Siddharthan Chandran: Can the damaged brain repair itself?

307,452 views ใƒป 2014-02-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I'm very pleased to be here today
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืžืื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื
00:14
to talk to you all about how we might repair
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืœื™
00:16
the damaged brain,
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ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื•ื— ืคื’ื•ืข.
00:18
and I'm particularly excited by this field,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื—,
00:21
because as a neurologist myself,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื™,
00:23
I believe that this offers one of the great ways
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
00:25
that we might be able to offer hope
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชืงื•ื”
00:27
for patients who today live with devastating
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ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื ื”ืจืกื•
00:30
and yet untreatable diseases of the brain.
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ื•ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
00:33
So here's the problem.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
00:36
You can see here the picture of somebody's brain
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
00:38
with Alzheimer's disease
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ืขื ืžื—ืœืช ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ
00:40
next to a healthy brain,
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ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:42
and what's obvious is, in the Alzheimer's brain,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
00:44
ringed red, there's obvious damage -- atrophy, scarring.
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ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ืจื•ืื™ื ื ื–ืง ื‘ืจื•ืจ -- ื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงืžื”, ื”ืฆื˜ืœืงื•ืช.
00:49
And I could show you equivalent pictures
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช
00:51
from other disease: multiple sclerosis,
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ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช: ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
00:53
motor neuron disease, Parkinson's disease,
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ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™, ืžื—ืœืช ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
00:56
even Huntington's disease,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
00:58
and they would all tell a similar story.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื’ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:01
And collectively these brain disorders represent
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช
01:03
one of the major public health threats of our time.
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ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
01:06
And the numbers here are really rather staggering.
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
01:11
At any one time, there are 35 million people today
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ 35 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ
01:14
living with one of these brain diseases,
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ืื—ืช ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืœืœื•,
01:17
and the annual cost globally
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ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช
01:19
is 700 billion dollars.
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ื”ื™ื ื›- 700 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
01:21
I mean, just think about that.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:23
That's greater than one percent
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื
01:25
of the global GDP.
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ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืฉื ืชื™.
01:27
And it gets worse,
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ,
01:29
because all these numbers are rising
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ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”
01:32
because these are by and large
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™
01:33
age-related diseases, and we're living longer.
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ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœ, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:36
So the question we really need to ask ourselves is,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื,
01:39
why, given the devastating impact of these diseases
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ืœืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื•
01:43
to the individual,
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
01:44
never mind the scale of the societal problem,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืชืขืœื ืžืžืžื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
01:47
why are there no effective treatments?
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ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื?
01:50
Now in order to consider this,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
01:52
I first need to give you a crash course
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœืžื“ ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
01:55
in how the brain works.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:57
So in other words, I need to tell you
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
01:59
everything I learned at medical school.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”.
02:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:03
But believe me, this isn't going to take very long.
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
02:05
Okay? (Laughter)
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ื˜ื•ื‘? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:08
So the brain is terribly simple:
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜:
02:10
it's made up of four cells,
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื,
02:13
and two of them are shown here.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
02:14
There's the nerve cell,
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ืชื ืขืฆื‘,
02:16
and then there's the myelinating cell,
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ื•ืชื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ,
02:18
or the insulating cell.
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ืื• ืชื ืžื‘ื•ื“ึตื“.
02:19
It's called oligodendrocyte.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืื•ืœื™ื’ื•ื“ื ื“ืจื•ืฆื™ื˜.
02:22
And when these four cells work together
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื‘ืขืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
02:23
in health and harmony,
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ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
02:25
they create an extraordinary symphony of electrical activity,
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ื”ื ืžื ื’ื ื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื•ื ื™ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ืœืœ,
02:29
and it is this electrical activity
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช
02:31
that underpins our ability to think, to emote,
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉ,
02:35
to remember, to learn, move, feel and so on.
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืœื–ื•ื–, ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•ืœื™.
02:38
But equally, each of these individual four cells
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
02:41
alone or together, can go rogue or die,
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ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืœืงืœ ืื• ืœืžื•ืช,
02:47
and when that happens, you get damage.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื›ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื ื–ืง.
02:49
You get damaged wiring.
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ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
02:50
You get disrupted connections.
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ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื•ืคืจืขืช.
