Henry Lin: What we can learn from galaxies far, far away

66,447 views ・ 2015-07-20

TED


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Translator: Mirna Lukovic Reviewer: Samra Cebiric
00:12
Here are some images of clusters of galaxies.
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Evo nekoliko slika skupina galaksija.
00:16
They're exactly what they sound like.
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I one su upravo to.
00:18
They are these huge collections of galaxies,
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One su ogromni zbirovi galaksija,
00:20
bound together by their mutual gravity.
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povezani zajedničkom gravitacijom.
00:22
So most of the points that you see on the screen
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Većina tačaka koje vidite na ekranu
00:25
are not individual stars,
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nisu pojedinačne zvijezde,
00:28
but collections of stars, or galaxies.
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već zbirovi zvijezda ili galaksija.
00:30
Now, by showing you some of these images,
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Pokazujući vam neke od ovih slika,
00:33
I hope that you will quickly see that
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nadam se da ćete brzo uvidjeti da su
00:35
galaxy clusters are these beautiful objects,
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zbirovi galaksija ovi prelijepi objekti,
00:37
but more than that,
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ali i više od toga.
00:39
I think galaxy clusters are mysterious,
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Lično mislim da su skupine sazviježđa misteriozne,
00:41
they are surprising,
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da su iznenađujuće
00:43
and they're useful.
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i da su korisne.
00:44
Useful as the universe's most massive laboratories.
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Korisne kao najveće laboratorije univerzuma.
00:48
And as laboratories, to describe galaxy clusters
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I kao kada opisujete laboratorije, opisati skupine galaksija
00:51
is to describe the experiments
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znači opisati eksperimente
00:53
that you can do with them.
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koje s njima možete raditi.
00:55
And I think there are four major types,
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A ja mislim da postoje četiri glavne vrste eksperimenata,
00:57
and the first type that I want to describe
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a prva vrsta koju želim da opišem
01:00
is probing the very big.
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je ispitivanje jako velikog.
01:02
So, how big?
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Koliko velikog?
01:04
Well, here is an image of a particular galaxy cluster.
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Evo slike određene skupine galaksija.
01:08
It is so massive that the light passing through it
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Ova je skupina toliko velika da se svjetlo koje kroz nju prolazi
01:11
is being bent, it's being distorted
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savija, deformira
01:14
by the extreme gravity of this cluster.
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zbog ekstremne gravitacije ovog zbira sazviježđa.
01:16
And, in fact, if you look very carefully
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I, zapravo, ako dobro pogledate
01:18
you'll be able to see rings around this cluster.
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vidjet ćete prstenove oko ove skupine.
01:21
Now, to give you a number,
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Da biste dobili predstavu,
01:22
this particular galaxy cluster
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ova konkretna skupina galaksija
01:24
has a mass of over one million billion suns.
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ima masu veću od jednog miliona milijardi sunaca.
01:28
It's just mind-boggling how massive these systems can get.
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Jednostavno je nepojmljivo koliko mogu biti veliki ovi sistemi.
01:31
But more than their mass,
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Ali, važnija od njihove mase
01:33
they have this additional feature.
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je njihova dodatna osobina.
01:35
They are essentially isolated systems,
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One su u osnovi izolovani sistemi,
01:37
so if we like, we can think of them
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tako da, ako želimo, o njima možemo razmišljati
01:39
as a scaled-down version of the entire universe.
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kao o umanjenim verzijama cijelog svemira.
01:43
And many of the questions that we might have
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Mnoga pitanja koja možda imamo
01:45
about the universe at large scales,
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o svemiru, u širem smislu,
01:47
such as, how does gravity work?
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kao na primjer "kako djeluje gravitacija?"
01:49
might be answered by studying these systems.
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mogu biti odgovorena proučavanjem ovih sistema.
01:52
So that was very big.
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To je, dakle, jako veliko.
01:53
The second things is very hot.
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Druga stvar je - vrelo.
01:55
Okay, if I take an image of a galaxy cluster,
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Ako uzmem sliku skupine galaksija
01:58
and I subtract away all of the starlight,
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i s nje uklonim svjetlost zvijezda
02:01
what I'm left with is this big, blue blob.
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ostaje mi ova velika, plava mrlja.
02:03
This is in false color.
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Ovo nije prava boja.
02:05
It's actually X-ray light that we're seeing.
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Ovo što vidimo je zapravo svjetlo rendgenskog zraka.
02:07
And the question is, if it's not galaxies,
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Sada je pitanje, ako to nisu galaksije,
02:10
what is emitting this light?
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šta onda emituje ovu svjetlost?
02:12
The answer is hot gas,
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Odgovor je vreli gas,
02:14
million-degree gas --
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gas od milion stepeni -
02:16
in fact, it's plasma.
