Siddharthan Chandran: Can the damaged brain repair itself?

306,651 views ใƒป 2014-02-24

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sieun Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:12
I'm very pleased to be here today
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
00:14
to talk to you all about how we might repair
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•์—ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ธฐ์˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
00:16
the damaged brain,
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์†์ƒ๋œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
00:18
and I'm particularly excited by this field,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์—ด์ •์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋ฐ
00:21
because as a neurologist myself,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ,
00:23
I believe that this offers one of the great ways
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ๊ฐ€,
00:25
that we might be able to offer hope
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์ฆ‰, ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ,
00:27
for patients who today live with devastating
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๋‡Œ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ,
00:30
and yet untreatable diseases of the brain.
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ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
00:33
So here's the problem.
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:36
You can see here the picture of somebody's brain
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
00:38
with Alzheimer's disease
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์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‡Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
next to a healthy brain,
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์˜†์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋‡Œ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:42
and what's obvious is, in the Alzheimer's brain,
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์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋‡Œ์—๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์†์ƒ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
ringed red, there's obvious damage -- atrophy, scarring.
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋™๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ณ์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์š”. ๋‡Œ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ„์ถ•๊ณผ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
00:49
And I could show you equivalent pictures
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์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค์„
00:51
from other disease: multiple sclerosis,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ,
00:53
motor neuron disease, Parkinson's disease,
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์šด๋™๋‰ด๋ก ์งˆํ™˜, ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘,
00:56
even Huntington's disease,
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ํ—ŒํŒ…ํ†ค๋ณ‘ ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
00:58
and they would all tell a similar story.
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์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
And collectively these brain disorders represent
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์ด ๋‡Œ ์žฅ์• ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ
01:03
one of the major public health threats of our time.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
And the numbers here are really rather staggering.
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์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
At any one time, there are 35 million people today
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  3์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
01:14
living with one of these brain diseases,
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์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
01:17
and the annual cost globally
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์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๋…„
01:19
is 700 billion dollars.
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7์ฒœ์–ต ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
I mean, just think about that.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:23
That's greater than one percent
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ GDP์˜ 1ํ”„๋กœ๋ฅผ
01:25
of the global GDP.
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์›ƒ๋„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
And it gets worse,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋” ์•…ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”,
01:29
because all these numbers are rising
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:32
because these are by and large
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
01:33
age-related diseases, and we're living longer.
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๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ ๋” ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
01:36
So the question we really need to ask ourselves is,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ž๋ฌธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:39
why, given the devastating impact of these diseases
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์™œ, ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด
01:43
to the individual,
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๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:44
never mind the scale of the societal problem,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ณ๋‘”๋‹คํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
01:47
why are there no effective treatments?
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์™œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:50
Now in order to consider this,
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์ž, ์ด ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
01:52
I first need to give you a crash course
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:55
in how the brain works.
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์†์„ฑ ๊ฐ•์ขŒ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
So in other words, I need to tell you
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
01:59
everything I learned at medical school.
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๋ฐฐ์šด ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:03
But believe me, this isn't going to take very long.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”, ๋ณ„๋กœ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
Okay? (Laughter)
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์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ? (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:08
So the brain is terribly simple:
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
it's made up of four cells,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:13
and two of them are shown here.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
There's the nerve cell,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:16
and then there's the myelinating cell,
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์ˆ˜์ดˆ ์„ธํฌ,
02:18
or the insulating cell.
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์ ˆ์—ฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
It's called oligodendrocyte.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํฌ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ๊ต์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
And when these four cells work together
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์ด ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:23
in health and harmony,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ๋•Œ
02:25
they create an extraordinary symphony of electrical activity,
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ–ฅ์—ฐ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ 
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™œ๋™์ด
02:29
and it is this electrical activity
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02:31
that underpins our ability to think, to emote,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:35
to remember, to learn, move, feel and so on.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ , ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ์ด๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
But equally, each of these individual four cells
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์ด ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
02:41
alone or together, can go rogue or die,
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ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ๋“  ํ•จ๊ป˜๋“  ์ด์ƒ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
02:47
and when that happens, you get damage.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๋•Œ, ๋‡Œ์— ์†์ƒ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
You get damaged wiring.
