without their knowledge.

i bivale sterilizirane bez znanja.

The most startling thing about this

Najviše iznenađuje

is that these coercive policies weren't even needed.

to što takve prisilne strategije uopće nisu bile potrebne.

They were carried out in places

Provodile su se u mjestima

where parents already wanted to lower their family size.

u kojima su roditelji i sami htjeli smanjiti veličinu obitelji.

Because in region after region, again and again,

U regiji za regijom

parents have wanted to have smaller families.

roditelji su htjeli imati manje obitelji.

There's no reason to believe

Nema razloga vjerovati

that African women have innately different desires.

da je Afrikankama urođena drugačija želja.

Given the option, they will have fewer children.

Ako im se pruži pravo izbora, odlučit će se na manji broj djece.

The question is:

Pitanje glasi:

will we invest in helping all women get what they want now?

hoćemo li sada ulagati u pomoć svim ženama u ostvarenju njihovih želja

Or, are we going to condemn them to some century-long struggle,

ili ćemo ih osuditi na borbu dugu stoljećima,

as if this was still revolutionary France

kao da još uvijek živimo za vrijeme francuske revolucije

and the best method was coitus interruptus?

kada je najbolja metoda bio prekinuti snošaj?

Empowering parents -- it doesn't need justification.

Za osnaživanje roditelja nije potrebno opravdavanje,

But here's the thing -- our desire to bring every good thing to our children

no naša želja da djeci pružimo svako dobro

is a force for good throughout the world.

sila je za dobro diljem svijeta.

It's what propels societies forward.

To društvo tjera naprijed.

In that same slum in Nairobi, I met a young businesswoman,

U istom predgrađu u Nairobiju upoznala sam mladu poslovnu ženu

and she was making backpacks out of her home.

koja je od kuće izrađivala ruksake.

She and her young kids would go to the local jeans factory

Ona i njezina mala djeca odlazila su u obližnju tvornicu traperica

and collect scraps of denim.

i skupljala ostatke trapera.

She'd create these backpacks and resell them.

Od njih je pravila ruksake i prodavala ih.

And when I talked with her, she had three children,

Razgovarala sam s njom, imala je troje djece,

and I asked her about her family.

i kad sam je pitala za obitelj,

And she said she and her husband decided

rekla je da su ona i njezin muž odlučili

that they wanted to stop having children after their third one.

da nakon trećeg djeteta neće imati više djece.

And so when I asked her why, she simply said,

Kad sam je pitala zašto, jednostavno je rekla:

"Well, because I couldn't run my business if I had another child."

"Pa ne bih mogla voditi posao s još jednim djetetom."

And she explained the income that she was getting out of her business

Objasnila mi je da prihodi koje joj donosi njezin posao

afforded her to be able to give an education to all three of her children.

osiguravaju obrazovanje za sva tri djeteta.

She was incredibly optimistic about her family's future.

Bila je strašno optimistična u vezi budućnosti svoje obitelji.

This is the same mental calculus

To je ista mentalna računica

that hundreds of millions of men and women have gone through.

koju obavi stotine milijuna muškaraca i žena,

And evidence proves that they have it exactly right.

a dokazi pokazuju da su u pravu.

They are able to give their children more opportunities

U mogućnosti su pružiti svojoj djeci više mogućnosti

by exercising control over when they have them.

utječući na to kada će ih imati.

In Bangladesh,

U Bangladešu

there's a district called Matlab.

ima četvrt pod imenom Matlab.

It's where researchers have collected data on over 180,000 inhabitants since 1963.

Tu su istraživači prikupili podatke o 180 000 stanovnika od 1963. g.

In the global health community,

U društvu za javno zdravstvo

we like to say it's one of the longest pieces of research that's been running.

to nazivamo jednim od najduže provođenih istraživanja.

We have so many great health statistics.

Imamo puno sjajnih zdravstvenih statistika.

In one of the studies, what did they do?

U jednom od istraživanja

Half the villagers were chosen to get contraceptives.

pola seljaka izabrano je za korištenje kontracepcije.

They got education and access to contraception.

Obučili su ih o kontracepciji i pružili im pristup kontracepciji.

Twenty years later, following those villages,

Dvadeset godina kasnije, prateći te seljake,

what we learned is that they had a better quality of life than their neighbors.

spoznali smo da su imali bolju kvalitetu života od susjeda.

The families were healthier.