02:53
And that's evident here with the slower conduction.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
02:57
But ultimately, this damage will manifest
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ืง
03:00
as disease, clearly.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžื—ืœื”.
03:02
And if the starting dying nerve cell
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ื•ืื ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืช
03:05
is a motor nerve, for example,
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ื”ื ืชืื™ื ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื (ืชืื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”), ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:07
you'll get motor neuron disease.
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ (ALS).
03:09
So I'd like to give you a real-life illustration
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื
03:12
of what happens with motor neuron disease.
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ (ALS).
03:16
So this is a patient of mine called John.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉืฉืžื• ื’'ื•ืŸ.
03:18
John I saw just last week in the clinic.
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ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืจืคืื” ืฉืœื™.
03:21
And I've asked John to tell us something about what were his problems
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
03:25
that led to the initial diagnosis
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืื‘ื—ื ืช ืžื—ืœืชื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
03:27
of motor neuron disease.
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ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™.
03:28
John: I was diagnosed in October in 2011,
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: "ืื•ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011,
03:33
and the main problem was a breathing problem,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืžืžื ื” ืกื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
03:37
difficulty breathing.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื ืฉื•ื."
03:38
Siddharthan Chandran: I don't know if you caught all of that, but what John was telling us
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ืกื™ื“ื”ืืจืชืŸ ืฆ'ื ื“ืจืŸ: ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื”ื›ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื ื•
03:41
was that difficulty with breathing
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžืงืฉื™ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื”
03:43
led eventually to the diagnosis
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื‘ื—ื ื”
03:45
of motor neuron disease.
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™.
03:48
So John's now 18 months further down in that journey,
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ื•ื 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื”,
03:51
and I've now asked him to tell us something about
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜
03:54
his current predicament.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
03:56
John: What I've got now is the breathing's gotten worse.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: "ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื“ืจื“ืจ.
03:59
I've got weakness in my hands, my arms and my legs.
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ืื ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื.
04:05
So basically I'm in a wheelchair most of the time.
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ."
04:09
SC: John's just told us he's in a wheelchair
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ืก"ืฆ: ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื
04:12
most of the time.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:14
So what these two clips show
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื•
04:17
is not just the devastating consequence of the disease,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
04:19
but they also tell us something about
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ื•
04:21
the shocking pace of the disease,
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ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
04:23
because in just 18 months,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ 18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
04:26
a fit adult man has been rendered
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ืื“ื ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืš
04:29
wheelchair- and respirator-dependent.
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ืœืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืก ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžึทื ืฉึตื.
04:32
And let's face it, John could be anybody's father,
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช, ื’'ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
04:35
brother or friend.
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ืื• ืื—, ืื• ื—ื‘ืจ.
04:37
So that's what happens when the motor nerve dies.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืžืชื™ื.
04:39
But what happens when that myelin cell dies?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืชื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ืžืช?
04:44
You get multiple sclerosis.
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
04:46
So the scan on your left
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ื”ืกืจื™ืงื” ืžืฉืžืืœ
04:48
is an illustration of the brain,
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ืžืจืื” ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
04:51
and it's a map of the connections of the brain,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืคื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
04:53
and superimposed upon which
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ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
04:55
are areas of damage.
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ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื–ืง.
04:57
We call them lesions of demyelination.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ื ื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ.
04:59
But they're damage, and they're white.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ื™, ื•ื”ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
05:02
So I know what you're thinking here.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:03
You're thinking, "My God, this bloke came up
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ืื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข
05:06
and said he's going to talk about hope,
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ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืงื•ื”,
05:08
and all he's done is give a really rather bleak
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื’ืžื•ืžื™
05:10
and depressing tale."
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ื•ืžื“ื›ื."
05:12
I've told you these diseases are terrible.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื•ืช.
05:13
They're devastating, numbers are rising,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ืœื”,
05:16
the costs are ridiculous, and worst of all,
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ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข,
05:18
we have no treatment. Where's the hope?
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”?
05:20
Well, you know what? I think there is hope.
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ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ืืŸ ืชืงื•ื”.
05:23
And there's hope in this next section,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื,
05:25
of this brain section of somebody else with M.S.,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
05:28
because what it illustrates
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
05:29
is, amazingly, the brain can repair itself.