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zapravo, to je plazma.
02:17
And the reason why it's so hot
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A razlog zašto je tako vrelo
02:19
goes back to the previous slide.
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je na prethodnom slajdu.
02:21
The extreme gravity of these systems
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Ekstremna gravitacija ovih sistema
02:24
is accelerating particles of gas to great speeds,
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ubrzava čestice gasa do velikih brzina,
02:27
and great speeds means great temperatures.
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a velike brzine znače i velike temperature.
02:29
So this is the main idea,
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Ovo je, dakle, osnovna ideja,
02:31
but science is a rough draft.
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ali nauka je grubi nacrt.
02:33
There are many basic properties about this plasma
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Mnoge osnovne osobine plazme
02:36
that still confuse us,
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nas još uvijek zbunjuju,
02:38
still puzzle us,
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tjeraju na razmišljanje
02:39
and still push our understanding
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i pomijeraju granice našeg razumijevanja
02:41
of the physics of the very hot.
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fizike vrelog.
02:43
Third thing: probing the very small.
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Treća stvar: ispitivanje jako malog.
02:47
Now, to explain this, I need to tell you
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Da bih vam ovo objasnio, moram vam reći
02:49
a very disturbing fact.
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vrlo uznemirujuću činjenicu.
02:51
Most of the universe's matter
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Najveći dio materije svemira
02:54
is not made up of atoms.
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nije sačinjen od atoma.
02:56
You were lied to.
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Lagali su vam.
02:58
Most of it is made up of something very, very mysterious,
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Najveći dio je sačinjen od nečeg jako, jako misterioznog,
03:01
which we call dark matter.
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što se zove tamna materija.
03:03
Dark matter is something that doesn't like to interact very much,
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Tamna materija je nešto što ne voli interakciju,
03:07
except through gravity,
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osim kroz gravitaciju,
03:09
and of course we would like to learn more about it.
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i, naravno, želimo znati više o njoj.
03:10
If you're a particle physicist,
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Ako se bavite fizikom čestica,
03:12
you want to know what happens when we smash things together.
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želite znati šta se dešava kada sudarimo dvije stvari.
03:14
And dark matter is no exception.
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A tamna materija nije izuzetak.
03:16
Well, how do we do this?
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I kako onda to radimo?
03:18
To answer that question,
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Da bih odgovorio na to pitanje
03:19
I'm going to have to ask another one,
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moram postaviti drugo,
03:21
which is, what happens when galaxy clusters collide?
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a to je "šta se dešava kada se sudare dvije skupine galaksija?"
03:24
Here is an image.
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Evo slike.
03:26
Since galaxy clusters are representative
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Skupine galaksija predstavljaju
03:29
slices of the universe, scaled-down versions.
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isječke univerzuma, njegove umanjene verzije.
03:33
They are mostly made up of dark matter,
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Sačinjene su uglavnom od tamne materije,
03:35
and that's what you see in this bluish purple.
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i to je ono što vidite u plavo-ljubičastoj boji.
03:37
The red represents the hot gas,
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Crvena predstavlja vreli gas,
03:39
and, of course, you can see many galaxies.
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i naravno, vidite mnogo galaksija.
03:41
What's happened is a particle accelerator
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Ono što se desilo je ubrzivač čestica
03:43
at a huge, huge scale.
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na ogromnom, ogromnom nivou.
03:45
And this is very important,
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Ovo je jako važno
03:47
because what it means is that very, very small
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jer znači da bi se jako, jako mali
03:49
effects that might be difficult to detect in the lab,
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efekti koje bi bilo teško detektovati u laboratoriji
03:52
might be compounded and compounded
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mogli jediniti i jediniti
03:54
into something that we could possibly observe in nature.
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u nešto što bismo mogli primijetiti u prirodi.
03:58
So, it's very funny.
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Smiješno je.
03:59
The reason why galaxy clusters
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Razlog zašto preko skupine galaksija
04:01
can teach us about dark matter,
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možemo učiti o tamnoj materiji,
04:03
the reason why galaxy clusters
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razlog zašto kroz skupine galaksija
04:05
can teach us about the physics of the very small,
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možemo učiti o fizici jako malog,
04:07
is precisely because they are so very big.
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je upravo zato što su tako velike.
04:10
Fourth thing: the physics of the very strange.
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Četvrta stvar: fizika jako neobičnog.
04:14
Certainly what I've said so far is crazy.
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Naravno da je sve što sam do sada rekao ludo.
04:17
Okay, if there's anything stranger
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Uredu, ako postoji išta neobičnije
04:20
I think it has to be dark energy.
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mislim da to onda mora biti tamna energija.