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๋ฐฐ์„ ์ด ํ›ผ์†๋˜๊ณ .
02:50
You get disrupted connections.
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์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์— ์ง€์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:53
And that's evident here with the slower conduction.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ „๋„์˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ ค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•ด์š”.
02:57
But ultimately, this damage will manifest
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์†์ƒ์€
03:00
as disease, clearly.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
And if the starting dying nerve cell
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
03:05
is a motor nerve, for example,
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์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๋ฉด
03:07
you'll get motor neuron disease.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šด๋™ ๋‰ด๋ก  ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
So I'd like to give you a real-life illustration
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์šด๋™ ๋‰ด๋ก  ์งˆํ™˜์—
03:12
of what happens with motor neuron disease.
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์–ด๋–ค๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
So this is a patient of mine called John.
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์ œ ํ™˜์ž์ธ ์กด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
John I saw just last week in the clinic.
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์กด์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ฃผ์— ์ œ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์‹ค์— ์ฐพ์•„์™”์–ด์š”.
03:21
And I've asked John to tell us something about what were his problems
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์ €๋Š” ์กด์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ
03:25
that led to the initial diagnosis
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์šด๋™ ๋‰ด๋ก  ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋Š”
03:27
of motor neuron disease.
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์ดˆํšŒ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
John: I was diagnosed in October in 2011,
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์กด: ์ €๋Š” 2011๋…„ 10์›”์— ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:33
and the main problem was a breathing problem,
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์ œ์ผ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก ๊ณค๋ž€์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:37
difficulty breathing.
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์ˆจ ์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์ฃ .
03:38
Siddharthan Chandran: I don't know if you caught all of that, but what John was telling us
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์‹ฏ๋‹ฌํƒ„ ์ฐฌ๋“œ๋ž€: ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ์…จ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
03:41
was that difficulty with breathing
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์กด์˜ ๋ง์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ˜ธํก ๊ณค๋ž€ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด
03:43
led eventually to the diagnosis
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์šด๋™ ๋‰ด๋ก  ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋Š”
03:45
of motor neuron disease.
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์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:48
So John's now 18 months further down in that journey,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์กด์€ ์ฒซ ์ง„๋‹จํ›„ 18๊ฐœ์›”์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ,
03:51
and I've now asked him to tell us something about
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณค๋ž€์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค์ง€
03:54
his current predicament.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€ํƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
John: What I've got now is the breathing's gotten worse.
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์กด: ํ˜„์žฌ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€ ์ˆจ ์‰ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํž˜๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:59
I've got weakness in my hands, my arms and my legs.
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์†์ด๋ž‘ ํŒ”๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์— ํž˜์ด ์ž˜ ์•ˆ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์š”.
04:05
So basically I'm in a wheelchair most of the time.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํœ ์ฒด์–ด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
SC: John's just told us he's in a wheelchair
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SC: ์กด์ด ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
04:12
most of the time.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํœ ์ฒด์–ด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:14
So what these two clips show
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์ด ๋‘ ์˜์ƒ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:17
is not just the devastating consequence of the disease,
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์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:19
but they also tell us something about
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅธ
04:21
the shocking pace of the disease,
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์ง„ํ–‰ ์†๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ ,
04:23
because in just 18 months,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹จ 18๊ฐœ์›”๋งŒ์—,
04:26
a fit adult man has been rendered
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ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด
04:29
wheelchair- and respirator-dependent.
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ํœ ์ฒด์–ด์™€ ์ธ๊ณตํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
And let's face it, John could be anybody's father,
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ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค. ์กด์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ํ˜•์ œ,
04:35
brother or friend.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
So that's what happens when the motor nerve dies.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
But what happens when that myelin cell dies?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ˆ˜์ดˆ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?
04:44
You get multiple sclerosis.
