Josette Sheeran: Ending hunger now

Well after many years working in trade and economics,

four years ago,

I found myself working on the front lines

of human vulnerability.

And I found myself in the places

where people are fighting every day to survive

and can't even obtain a meal.

This red cup comes from Rwanda

from a child named Fabian.

And I carry this around

as a symbol, really, of the challenge

and also the hope.

Because one cup of food a day

changes Fabian's life completely.

But what I'd like to talk about today

is the fact that this morning,

about a billion people on Earth --

or one out of every seven --

woke up and didn't even know

how to fill this cup.

One out of every seven people.

First, I'll ask you: Why should you care?

Why should we care?

For most people,

if they think about hunger,

they don't have to go far back on their own family history --

maybe in their own lives, or their parents' lives,

or their grandparents' lives --

to remember an experience of hunger.

I rarely find an audience

where people can go back very far without that experience.

Some are driven by compassion,

feel it's perhaps

one of the fundamental acts of humanity.

As Gandhi said,

"To a hungry man, a piece of bread is the face of God."

Others worry about peace and security,

stability in the world.

We saw the food riots in 2008,

after what I call the silent tsunami of hunger

swept the globe when food prices doubled overnight.

The destabilizing effects of hunger

are known throughout human history.

One of the most fundamental acts of civilization

is to ensure people can get enough food.

Others think about Malthusian nightmares.

Will we be able to feed a population

that will be nine billion in just a few decades?

This is not a negotiable thing, hunger.

People have to eat.

There's going to be a lot of people.

This is jobs and opportunity all the way up and down the value chain.

But I actually came to this issue

in a different way.

This is a picture of me and my three children.

In 1987, I was a new mother

with my first child

and was holding her and feeding her

when an image very similar to this

came on the television.

And this was yet another famine in Ethiopia.

One two years earlier

had killed more than a million people.

But it never struck me as it did that moment,

because on that image

was a woman trying to nurse her baby,

and she had no milk to nurse.

And the baby's cry really penetrated me,

as a mother.

And I thought, there's nothing more haunting

than the cry of a child

that cannot be returned with food --

the most fundamental expectation of every human being.

And it was at that moment

that I just was filled

with the challenge and the outrage

that actually we know how to fix this problem.

This isn't one of those rare diseases

that we don't have the solution for.

We know how to fix hunger.

A hundred years ago, we didn't.

We actually have the technology and systems.

And I was just struck

that this is out of place.

At our time in history, these images are out of place.

Well guess what?

This is last week in northern Kenya.

Yet again,

the face of starvation

at large scale

with more than nine million people

wondering if they can make it to the next day.

In fact,

what we know now

is that every 10 seconds

we lose a child to hunger.

This is more

than HIV/AIDS,

malaria and tuberculosis combined.

And we know that the issue

is not just production of food.

One of my mentors in life

was Norman Borlaug, my hero.

But today I'm going to talk about access to food,

because actually this year and last year

and during the 2008 food crisis,

there was enough food on Earth

for everyone to have 2,700 kilocalories.

So why is it

that we have a billion people

who can't find food?

And I also want to talk about

what I call our new burden of knowledge.

In 2008,

Lancet compiled all the research

and put forward the compelling evidence

that if a child in its first thousand days --

from conception to two years old --

does not have adequate nutrition,

the damage is irreversible.

Their brains and bodies will be stunted.

And here you see a brain scan of two children --

one who had adequate nutrition,

another, neglected

and who was deeply malnourished.

And we can see brain volumes

up to 40 percent less

in these children.

And in this slide

you see the neurons and the synapses of the brain

don't form.

And what we know now is this has huge impact on economies,

which I'll talk about later.

But also the earning potential of these children

is cut in half in their lifetime

due to the stunting

that happens in early years.

So this burden of knowledge drives me.

Because actually we know how to fix it

very simply.

And yet, in many places,

a third of the children,

by the time they're three

already are facing a life of hardship

due to this.

I'd like to talk about

some of the things I've seen on the front lines of hunger,

some of the things I've learned

in bringing my economic and trade knowledge

and my experience in the private sector.

I'd like to talk about where the gap of knowledge is.

Well first, I'd like to talk about the oldest nutritional method on Earth,

breastfeeding.

You may be surprised to know

that a child could be saved every 22 seconds

if there was breastfeeding in the first six months of life.