Obitelji su im bile zdravije.

The women were less likely to die in childbirth.

Žene su bile manje sklone smrti pri porodu.

Their children were less likely to die in the first thirty days of life.

Djeca su im bila manje sklona umrijeti tijekom prvih trideset dana života.

The children were better nourished.

Djeca su im imala bolju prehranu,

The families were also wealthier.

a i same obitelji bile su bogatije.

The adult women's wages were higher.

Plaće odraslih žena bile su više.

Households had more assets -- things like livestock or land or savings.

Domaćinstva su imala više imovine poput stoke, zemlje ili ušteđevine,

Finally, their sons and daughters had more schooling.

a sinovi i kćeri bili su obrazovaniji.

So when you multiply these types of effects over millions of families,

Kad takve učinke pomnožite s milijunima obitelji,

the product can be large-scale economic development.

dobijete ekonomski razvoj velikih dimenzija.

People talk about the Asian economic miracle of the 1980s --

Govori se o azijskom ekonomskom čudu iz 1980-ih,

but it wasn't really a miracle.

ali to i nije bilo čudo.

One of the leading causes of economic growth across that region

Jedan od glavnih uzroka ekonomskog rasta diljem te regije

was this cultural trend towards smaller families.

bio je kulturalni trend prema manjim obiteljima.

Sweeping changes start at the individual family level --

Velike promjene počinju na razini obitelji

the family making a decision about what's best for their children.

koja donese odluku o tome što je najbolje za njihovu djecu.

When they make that change and that decision,

Kad to promijene i donesu odluku,

those become sweeping regional and national trends.

to postaju veliki regionalni i nacionalni trendovi.

When families in sub-Saharan Africa are given the opportunity

Kad obitelji u subsaharskoj Africi dobiju priliku

to make those decisions for themselves,

sami odlučivati o tome,

I think it will help spark a virtuous cycle of development

mislim da će to pokrenuti ciklus razvoja

in communities across the continent.

u zajednicama diljem kontinenta.

We can help poor families build a better future.

Možemo pomoći siromašnim obiteljima u stvaranju bolje budućnosti.

We can insist that all people have the opportunity

Možemo inzistirati na tome da svi ljudi dobiju priliku

to learn about contraceptives

učiti o kontracepcijskim sredstvima

and have access to the full variety of methods.

i da dobiju pristup različitim metodama.

I think the goal here is really clear:

Mislim da je cilj ovdje jasan:

universal access to birth control that women want.

univerzalni pristup kontracepcijskim sredstvima koje žene žele,

And for that to happen, it means that both rich and poor governments alike

a kako bi se to omogućilo, i bogate i siromašne vlade

must make contraception a total priority.

moraju kontracepciju učiniti apsolutnim prioritetom.

We can do our part, in this room and globally,

Mi možemo sudjelovati, u ovoj sobi i globalno,

by talking about the hundreds of millions of families

govoreći o stotinama milijuna obitelji

that don't have access to contraception today

koje danas nemaju pristup kontracepcijskim sredstvima

and what it would do to change their lives if they did have access.

i o tome kako bi se njihovi životi promijenili kada to više ne bi bilo tako.

I think if Marianne and the members of her women's group

Ako Marianne i ostale članice njezine ženske grupe

can talk about this openly

mogu otvoreno razgovarati o ovome

and have this discussion out amongst themselves and in public,

i ovu raspravu održavati među sobom i u javnosti,

we can, too.

možemo i mi.

And we need to start now.

Moramo početi odmah

Because like Marianne, we all want to bring every good thing to our children.

jer svi mi, poput Maranne, želimo našoj djeci donijeti svako dobro.

And where is the controversy in that?

Što je u tome kontroverzno?

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Chris Anderson: Thank you.

Chris Anderson: Hvala ti.

I have some questions for Melinda.

Imam nekoliko pitanja za Melindu.

(Applause ends)

(Pljesak prestaje)

Thank you for your courage and everything else.

Hvala ti na hrabrosti i na svemu ostalom.

So, Melinda, in the last few years

Melinda, zadnjih nekoliko godina

I've heard a lot of smart people say something to the effect of,

čuo sam prilično pametne ljude kako govore nešto poput ovoga:

"We don't need to worry about the population issue anymore.

"Više se ne moramo brinuti oko problema populacije.

Family sizes are coming down naturally all over the world.

Veličine obitelji prirodno se smanjuju diljem svijeta.