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๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ์ด ์ฐพ์•„์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
So the scan on your left
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ์Šค์บ”์˜์ƒ์ด
04:48
is an illustration of the brain,
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๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ ,
04:51
and it's a map of the connections of the brain,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์•ฝ๋„์™€
04:53
and superimposed upon which
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์„ธํฌ ์†์ƒ ์œ„์น˜๋“ค์„
04:55
are areas of damage.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
We call them lesions of demyelination.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์ดˆ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
But they're damage, and they're white.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์†์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด, ํฐ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์ฃ .
05:02
So I know what you're thinking here.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ฐ ์ค‘์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๊ตฐ์š”.
05:03
You're thinking, "My God, this bloke came up
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"์„ธ์ƒ์—, ์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
05:06
and said he's going to talk about hope,
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ํฌ๋ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”
05:08
and all he's done is give a really rather bleak
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃ„๋‹ค ์•”์šธํ•˜๊ณ 
05:10
and depressing tale."
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์šฐ์šธํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋„ค."
05:12
I've told you these diseases are terrible.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด ๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
05:13
They're devastating, numbers are rising,
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ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜์ž ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
05:16
the costs are ridiculous, and worst of all,
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์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ํ„ฐ๋ฌด๋‹ˆ์—†์ด ๋†’์€๋ฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ง€๋…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€,
05:18
we have no treatment. Where's the hope?
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ฒด ํฌ๋ง์ด ์–ด๋””์žˆ์ฃ ?
05:20
Well, you know what? I think there is hope.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ํฌ๋ง์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
05:23
And there's hope in this next section,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ,
05:25
of this brain section of somebody else with M.S.,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋‹จ์ธต ์˜์ƒ์— ํฌ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”,
05:28
because what it illustrates
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„,
05:29
is, amazingly, the brain can repair itself.
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
It just doesn't do it well enough.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
05:34
And so again, there are two things I want to show you.
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๋‹ค์‹œ, ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
First of all is the damage of this patient with M.S.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๋‡Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
And again, it's another one of these white masses.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
05:43
But crucially, the area that's ringed red
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ ์€, ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋™๊ทธ๋ผ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ณ์ง„ ๊ณณ์€
05:47
highlights an area that is pale blue.
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์—ฐํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
But that area that is pale blue was once white.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์—ฐํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์›๋ž˜ ํฐ์ƒ‰์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
So it was damaged. It's now repaired.
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์†์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
Just to be clear: It's not because of doctors.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด: ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
It's in spite of doctors, not because of doctors.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:01
This is spontaneous repair.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋ณต๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
It's amazing and it's occurred
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์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์€
06:04
because there are stem cells in the brain, even,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‡Œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ,
06:07
which can enable new myelin, new insulation,
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์ด ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ ์ˆ˜์ดˆ ์„ธํฌ, ์ƒˆ ์ ˆ์—ฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
06:11
to be laid down over the damaged nerves.
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์†์ƒ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
And this observation is important for two reasons.
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์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
The first is it challenges one of the orthodoxies
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ•™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์ •์„ค์„
06:21
that we learnt at medical school,
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์ •๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
06:22
or at least I did, admittedly last century,
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์ ์–ด๋„ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹Œ ์ €์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
which is that the brain doesn't repair itself,
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์ •์„ค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ผˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
06:28
unlike, say, the bone or the liver.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
But actually it does, but it just doesn't do it well enough.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”, ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž˜ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ฃ .
06:35
And the second thing it does,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€
06:37
and it gives us a very clear direction of travel for new therapies --
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ํ–‰๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
I mean, you don't need to be a rocket scientist
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
06:42
to know what to do here.
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๋กœ์ผ“ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ž–์•„์š”.
06:44
You simply need to find ways of promoting
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ, ์–ด์จŒ๋“  ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ๋‚ด์ƒ์ ์ธ, ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์„ธํฌ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
06:47
the endogenous, spontaneous repair that occurs anyway.
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์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:51
So the question is, why, if we've known that
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€, ์™œ, ๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
06:54
for some time, as we have,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ์ง€ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
06:56
why do we not have those treatments?
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์™œ ์•„์ง ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
07:00
And that in part reflects the complexity
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๋‹ต์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜
07:02
of drug development.