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ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
05:32
It just doesn't do it well enough.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืชืงืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:34
And so again, there are two things I want to show you.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:36
First of all is the damage of this patient with M.S.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื˜ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื”.
05:40
And again, it's another one of these white masses.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
05:43
But crucially, the area that's ringed red
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืื“ื•ื
05:47
highlights an area that is pale blue.
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ.
05:49
But that area that is pale blue was once white.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืœื‘ืŸ.
05:52
So it was damaged. It's now repaired.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืงืŸ.
05:55
Just to be clear: It's not because of doctors.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื: ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
05:58
It's in spite of doctors, not because of doctors.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืœื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื.
06:01
This is spontaneous repair.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช.
06:03
It's amazing and it's occurred
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื”
06:04
because there are stem cells in the brain, even,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
06:07
which can enable new myelin, new insulation,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ,
06:11
to be laid down over the damaged nerves.
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ืฉื™ืฆืคื” ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื.
06:13
And this observation is important for two reasons.
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ื•ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
06:17
The first is it challenges one of the orthodoxies
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช
06:21
that we learnt at medical school,
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ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”,
06:22
or at least I did, admittedly last century,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืœืžื“ืชื™, ื‘ืžืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
06:26
which is that the brain doesn't repair itself,
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ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืœื ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
06:28
unlike, say, the bone or the liver.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืขืฆื ืื• ื›ื‘ื“.
06:32
But actually it does, but it just doesn't do it well enough.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืชืงืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:35
And the second thing it does,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”,
06:37
and it gives us a very clear direction of travel for new therapies --
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ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื --
06:41
I mean, you don't need to be a rocket scientist
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ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
06:42
to know what to do here.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
06:44
You simply need to find ways of promoting
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื“ื“
06:47
the endogenous, spontaneous repair that occurs anyway.
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ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™, ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
06:51
So the question is, why, if we've known that
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
06:54
for some time, as we have,
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
06:56
why do we not have those treatments?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
07:00
And that in part reflects the complexity
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
07:02
of drug development.
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ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
07:05
Now, drug development you might think of
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
07:07
as a rather expensive but risky bet,
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ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืงืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
07:10
and the odds of this bet are roughly this:
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ื•ืฉืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื“:
07:12
they're 10,000 to one against,
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ื‘ืขืจืš 10,000 ืœ- 1 ื ื’ื“ื›ื,
07:14
because you need to screen about 10,000 compounds
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง 10,000 ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
07:17
to find that one potential winner.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื ืฆื—ืช ืื—ืช.
07:19
And then you need to spend 15 years
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ื•ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืœื•ืช 15 ืฉื ื”
07:21
and spend over a billion dollars,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
07:22
and even then, you may not have a winner.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—.
07:26
So the question for us is,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืŸ,
07:27
can you change the rules of the game
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง
07:29
and can you shorten the odds?
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ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื?
07:31
And in order to do that, you have to think,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
07:33
where is the bottleneck in this drug discovery?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช?
07:36
And one of the bottlenecks is early in drug discovery.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืืจื™ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
07:39
All that screening occurs in animal models.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:43
But we know that the proper study of mankind is man,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:47
to borrow from Alexander Pope.
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ืื ื ืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืคื•ืค.
07:49
So the question is, can we study these diseases
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
07:51
using human material?
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™?
07:54
And of course, absolutely we can.
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
07:56
We can use stem cells,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
07:57
and specifically we can use human stem cells.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
08:00
And human stem cells are these extraordinary
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ื•ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ืชืื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
08:02
but simple cells that can do two things:
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ืืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
08:05
they can self-renew or make more of themselves,
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
08:07
but they can also become specialized
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช
08:09
to make bone, liver or, crucially, nerve cells,
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืชืื™ ืขืฆื, ืชืื™ ื›ื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘,
08:12
maybe even the motor nerve cell
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื
08:14
or the myelin cell.
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ืื• ืชืื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ.
08:16
And the challenge has long been,
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ื•ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื,
08:18
can we harness the power,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—,
08:20
the undoubted power of these stem cells
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ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข
08:22
in order to realize their promise
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:24
for regenerative neurology?