We're going to peak at nine or 10 billion. And that's it."

Imat ćemo najviše 9 ili 10 milijardi ljudi i to je to."

Are they wrong?

Jesu li u krivu?

Melinda Gates: If you look at the statistics across Africa,

Melinda Gates: Ako promotrimo statistike diljem Afrike,

they are wrong.

u krivu su.

And I think we need to look at it, though, from a different lens.

Mislim da taj problem trebamo malo drugačije sagledati.

We need to look at it from the ground upwards.

Moramo ga promatrati odozdo prema gore.

I think that's one of the reasons we got ourselves in so much trouble

Mislim da je to jedan od razloga zašto smo u tolikim problemima

on this issue of contraception.

kad se radi o kontracepciji.

We looked at it from top down

Promatrali smo ga odozgo

and said we want to have different population numbers over time.

i izjavili da se uskoro nadamo manjoj populaciji.

Yes, we care about the planet. Yes, we need to make the right choices.

Da, stalo nam je do planeta. Da, moramo donositi prave odluke,

But the choices have to be made at the family level.

ali one se moraju donositi na razini obitelji.

And it's only by giving people access and letting them choose what to do

Samo ako ljudima damo pristup i pustimo ih da biraju što će činiti,

that you get those sweeping changes that we have seen globally --

vidjet ćemo te velike promjene kakve viđamo na globalnoj razini -

except for sub-Saharan Africa and those places in South Asia and Afghanistan.

osim u subsaharskoj Africi i južnoj Aziji i u Afganistanu.

CA: Some people on the right in America

CA: Neki članovi desnice u Americi

and in many conservative cultures around the world

i u mnogim konzervativnim kulturama diljem svijeta

might say something like this:

mogli bi izjaviti ovako nešto:

"It's all very well to talk about saving lives and empowering women and so on.

"Divno je i krasno govoriti o spašavanju života i osnaživanju žena itd.,

But, sex is sacred.

ali seks je svetinja.

What you're proposing is going to increase the likelihood

Ono što vi predlažete povećat će vjerojatnost

that lots of sex happens outside marriage.

da se puno seksa zbiva izvan braka,

And that is wrong."

što je loše."

What would you say to them?

Što biste njima rekli?

MG: I would say that sex is absolutely sacred.

MG: Rekla bih da je seks prava svetinja,

And it's sacred in Germany, and it's sacred in the United States,

svetinja je i u Njemačkoj, i u SAD-u,

and it's sacred in France and so many places around the world.

i u Francuskoj i u mnogim drugim državama diljem svijeta.

And the fact that 98 percent of women in my country who are sexually experienced

Činjenica je da 98 % seksualno iskusnih žena u mojoj zemlji

say they use birth control doesn't make sex any less sacred.

tvrdi da njihova upotreba kontracepcije ne čini seks ništa manjom svetinjom.

It just means that they're getting to make choices about their lives.

To samo znači da dobivaju priliku donositi odluke o svojim životima,

And I think in that choice,

a mislim da takvim izborom

we're also honoring the sacredness of the family

izražavamo poštovanje prema svetosti obitelji,

and the sacredness of the mother's life

prema svetosti majčina života

and the childrens' lives by saving their lives.

i života njezine djece spašavajući te živote.

To me, that's incredibly sacred, too.

Meni je i to ogromna svetinja.

CA: So what is your foundation doing to promote this issue?

CA: Što vaša zaklada čini kako bi promicala to pitanje?

And what could people here and people listening on the web --

I što biste htjeli da naša publika ovdje i publika koja sluša preko interneta

what would you like them to do?

učini?

MG: I would say this -- join the conversation.

MG: Rekla bih ovo - pridružite se razgovoru.

We've listed the website up here. Join the conversation.

Ovdje smo naveli internetsku stranicu. Pridružite se razgovoru.

Tell your story about how contraception has either changed your life

Ispričajte svoju priču o tome kako je kontracepcija promijenila ili vaš život

or somebody's life that you know.

ili život nekog vašeg poznanika.

And say that you're for this.

I recite da ste ZA ovo.

We need a groundswell of people saying, "This makes sense.

Treba nam široka potpora ljudi koji govore: "Ima smisla.

We've got to give all women access -- no matter where they live."

Sve žene trebaju imati pristup kontracepciji, bez obzira gdje žive."