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๋ณต์žกํ•จ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
Now, drug development you might think of
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์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:07
as a rather expensive but risky bet,
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๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋„๋ฐ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ณ ,
07:10
and the odds of this bet are roughly this:
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์ด ๋„๋ฐ•์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋Œ€๋žต:
07:12
they're 10,000 to one against,
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10,000 ๋Œ€ 1์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:14
because you need to screen about 10,000 compounds
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์•ฝ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:17
to find that one potential winner.
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์•ฝ 10,000 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
And then you need to spend 15 years
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” 15๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„,
07:21
and spend over a billion dollars,
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10๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ์•ผํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:22
and even then, you may not have a winner.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํˆฌ์ž ํ›„๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ์žฅ๋‹ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
So the question for us is,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”,
07:27
can you change the rules of the game
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
07:29
and can you shorten the odds?
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๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
And in order to do that, you have to think,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ ์€,
07:33
where is the bottleneck in this drug discovery?
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์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ชฉํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
And one of the bottlenecks is early in drug discovery.
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๋ณ‘๋ชฉํ˜„์ƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์•ฝํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
All that screening occurs in animal models.
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์‹ ์•ฝ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ด๋ค„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
But we know that the proper study of mankind is man,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‘๋‹น ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ
07:47
to borrow from Alexander Pope.
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ํฌํ”„๋ฅผ ์ธ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜์žˆ์–ด์š”.
07:49
So the question is, can we study these diseases
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€, ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๋•Œ
07:51
using human material?
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:54
And of course, absolutely we can.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
We can use stem cells,
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์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
and specifically we can use human stem cells.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ์š”.
08:00
And human stem cells are these extraordinary
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:02
but simple cells that can do two things:
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
08:05
they can self-renew or make more of themselves,
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์ž๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ƒ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:07
but they can also become specialized
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ ๋”์šฑ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ™” ๋˜์–ด์„œ
08:09
to make bone, liver or, crucially, nerve cells,
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๋ผˆ, ๊ฐ„, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
08:12
maybe even the motor nerve cell
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋‚˜
08:14
or the myelin cell.
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์ˆ˜์ดˆ ์„ธํฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
And the challenge has long been,
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๊ทธ ๋‚œ์ œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
08:18
can we harness the power,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํž˜์„,
08:20
the undoubted power of these stem cells
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์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํž˜์ด ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€ ์—†์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
08:22
in order to realize their promise
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์žฌ์ƒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™'์„
08:24
for regenerative neurology?
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๊ทธ ์ „๋ง์„ ํ˜„์‹คํ™” ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๋™๋ ฅํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:25
And I think we can now, and the reason we can
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
08:28
is because there have been several major discoveries
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์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„์—์„œ 20๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
08:31
in the last 10, 20 years.
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๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
One of them was here in Edinburgh,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๊ณณ, ์—๋”˜๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ ,
08:35
and it must be the only celebrity sheep, Dolly.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‹จ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์–‘์ธ, ๋Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
So Dolly was made in Edinburgh,
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๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—๋”˜๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
08:40
and Dolly was an example
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์„ฑ์ฒด ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ
08:42
of the first cloning of a mammal
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜
08:45
from an adult cell.
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์ฒซ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
But I think the even more significant breakthrough
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
08:50
for the purposes of our discussion today
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋” ํฐ ๋ŒํŒŒ๊ตฌ๋Š”
08:53
was made in 2006 by a Japanese scientist
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2006๋…„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ
08:55
called Yamanaka.
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์•ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜์นด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
And what Yamaka did,
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์•ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜์นด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ,
08:58
in a fantastic form of scientific cookery,
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ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์  ์š”๋ฆฌ์—์„œ,
09:01
was he showed that four ingredients,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ,
09:03
just four ingredients,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
09:05
could effectively convert any cell, adult cell,
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์„ฑ์ฒด ์„ธํฌ์ธ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ธํฌ๋“ ์ง€
09:08
into a master stem cell.
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๋งŒ๋Šฅ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์˜€์ฃ .