04:22
If I throw a ball into the air,
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Ako bacim loptu u zrak,
04:24
I expect it to go up.
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očekujem da će ići gore.
04:26
What I don't expect is that it go up
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Ono što ne očekujem je da ide gore
04:28
at an ever-increasing rate.
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sve brže i brže.
04:30
Similarly, cosmologists understand why
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Slično tome, kozmolozi razumiju zašto
04:33
the universe is expanding.
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se svemir širi.
04:34
They don't understand why it's expanding
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Ne razumiju zašto se širi
04:36
at an ever-increasing rate.
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sve brže i brže.
04:38
They give the cause of this
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Razlog ovog
04:40
accelerated expansion a name,
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ubrzanog širenja ima ime,
04:42
and they call it dark energy.
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i zovu ga tamna energija.
04:44
And, again, we want to learn more about it.
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I opet želimo znati više o njoj.
04:46
So, one particular question that we have is,
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Jedno određeno pitanje koje imamo je
04:49
how does dark energy affect the universe
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kako tamna energija utječe na svemir
04:51
at the largest scales?
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na većem planu?
04:53
Depending on how strong it is,
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Zavisno od toga koliko je jaka,
04:54
maybe structure forms faster or slower.
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možda se strukture formiraju brže ili sporije.
04:58
Well, the problem with the large-scale structure
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Problem sa velikom strukturom
05:00
of the universe is that it's horribly complicated.
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svemira je taj što je užasno komplikovana.
05:03
Here is a computer simulation.
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Pogledajte kompjutersku simulaciju.
05:05
And we need a way to simplify it.
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Potreban nam je način da je pojednostavimo.
05:07
Well, I like to think about this using an analogy.
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O ovome volim razmišljati koristeći analogiju.
05:11
If I want to understand the sinking of the Titanic,
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Ako želim razumjeti kako je potonuo Titanik
05:13
the most important thing to do
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nije najvažnije
05:15
is not to model the little positions
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tačno postaviti svaki djelić
05:17
of every single little piece of the boat that broke off.
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koji se odvojio s broda.
05:20
The most important thing to do is
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Najvažnije je
05:21
to track the two biggest parts.
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pronaći dva najveća dijela.
05:23
Similarly, I can learn a lot about the universe
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Na sličan način mogu mnogo naučiti o svemiru
05:27
at the largest scales
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na širem planu
05:29
by tracking its biggest pieces
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prateći njegove najveće dijelove,
05:30
and those biggest pieces are clusters of galaxies.
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a najveći dijelovi su skupine galaksija.
05:34
So, as I come to a close,
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Kako se bližim završetku
05:37
you might feel slightly cheated.
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možda se osjećate malo prevarenima.
05:39
I mean, I began by talking about
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Mislim, počeo sam govorom o tome
05:42
how galaxy clusters are useful,
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kako su skupine galaksija korisne
05:44
and I've given some reasons,
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i naveo sam neke razloge,
05:45
but what is their use really?
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ali koja je njihova stvarna korist?
05:48
Well, to answer this,
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Da bih odgovorio na ovo,
05:50
I want to give you a quote by Henry Ford
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želim citirati Henrya Forda
05:52
when he was asked about cars.
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kada su ga pitali o autima.
05:54
He had this to say:
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On je rekao ovo:
05:55
"If I had asked people what they wanted,
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"Da sam pitao ljude šta žele,
05:58
they would have said faster horses."
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tražili bi brže konje".
06:00
Today, we as a society are faced
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Danas smo kao društvo suočeni
06:03
with many, many difficult problems.
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sa jako mnogo teških problema.
06:05
And the solutions to these problems are not obvious.
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A rješenja ovih problema nisu očigledna.
06:09
They are not faster horses.
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Ona nisu "brži konji".
06:11
They will require an enormous amount of
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Ta će rješenja zahtijevati ogromnu količinu
06:13
scientific ingenuity.
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naučne genijalnosti.
06:15
So, yes, we need to focus,
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Dakle, da, moramo se fokusirati,
06:17
yes, we need to concentrate,
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da, moramo se koncentrisati,
06:18
but we also need to remember that
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Ali isto tako moramo upamtiti da
06:20
innovation, ingenuity, inspiration --
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inovacija, genijalnost, inspiracija -
06:23
these things come
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ove stvari dolaze
06:25
when we broaden our field of vision
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kada proširimo svoje vidike,
06:26
when we step back
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kada zakoračimo unazad,
06:28
when we zoom out.
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kada sagledamo veću sliku.
06:29
And I can't think of a better way to do this than
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A ja ne mogu da zamislim bolji način da se ovo uradi
06:31
by studying the universe around us. Thanks.
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nego posmatranjem svemira oko nas. Hvala.
06:34
(Applause)
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Aplauz
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