But in Niger, for example,

less than seven percent of the children

are breastfed

for the first six months of life, exclusively.

In Mauritania, less than three percent.

This is something that can be transformed with knowledge.

This message, this word, can come out

that this is not an old-fashioned way of doing business;

it's a brilliant way

of saving your child's life.

And so today we focus on not just passing out food,

but making sure the mothers have enough enrichment,

and teaching them about breastfeeding.

The second thing I'd like to talk about:

If you were living in a remote village somewhere,

your child was limp,

and you were in a drought, or you were in floods,

or you were in a situation where there wasn't adequate diversity of diet,

what would you do?

Do you think you could go to the store

and get a choice of power bars, like we can,

and pick the right one to match?

Well I find parents out on the front lines

very aware their children are going down for the count.

And I go to those shops, if there are any,

or out to the fields to see what they can get,

and they cannot obtain the nutrition.

Even if they know what they need to do, it's not available.

And I'm very excited about this,

because one thing we're working on

is transforming the technologies

that are very available

in the food industry

to be available for traditional crops.

And this is made with chickpeas, dried milk

and a host of vitamins,

matched to exactly what the brain needs.

It costs 17 cents for us to produce this

as, what I call, food for humanity.

We did this with food technologists

in India and Pakistan --

really about three of them.

But this is transforming

99 percent of the kids who get this.

One package, 17 cents a day --

their malnutrition is overcome.

So I am convinced

that if we can unlock the technologies

that are commonplace in the richer world

to be able to transform foods.

And this is climate-proof.

It doesn't need to be refrigerated, it doesn't need water,

which is often lacking.

And these types of technologies,

I see, have the potential

to transform the face of hunger and nutrition, malnutrition

out on the front lines.

The next thing I want to talk about is school feeding.

Eighty percent of the people in the world

have no food safety net.

When disaster strikes --

the economy gets blown, people lose a job,

floods, war, conflict,

bad governance, all of those things --

there is nothing to fall back on.

And usually the institutions --

churches, temples, other things --

do not have the resources

to provide a safety net.

What we have found working with the World Bank

is that the poor man's safety net,

the best investment, is school feeding.

And if you fill the cup

with local agriculture from small farmers,

you have a transformative effect.

Many kids in the world can't go to school

because they have to go beg and find a meal.

But when that food is there,

it's transformative.

It costs less than 25 cents a day to change a kid's life.

But what is most amazing is the effect on girls.

In countries where girls don't go to school

and you offer a meal to girls in school,

we see enrollment rates

about 50 percent girls and boys.

We see a transformation in attendance by girls.

And there was no argument,

because it's incentive.

Families need the help.

And we find that if we keep girls in school later,

they'll stay in school until they're 16,

and won't get married if there's food in school.

Or if they get an extra ration of food

at the end of the week --

it costs about 50 cents --

will keep a girl in school,

and they'll give birth to a healthier child,

because the malnutrition is sent

generation to generation.

We know that there's boom and bust cycles of hunger.

We know this.

Right now on the Horn of Africa, we've been through this before.

So is this a hopeless cause?

Absolutely not.

I'd like to talk about what I call our warehouses for hope.

Cameroon, northern Cameroon, boom and bust cycles of hunger

every year for decades.

Food aid coming in every year

when people are starving during the lean seasons.

Well two years ago,

we decided, let's transform the model of fighting hunger,

and instead of giving out the food aid, we put it into food banks.

And we said, listen,

during the lean season, take the food out.

You manage, the village manages these warehouses.

And during harvest, put it back with interest,

food interest.

So add in five percent, 10 percent more food.

For the past two years,

500 of these villages where these are

have not needed any food aid -- they're self-sufficient.

And the food banks are growing.

And they're starting school feeding programs for their children

by the people in the village.

But they've never had the ability

to build even the basic infrastructure

or the resources.

I love this idea that came from the village level:

three keys to unlock that warehouse.

Food is gold there.

And simple ideas can transform the face,

not of small areas,

of big areas of the world.

I'd like to talk about what I call digital food.

Technology is transforming

the face of food vulnerability

in places where you see classic famine.

Amartya Sen won his Nobel Prize

for saying, "Guess what, famines happen in the presence of food

because people have no ability to buy it."

We certainly saw that in 2008.

We're seeing that now in the Horn of Africa

where food prices are up 240 percent in some areas

over last year.