And one of the things that we're going to do

Jedna od stvari koje ćemo učiniti

is do a large event July 11 in London,

jest organizirati veliko događanje 11. srpnja u Londonu

with a whole host of countries, a whole host of African nations,

u kojem će sudjelovati cijeli niz država, cijeli niz afričkih država

to all say we're putting this back on the global health agenda.

i svi će reći da ovo vraćamo na dnevni red javnog zdravstva.

We're going to commit resources to it,

Uložit ćemo sredstva u to,

and we're going to do planning from the bottom up with governments

planirat ćemo odozdo prema gore s vladama

to make sure that women are educated --

kako bismo osigurali edukaciju svim ženama

so that if they want the tool, they have it,

da ukoliko žele, mogu koristiti ta sredstva

and that they have lots of options available

i da imaju na raspolaganju puno opcija

either through their local healthcare worker

ili preko lokalnog zdravstvenog radnika

or their local community rural clinic.

ili preko lokalne seoske klinike.

CA: Melinda, I'm guessing that some of those nuns who taught you at school

CA: Melinda, pretpostavljam da će neke od časnih sestara koje su te učile

are going to see this TED Talk at some point.

jednom vidjeti ovaj TED-govor.

Are they going to be horrified, or are they cheering you on?

Hoće li biti užasnute ili te bodre?

MG: I know they're going to see the TED Talk

MG: Znam da će vidjeti ovaj govor

because they know that I'm doing it and I plan to send it to them.

jer znaju da ga držim i planiram im ga poslati.

And, you know, the nuns who taught me were incredibly progressive.

A te časne koje su me poučavale iznimno su progresivne.

I hope that they'll be very proud of me

Nadam se da će se ponositi

for living out what they taught us about social justice and service.

jer živim ono što su nas one učile o društvenoj pravdi i službi.

I have come to feel incredibly passionate about this issue

Postala sam jako strastvena oko ovog problema

because of what I've seen in the developing world.

zbog onoga što sam vidjela u svijetu u razvoju.

And for me, this topic has become very close to heart

Meni je ova tema jako važna

because you meet these women and they are so often voiceless.

jer upoznajem te žene koje često nemaju pravo glasa,

And yet they shouldn't be --

a ne bi trebalo biti tako -

they should have a voice, they should have access.

trebale bi imati pravo glasa i pristup.

And so I hope they'll feel

Nadam se da će vidjeti

that I'm living out what I've learned from them

da živim ono što sam naučila od njih

and from the decades of work that I've already done at the foundation.

i ono što sam naučila iz desetljeća rada u zakladi.

CA: So, you and your team brought together today an amazing group of speakers

CA: Ti i tvoj tim danas ste doveli sjajnu skupinu govornika

to whom we're all grateful.

kojima smo iznimno zahvalni.

Did you learn anything?

Jesi li štogod naučila?

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

MG: Oh my gosh, I learned so many things. I have so many follow-up questions.

MG: Bože, naučila sam toliko toga, imam toliko dodatnih pitanja

And I think a lot of this work is a journey.

i mislim da je većina tog posla putovanje.

You heard the discussion about the journey through energy,

Čuli ste raspravu o putovanju energijom

or the journey through social design,

ili o putovanju društvenim dizajnom

or the journey in the coming and saying,

ili o putovanju u kojem dođete i kažete:

"Why aren't there any women on this platform?"

"Zašto na ovoj pozornici nema žena?"

And I think for all of us who work on these development issues,

Smatram da svi mi koji radimo na takvim razvojnim pitanjima

you learn by talking to other people.

učimo kroz razgovor s drugima.

You learn by doing. You learn by trying and making mistakes.

Učimo djelima. Učimo kroz pokušaje i pogreške.

And it's the questions you ask.

Važna su pitanja koja postavite.

Sometimes it's the questions you ask that helps lead to the answer

Nekad su to pitanja koja vode do odgovora

the next person that can help you answer it.

na koji sljedeća osoba pomaže odgovoriti.

So I have lots of questions for the panelists from today.

Imam puno pitanja za današnje sudionike.

And I thought it was just an amazing day.

Bio mi je ovo nevjerojatan dan.

CA: Melinda, thank you for inviting all of us on this journey with you.

CA: Melinda, hvala ti što si nas sve pozvala na ovo putovanje sa sobom.

Thank you so much. MG: Great. Thanks, Chris.

Puno ti hvala. MG: Odlično. Hvala, Chris.