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ืœืฉืงื ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื?
08:25
And I think we can now, and the reason we can
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื•
08:28
is because there have been several major discoveries
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
08:31
in the last 10, 20 years.
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ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
08:33
One of them was here in Edinburgh,
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’,
08:35
and it must be the only celebrity sheep, Dolly.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช, ื“ื•ืœื™.
08:39
So Dolly was made in Edinburgh,
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ื“ื•ืœื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’,
08:40
and Dolly was an example
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ื•ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
08:42
of the first cloning of a mammal
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ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง
08:45
from an adult cell.
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ืžืชืื™ ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช.
08:47
But I think the even more significant breakthrough
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:50
for the purposes of our discussion today
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ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
08:53
was made in 2006 by a Japanese scientist
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ื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื™ืคื ื™
08:55
called Yamanaka.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ืžื ืงื”.
08:57
And what Yamaka did,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื ืงื” ืขืฉื”,
08:58
in a fantastic form of scientific cookery,
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
09:01
was he showed that four ingredients,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื,
09:03
just four ingredients,
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ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื,
09:05
could effectively convert any cell, adult cell,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืœ ืชื, ืชื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
09:08
into a master stem cell.
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ืœืชื ื’ื–ืข ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
09:10
And the significance of this is difficult to exaggerate,
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ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
09:13
because what it means that from anybody in this room,
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ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื–ื”,
09:15
but particularly patients,
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
09:17
you could now generate
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ
09:18
a bespoke, personalized tissue repair kit.
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ืจืงืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ื.
09:21
Take a skin cell, make it a master pluripotent cell,
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ืงื—ื• ืชื ืขื•ืจ, ืชื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื ื’ื–ืข ืจืืฉื•ื ื™,
09:24
so you could then make those cells
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ื•ืื– ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
09:26
that are relevant to their disease,
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ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื”,
09:28
both to study but potentially to treat.
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ืœืฉื ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœืฉื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
09:31
Now, the idea of that at medical school --
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœื™ --
09:33
this is a recurring theme, isn't it, me and medical school? โ€”
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืจืคื•ืื”? --
09:36
would have been ridiculous,
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื—ืš,
09:37
but it's an absolute reality today.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ื›ื™ื•ื.
09:40
And I see this as the cornerstone
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื™ืชืŸ
09:42
of regeneration, repair and hope.
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ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงื•ื”.
09:45
And whilst we're on the theme of hope,
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ื•ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื”,
09:47
for those of you who might have failed at school,
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ืœืžื™ ืžื›ื ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
09:49
there's hope for you as well,
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ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื” ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื,
09:51
because this is the school report of John Gerdon.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ึถืจื“ื•ืŸ. ["ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื• ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ื™ื ืžืžืฉ."]
09:54
["I believe he has ideas about becoming a scientist; on his present showing this is quite ridiculous."]
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09:55
So they didn't think much of him then.
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ื”ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
09:56
But what you may not know is that he got the Nobel Prize for medicine
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืจืคื•ืื”
09:59
just three months ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:02
So to return to the original problem,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
10:04
what is the opportunity of these stem cells,
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ืžื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
10:06
or this disruptive technology,
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
10:08
for repairing the damaged brain,
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ืœืชื™ืงืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืคื’ื•ืข,
10:10
which we call regenerative neurology?
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ืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืžืช?
10:12
I think there are two ways you can think about this:
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื:
10:14
as a fantastic 21st-century drug discovery tool,
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ื›ื›ืœื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 21 ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
10:18
and/or as a form of therapy.
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ื•\ืื• ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
10:20
So I want to tell you a little bit about both of those
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื
10:22
in the next few moments.
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ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
10:25
Drug discovery in a dish is how people often
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
10:27
talk about this.
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
10:28
It's very simple: You take a patient with a disease,
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื“: ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
10:31
let's say motor neuron disease,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™,
10:33
you take a skin sample,
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ,
10:35
you do the pluripotent reprogramming,
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื ื’ื–ืข ืžื•ืงื“ื,
10:38
as I've already told you,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:40
and you generate live motor nerve cells.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:42
That's straightforward, because that's what
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื”
10:44
pluripotent cells can do.