Food can be there and people can't buy it.

Well this picture -- I was in Hebron in a small shop, this shop,

where instead of bringing in food,

we provide digital food, a card.

It says "bon appetit" in Arabic.

And the women can go in and swipe

and get nine food items.

They have to be nutritious,

and they have to be locally produced.

And what's happened in the past year alone

is the dairy industry --

where this card's used for milk and yogurt

and eggs and hummus --

the dairy industry has gone up 30 percent.

The shopkeepers are hiring more people.

It is a win-win-win situation

that starts the food economy moving.

We now deliver food in over 30 countries

over cell phones,

transforming even the presence of refugees in countries,

and other ways.

Perhaps most exciting to me

is an idea that Bill Gates, Howard Buffett and others

have supported boldly,

which is to ask the question:

What if, instead of looking at the hungry as victims --

and most of them are small farmers

who cannot raise enough food or sell food

to even support their own families --

what if we view them as the solution,

as the value chain to fight hunger?

What if from the women in Africa

who cannot sell any food --

there's no roads, there's no warehouses,

there's not even a tarp to pick the food up with --

what if we give the enabling environment

for them to provide the food

to feed the hungry children elsewhere?

And Purchasing for Progress today is in 21 countries.

And guess what?

In virtually every case,

when poor farmers are given a guaranteed market --

if you say, "We will buy 300 metric tons of this.

We'll pick it up. We'll make sure it's stored properly." --

their yields have gone up two-, three-, fourfold

and they figure it out,

because it's the first guaranteed opportunity they've had in their life.

And we're seeing people transform their lives.

Today, food aid, our food aid --

huge engine --

80 percent of it is bought in the developing world.

Total transformation

that can actually transform the very lives that need the food.

Now you'd ask, can this be done at scale?

These are great ideas, village-level ideas.

Well I'd like to talk about Brazil,

because I've taken a journey to Brazil over the past couple of years,

when I read that Brazil was defeating hunger

faster than any nation on Earth right now.

And what I've found is,

rather than investing their money in food subsidies

and other things,

they invested in a school feeding program.

And they require that a third of that food

come from the smallest farmers who would have no opportunity.

And they're doing this at huge scale

after President Lula declared his goal

of ensuring everyone had three meals a day.

And this zero hunger program

costs .5 percent of GDP

and has lifted many millions of people

out of hunger and poverty.

It is transforming the face of hunger in Brazil,

and it's at scale, and it's creating opportunities.

I've gone out there; I've met with the small farmers

who have built their livelihoods

on the opportunity and platform

provided by this.

Now if we look at the economic imperative here,

this isn't just about compassion.

The fact is studies show

that the cost of malnutrition and hunger --

the cost to society,

the burden it has to bear --

is on average six percent,

and in some countries up to 11 percent,

of GDP a year.

And if you look at the 36 countries

with the highest burden of malnutrition,

that's 260 billion lost from a productive economy

every year.

Well, the World Bank estimates

it would take about 10 billion dollars --

10.3 --

to address malnutrition in those countries.

You look at the cost-benefit analysis,

and my dream is to take this issue,

not just from the compassion argument,

but to the finance ministers of the world,

and say we cannot afford

to not invest

in the access to adequate, affordable nutrition

for all of humanity.

The amazing thing I've found

is nothing can change on a big scale

without the determination of a leader.

When a leader says, "Not under my watch,"

everything begins to change.

And the world can come in

with enabling environments and opportunities to do this.

And the fact that France

has put food at the center of the G20

is really important.

Because food is one issue

that cannot be solved person by person, nation by nation.

We have to stand together.

And we're seeing nations in Africa.

WFP's been able to leave 30 nations

because they have transformed

the face of hunger in their nations.

What I would like to offer here is a challenge.

I believe we're living at a time in human history

where it's just simply unacceptable

that children wake up

and don't know where to find a cup of food.

Not only that,

transforming hunger

is an opportunity,

but I think we have to change our mindsets.

I am so honored to be here

with some of the world's top innovators and thinkers.

And I would like you to join with all of humanity

to draw a line in the sand

and say, "No more.

No more are we going to accept this."

And we want to tell our grandchildren

that there was a terrible time in history

where up to a third of the children

had brains and bodies that were stunted,

but that exists no more.

Thank you.

(Applause)