09:10
And the significance of this is difficult to exaggerate,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ๊ณผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด์š”,
09:13
because what it means that from anybody in this room,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด ์‹ค๋‚ด์˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋“ ,
09:15
but particularly patients,
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ํŠนํžˆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ,
09:17
you could now generate
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๋งž์ถค ์ •์žฅ์„,
09:18
a bespoke, personalized tissue repair kit.
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๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋œ ์กฐ์ง ๋ณต๊ตฌ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ, ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
Take a skin cell, make it a master pluripotent cell,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด, ๋งŒ๋Šฅ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
09:24
so you could then make those cells
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—
09:26
that are relevant to their disease,
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์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
both to study but potentially to treat.
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๋ณ‘์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „๋ถ€์ฃ .
09:31
Now, the idea of that at medical school --
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์ž, ์˜ํ•™ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š”
09:33
this is a recurring theme, isn't it, me and medical school? โ€”
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์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋„ค์š”, ์˜ํ•™ ํ•™๊ต์™€ ์ €?, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ? --
09:36
would have been ridiculous,
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๋Š”ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:37
but it's an absolute reality today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
09:40
And I see this as the cornerstone
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ์ƒ, ๋ณต๊ตฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
09:42
of regeneration, repair and hope.
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ํฌ๋ง์˜ ์ฃผ์ถง๋Œ๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
And whilst we're on the theme of hope,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋™์•ˆ,
09:47
for those of you who might have failed at school,
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ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๋‚™์ œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„
09:49
there's hope for you as well,
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ํฌ๋ง์€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:51
because this is the school report of John Gerdon.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์กด ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์˜ ์„ฑ์ ํ‘œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
09:54
["I believe he has ideas about becoming a scientist; on his present showing this is quite ridiculous."]
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[ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค; ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ์„  ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ]
09:55
So they didn't think much of him then.
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๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋‹จ์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:56
But what you may not know is that he got the Nobel Prize for medicine
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด 3๊ฐœ์›” ์ „
09:59
just three months ago.
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์˜ํ•™ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
So to return to the original problem,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
10:04
what is the opportunity of these stem cells,
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์ด ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜
10:06
or this disruptive technology,
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ํ˜น์€ ์ด ์™€ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ˜์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด,
10:08
for repairing the damaged brain,
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์†์ƒ๋œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์—๋Š”
10:10
which we call regenerative neurology?
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐํšŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:12
I think there are two ways you can think about this:
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
10:14
as a fantastic 21st-century drug discovery tool,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” 21 ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ,
10:18
and/or as a form of therapy.
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๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
So I want to tell you a little bit about both of those
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
10:22
in the next few moments.
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์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
10:25
Drug discovery in a dish is how people often
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์ ‘์‹œ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ
10:27
talk about this.
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10:28
It's very simple: You take a patient with a disease,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ด์š”: ๋ณ‘์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
let's say motor neuron disease,
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์šด๋™ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ
10:33
you take a skin sample,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค,
10:35
you do the pluripotent reprogramming,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ๋“ฏ, ์ „๋Šฅ์„ธํฌ๋กœ
10:38
as I've already told you,
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์žฌํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
10:40
and you generate live motor nerve cells.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:42
That's straightforward, because that's what
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
10:44
pluripotent cells can do.
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์ „๋Šฅ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:46
But crucially, you can then compare their behavior
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„
10:49
to their equivalent but healthy counterparts,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์—,
10:51
ideally from an unaffected relative.
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์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋ณ‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:53
That way, you're matching for genetic variation.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์œ ์ „ ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:56
And that's exactly what we did here.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
This was a collaboration with colleagues:
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
in London, Chris Shaw; in the U.S., Steve Finkbeiner and Tom Maniatis.
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์‡ผ; ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํ•‘๊ทธ๋ฐ”์ด๋„ˆ์™€ ํ†ฐ ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ํ‹ฐ์Šค.
11:04
And what you're looking at, and this is amazing,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด, ์ด๊ฑด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
11:07
these are living, growing, motor nerve cells
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๊ณ , ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ,
11:10
from a patient with motor neuron disease.
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์šด๋™ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:12
It happens to be an inherited form.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์œ ์ „์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜€์ฃ .