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ืฉืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
10:46
But crucially, you can then compare their behavior
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
10:49
to their equivalent but healthy counterparts,
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื,
10:51
ideally from an unaffected relative.
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ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืจื™ื.
10:53
That way, you're matching for genetic variation.
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ื›ืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคื’ืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
10:56
And that's exactly what we did here.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
10:59
This was a collaboration with colleagues:
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื:
11:01
in London, Chris Shaw; in the U.S., Steve Finkbeiner and Tom Maniatis.
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ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื›ืจื™ืก ืฉื•. ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ ืคื™ื ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ืจ ื•ื˜ื•ื ืžื ื™ืื˜ื™ืก.
11:04
And what you're looking at, and this is amazing,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
11:07
these are living, growing, motor nerve cells
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ืืœื• ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื
11:10
from a patient with motor neuron disease.
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ืžื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™.
11:12
It happens to be an inherited form.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
11:14
I mean, just imagine that.
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ืจืง ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
11:15
This would have been unimaginable 10 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
11:18
So apart from seeing them grow and put out processes,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืกืขื™ืคื™ื,
11:21
we can also engineer them so that they fluoresce,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื–ืจื•ื—,
11:24
but crucially, we can then track their individual health
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
11:27
and compare the diseased motor nerve cells
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
11:29
to the healthy ones.
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ืœืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
11:31
And when you do all that and put it together,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื• ื™ื—ื“,
11:35
you realize that the diseased ones,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
11:37
which is represented in the red line,
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ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื,
11:39
are two and a half times more likely to die
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืžื•ืช
11:42
than the healthy counterpart.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืชืื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื.
11:45
And the crucial point about this is that you then have
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ
11:48
a fantastic assay to discover drugs,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืฉื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
11:51
because what would you ask of the drugs,
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ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
11:53
and you could do this through a high-throughput
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื™ืช ืขื ืชืคื•ืงื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
11:55
automated screening system,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™,
11:57
you'd ask the drugs, give me one thing:
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ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“:
12:00
find me a drug that will bring the red line
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืชืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื
12:02
closer to the blue line,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
12:04
because that drug will be a high-value candidate
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ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
12:08
that you could probably take direct to human trial
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
12:10
and almost bypass that bottleneck
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ื•ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง
12:13
that I've told you about in drug discovery
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ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
12:15
with the animal models,
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ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:17
if that makes sense. It's fantastic.
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“. ื–ื” ืคื ื˜ืกื™.
12:20
But I want to come back
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
12:22
to how you might use stem cells directly
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ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ
12:24
to repair damage.
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ืœืฉื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ื ื–ืง.
12:25
And again there are two ways to think about this,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื,
12:27
and they're not mutually exclusive.
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื•.
12:29
The first, and I think in the long run
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš
12:31
the one that will give us the biggest dividend,
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ื”ื™ื ืชืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:34
but it's not thought of that way just yet,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืš ื›ื™ื•ื,
12:36
is to think about those stem cells that are already
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ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื
12:40
in your brain, and I've told you that.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—, ืขืœื™ื”ื ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ.
12:41
All of us have stem cells in the brain,
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืžื•ื—,
12:43
even the diseased brain,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื— ื—ื•ืœื”,
12:45
and surely the smart way forward
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
12:47
is to find ways that you can promote and activate
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืงื“ื ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ
12:49
those stem cells in your brain already
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ืืช ืื•ืชื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื—
12:51
to react and respond appropriately to damage
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœื ื–ืง
12:54
to repair it.
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ื•ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
12:56
That will be the future.
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ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
12:57
There will be drugs that will do that.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
13:00
But the other way is to effectively parachute in cells,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื ื™ื— ืคื ื™ืžื” ืชืื™ื,
13:04
transplant them in,
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ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
13:06
to replace dying or lost cells, even in the brain.
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืชืื™ื ื’ื•ืกืกื™ื ืื• ืžืชื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื—.
13:10
And I want to tell you now an experiment,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื ื™ ืฉืขืจื›ื ื•,
13:12
it's a clinical trial that we did,
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13:14
which recently completed,
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
13:16
which is with colleagues in UCL,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืœื’' ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
13:19
David Miller in particular.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืžื™ืœืจ.
13:21
So this study was very simple.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื“.
13:23
We took patients with multiple sclerosis
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”
13:26
and asked a simple question:
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ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืฉืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:
13:28
Would stem cells from the bone marrow
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ื”ืื ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžืžื•ื— ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื?
13:30
be protective of their nerves?
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13:31
So what we did was we took this bone marrow,
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ืื– ืœืงื—ื ื• ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื— ืขืฆื,
13:35
grew up the stem cells in the lab,
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ื’ื™ื“ืœื ื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
13:37
and then injected them back into the vein.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื•ื•ืจื™ื“.
13:40
I'm making this sound really simple.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
13:42
It took five years off a lot of people, okay?
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืงื— ืœื ื• 5 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
13:45
And it put gray hair on me
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ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื™ ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
13:46
and caused all kinds of issues.
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ื•ื’ืจืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
13:48
But conceptually, it's essentially simple.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
13:52
So we've given them into the vein, right?
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ืื– ื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื•ื•ืจื™ื“, ื›ืŸ?
13:55
So in order to measure whether this was successful or not,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
13:59
we measured the optic nerve
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ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”
14:01
as our outcome measure.
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ื›ืžื“ื“ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
14:02
And that's a good thing to measure in M.S.,
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจืฉืช ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
14:04
because patients with M.S. sadly suffer
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ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจืฉืช, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ,
14:06
with problems with vision --
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” --
14:08
loss of vision, unclear vision.
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ืื‘ื“ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช.
14:10
And so we measured the size of the optic nerve
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”
14:12
using the scans with David Miller
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืžื™ืœืจ
14:14
three times -- 12 months, six months,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื - 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
14:16
and before the infusion --
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืจืงืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข --
14:18
and you can see the gently declining red line.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
14:21
And that's telling you that the optic nerve is shrinking,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ,
14:23
which makes sense, because their nerves are dying.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืžืชื™ื.
14:25
We then gave the stem cell infusion
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ื•ืื– ื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข
14:28
and repeated the measurement twice --
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ื•ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื --
14:30
three months and six months --
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื --
14:31
and to our surprise, almost,
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ื•ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื ื•, ื›ืžืขื˜,
14:33
the line's gone up.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก.
14:36
That suggests that the intervention
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™
14:38
has been protective.
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”.
14:40
I don't think myself that what's happened
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
14:42
is that those stem cells have made new myelin
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
14:44
or new nerves.
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ืื• ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
14:45
What I think they've done is they've promoted
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“
14:48
the endogenous stem cells, or precursor cells,
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ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
14:50
to do their job, wake up, lay down new myelin.
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื, ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ, ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื™ืืœื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ.
14:54
So this is a proof of concept.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืžืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช.
14:56
I'm very excited about that.
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ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื.
14:58
So I just want to end with the theme I began on,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ื‘ื” ืคืชื—ืชื™,
15:01
which was regeneration and hope.
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ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
15:03
So here I've asked John
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ
15:05
what his hopes are for the future.
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ืžื” ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืขืชื™ื“?
15:07
John: I would hope that
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ื’'ื•ืŸ: "ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื”
15:09
sometime in the future
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ืฉืžืชื™ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“
15:11
through the research that you people are doing,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื,
15:13
we can come up with a cure
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ื ืžืฆื ืชืจื•ืคื”
15:15
so that people like me can lead a normal life.
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ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื."
15:19
SC: I mean, that speaks volumes.
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ืก"ืฆ: ื–ื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
15:22
But I'd like to close by first of all thanking John --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’'ื•ืŸ --
15:24
thanking John for allowing me to share
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ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’'ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง
15:26
his insights and these clips with you all.
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ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
15:29
But I'd also like to add to John and to others
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื’'ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื
15:32
that my own view is, I'm hopeful for the future.
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื ืจืื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—.
15:34
I do believe that the disruptive technologies
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื•ืช
15:37
like stem cells that I've tried to explain to you
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื
15:39
do offer very real hope.
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ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืชืงื•ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
15:40
And I do think that the day that we might be able
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ
15:42
to repair the damaged brain
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ืœืชืงืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
15:44
is sooner than we think.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืชืžื™ื“.
15:45
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:47
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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