11:14
I mean, just imagine that.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:15
This would have been unimaginable 10 years ago.
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10๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
So apart from seeing them grow and put out processes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋„,
11:21
we can also engineer them so that they fluoresce,
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•๊ด‘์„ ๋‚ด๋„๋ก ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
11:24
but crucially, we can then track their individual health
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:27
and compare the diseased motor nerve cells
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,๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์šด๋™ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ์™€
11:29
to the healthy ones.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
And when you do all that and put it together,
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ • ํ›„์— ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
11:35
you realize that the diseased ones,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„ ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”
11:37
which is represented in the red line,
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๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
11:39
are two and a half times more likely to die
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2.5 ๋ฐฐ ํ™•๋ฅ ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„
11:42
than the healthy counterpart.
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์žฌํ˜„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
And the crucial point about this is that you then have
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์ด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํฌ์ธํŠธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ
11:48
a fantastic assay to discover drugs,
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์‹ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ ,
11:51
because what would you ask of the drugs,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด,
11:53
and you could do this through a high-throughput
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ์ž๋™ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ
11:55
automated screening system,
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์„ฑ๊ณต ์‹œ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”,
11:57
you'd ask the drugs, give me one thing:
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์•ฝ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œํ•˜๋ฉด, ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”:
12:00
find me a drug that will bring the red line
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์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด ํŒŒ๋ž€์„ ์—
12:02
closer to the blue line,
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์•ฝ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์ฃผ์„ธ์š”,
12:04
because that drug will be a high-value candidate
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์•ฝ์€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ํ›„๋ณด ์‹œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ
12:08
that you could probably take direct to human trial
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
12:10
and almost bypass that bottleneck
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๊ฐ•์˜ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ, ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
12:13
that I've told you about in drug discovery
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๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์‹คํ—˜๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š”
12:15
with the animal models,
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๋ณ‘๋ชฉ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
12:17
if that makes sense. It's fantastic.
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์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
But I want to come back
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ด€์ ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ ,
12:22
to how you might use stem cells directly
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
12:24
to repair damage.
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์†์ƒ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
12:25
And again there are two ways to think about this,
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๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
12:27
and they're not mutually exclusive.
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์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
The first, and I think in the long run
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—
12:31
the one that will give us the biggest dividend,
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์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๋‹น๋ฅ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ,
12:34
but it's not thought of that way just yet,
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์•„์ง์€ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
12:36
is to think about those stem cells that are already
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๋‡Œ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฐ,
12:40
in your brain, and I've told you that.
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
All of us have stem cells in the brain,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‡Œ ์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š”
12:43
even the diseased brain,
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๋‡Œ์— ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:45
and surely the smart way forward
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ง„๋ณดํ•  ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์€
๋‡Œ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„
12:47
is to find ways that you can promote and activate
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12:49
those stem cells in your brain already
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ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:51
to react and respond appropriately to damage
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์†์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•ด์„œ
12:54
to repair it.
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์†์ƒ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
That will be the future.
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12:57
There will be drugs that will do that.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์•ฝ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
But the other way is to effectively parachute in cells,
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๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
transplant them in,
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๋‡Œ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„, ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”, ํ˜น์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฃฝ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ,
13:06
to replace dying or lost cells, even in the brain.
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๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‡Œ์— ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:10
And I want to tell you now an experiment,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ์ด์ œ ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜,
13:12
it's a clinical trial that we did,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜,
13:14
which recently completed,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋๋‚ธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด,
13:16
which is with colleagues in UCL,
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UCL์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐ์ด๋น— ๋ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์™€
13:19
David Miller in particular.
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
13:21
So this study was very simple.
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
We took patients with multiple sclerosis
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๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
13:26
and asked a simple question:
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
Would stem cells from the bone marrow
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๊ณจ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
13:30
be protective of their nerves?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:31
So what we did was we took this bone marrow,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด,
13:35
grew up the stem cells in the lab,
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์‹œํ‚จ ๋’ค
13:37
and then injected them back into the vein.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
I'm making this sound really simple.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
13:42
It took five years off a lot of people, okay?
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5๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์•„์…จ์ฃ ?
13:45
And it put gray hair on me
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:46
and caused all kinds of issues.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
But conceptually, it's essentially simple.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
So we've given them into the vein, right?
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์•„๋ฌดํŠผ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
So in order to measure whether this was successful or not,
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๊ทธ ๋’ค ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
13:59
we measured the optic nerve
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์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธก์ •์œผ๋กœ
14:01
as our outcome measure.
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์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
And that's a good thing to measure in M.S.,
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๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ์—์„œ ์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์€ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ธก์ • ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์ฃ ,
14:04
because patients with M.S. sadly suffer
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€
14:06
with problems with vision --
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์‹œ๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ,
14:08
loss of vision, unclear vision.
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์‹œ๋ ฅ์ƒ์‹ค, ํ๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
And so we measured the size of the optic nerve
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ด๋น— ๋ฐ€๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํŒ€๊ณผ
14:12
using the scans with David Miller
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์Šค์บ”์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
14:14
three times -- 12 months, six months,
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ--์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์ „, ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ 6๊ฐœ์›”,
14:16
and before the infusion --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  12๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์— ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.-
14:18
and you can see the gently declining red line.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ‰์€ ์„ ์ด ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:21
And that's telling you that the optic nerve is shrinking,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
14:23
which makes sense, because their nerves are dying.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด์น˜์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:25
We then gave the stem cell infusion
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋‹ค์Œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
14:28
and repeated the measurement twice --
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋‘๋ฒˆ ๋” ์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
three months and six months --
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3๊ฐœ์›” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  6๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์—์š”.
14:31
and to our surprise, almost,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„,
14:33
the line's gone up.
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๊ทธ ์„ ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:36
That suggests that the intervention
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€
14:38
has been protective.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
I don't think myself that what's happened
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋œ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด
14:42
is that those stem cells have made new myelin
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์ดˆ ์„ธํฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š”
14:44
or new nerves.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
What I think they've done is they've promoted
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๋Œ€์‹  ์ด ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ํˆฌ์ž…๋œ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด
14:48
the endogenous stem cells, or precursor cells,
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๋‚ด์žฌ์„ฑ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋“ค, ํ˜น์€ ์ „๊ตฌ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผœ
14:50
to do their job, wake up, lay down new myelin.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณธ๋ถ„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ผ์–ด๋‚˜, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์ดˆ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด," ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
14:54
So this is a proof of concept.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ฆ๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
I'm very excited about that.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:58
So I just want to end with the theme I began on,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด์ œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ง€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์–ด์š”,
15:01
which was regeneration and hope.
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์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํฌ๋ง์ด์š”.
15:03
So here I've asked John
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์ €๋Š” ์กด์—๊ฒŒ
15:05
what his hopes are for the future.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํฌ๋ง์‚ฌํ•ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:07
John: I would hope that
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์กด: ์ €๋Š” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—
15:09
sometime in the future
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
15:11
through the research that you people are doing,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
15:13
we can come up with a cure
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์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด์„œ
15:15
so that people like me can lead a normal life.
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์ €๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
SC: I mean, that speaks volumes.
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SC: ์ •๋ง ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
But I'd like to close by first of all thanking John --
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๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์กด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
thanking John for allowing me to share
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์ด ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘์™€
15:26
his insights and these clips with you all.
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๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•ด ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
15:29
But I'd also like to add to John and to others
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์กด์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
15:32
that my own view is, I'm hopeful for the future.
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์ €์˜ ๊ด€์ ์€, ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฌ๋ง์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:34
I do believe that the disruptive technologies
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
15:37
like stem cells that I've tried to explain to you
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด
15:39
do offer very real hope.
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๋งค์šฐ ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
And I do think that the day that we might be able
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์†์ƒ๋œ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”
15:42
to repair the damaged brain
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๊ทธ ๋‚ ์€
15:44
is sooner than we think.
383
944134
1289
์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅผ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
Thank you.
384
945423
1803
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
(Applause)
385
947226
4693
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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