Henry Lin: What we can learn from galaxies far, far away

Translator: Doraisamy S. Reviewer: Pei Fang Ng

Here are some images of clusters of galaxies.

Ini imej kelompok galaksi.

They're exactly what they sound like.

Memang seperti namanya,

They are these huge collections of galaxies,

ia merupakan himpunan galaksi

bound together by their mutual gravity.

yang terbentuk kerana daya gravitinya.

So most of the points that you see on the screen

Kebanyakan bintik yang dilihat

are not individual stars,

bukan bintang-bintang berasingan,

but collections of stars, or galaxies.

tetapi himpunan bintang, atau galaksi.

Now, by showing you some of these images,

Setelah melihat imej ini,

I hope that you will quickly see that

saya berharap anda sedar bahawa

galaxy clusters are these beautiful objects,

kelompok galaksi adalah indah.

but more than that,

Tapi bukan itu saja,

I think galaxy clusters are mysterious,

saya rasa kelompok galaksi bermisteri,

they are surprising,

mengejutkan,

and they're useful.

dan berguna.

Useful as the universe's most massive laboratories.

Berguna sebagai sebuah makmal alam semesta.

And as laboratories, to describe galaxy clusters

Kita boleh menjelaskan kelompok galaksi

is to describe the experiments

mengikut cara kita menjelaskan eksperimen

that you can do with them.

yang boleh dilakukan dengannya.

And I think there are four major types,

Saya rasa terdapat empat aspek utama.

and the first type that I want to describe

Aspek pertama adalah tentang saiz yang besar.

is probing the very big.

Aspek pertama ialah, saiz yang besar.

So, how big?

Berapa besar?

Well, here is an image of a particular galaxy cluster.

Ini imej bagi sebuah kelompok galaksi.

It is so massive that the light passing through it

Ia begitu besar sehingga cahaya yang menembusinya

is being bent, it's being distorted

dibengkokkan dan terganggu

by the extreme gravity of this cluster.

oleh graviti melampau kelompok ini.

And, in fact, if you look very carefully

Jika anda melihat dengan teliti,

you'll be able to see rings around this cluster.

terdapat gelang di sekitar kelompok ini.

Now, to give you a number,

Untuk memberikan sebuah anggaran,

this particular galaxy cluster

kelompok galaksi ini

has a mass of over one million billion suns.

mempunyai jisim lebih daripada satu juta bilion matahari.

It's just mind-boggling how massive these systems can get.

Agak menakjubkan betapa besarnya sistem ini.

But more than their mass,

Tetapi lebih daripada jisimnya,

they have this additional feature.

ia mempunyai sebuah ciri tambahan.

They are essentially isolated systems,

Ia merupakan sistem-sistem yang terasing.

so if we like, we can think of them

Kita boleh membayangkannya

as a scaled-down version of the entire universe.

sebagai sebuah alam semesta yang kecil.

And many of the questions that we might have

Soalan-soalan yang kita tertanya-tanya

about the universe at large scales,

tentang alam semesta,

such as, how does gravity work?

seperti "Bagaimana graviti berfungsi?"

might be answered by studying these systems.

mungkin dapat dijawab setelah mengkaji sistem-sistem ini.

So that was very big.

Jadi, ia sangat besar.

The second things is very hot.

Aspek kedua: sangat panas.

Okay, if I take an image of a galaxy cluster,

Jika saya mengambil sebuah imej kelompok galaksi,

and I subtract away all of the starlight,

dan keluarkan semua cahaya bintang,

what I'm left with is this big, blue blob.

apa yang tinggal ialah sebuah tompok biru yang besar.

This is in false color.

Ini warna palsu.

It's actually X-ray light that we're seeing.

Apa yang kita lihat ialah cahaya X-ray.

And the question is, if it's not galaxies,

Jika ia bukan galaksi,

what is emitting this light?

apa yang memancarkan cahaya ini?

The answer is hot gas,

Jawapannya, gas panas,

million-degree gas --

Gas bersuhu sejuta darjah.

in fact, it's plasma.

Sebenarnya, ia plasma.

And the reason why it's so hot

"Mengapa ia begitu panas?"

goes back to the previous slide.

dapat dijawab oleh slaid yang sebelumnya.

The extreme gravity of these systems

Graviti melampau sistem-sistem ini

is accelerating particles of gas to great speeds,

mempercepat kelajuan zarah gas,

and great speeds means great temperatures.

dan kelajuan yang tinggi bererti suhu yang tinggi

So this is the main idea,

Inilah idea utama.

but science is a rough draft.

Tapi sains ialah sebuah draf kasar.

There are many basic properties about this plasma

Terdapat banyak ciri asas tentang plasma ini

that still confuse us,

yang masih mengelirukan kita,

still puzzle us,

membingungkan kita,

and still push our understanding

dan mendorong pengetahuan ktia

of the physics of the very hot.

tentang soal kepanasan ini.

Third thing: probing the very small.

Aspek ketiga: sangat kecil.

Now, to explain this, I need to tell you

Untuk menjelaskannya, saya perlu beritahu anda

a very disturbing fact.

sebuah fakta yang membimbangkan.

Most of the universe's matter

Kebanyakan bahan dalam alam semesta

is not made up of atoms.

bukannya terdiri daripada atom.

You were lied to.

Anda telah ditipu.

Most of it is made up of something very, very mysterious,

Kebanyakannya terdiri daripada sesuatu yang sangat bermisteri,

which we call dark matter.

iaitu jirim gelap.

Dark matter is something that doesn't like to interact very much,

Jirim gelap tidak suka berinteraksi,

except through gravity,

kecuali melalui graviti.

and of course we would like to learn more about it.

Kita ingin tahu lebih banyak tentangnya.

If you're a particle physicist,

Jika anda seorang ahli fizik zarah,

you want to know what happens when we smash things together.

anda ingin tahu apa yang berlaku apabila kita merempuh benda-benda.

And dark matter is no exception.

Jirim gelap tidak terkecuali.

Well, how do we do this?

Bagaimanakah kita melakukannya?

To answer that question,

Untuk menjawab soalan ini,

I'm going to have to ask another one,

saya perlu menanya soalan yang lain:

which is, what happens when galaxy clusters collide?

Apa yang berlaku apabila kelompok galaksi berlanggaran?

Here is an image.

Ini imejnya.

Since galaxy clusters are representative

Oleh sebab kelompok galaksi ialah

slices of the universe, scaled-down versions.

kepingan-kepingan alam semesta, iaitu bentuk kecilnya,

They are mostly made up of dark matter,

kebanyakannya terdiri daripada jirim gelap,

and that's what you see in this bluish purple.

iaitu yang berwarna ungu kebiruan.

The red represents the hot gas,

Warna merah ialah gas panas,

and, of course, you can see many galaxies.

dan anda dapat melihat banyak galaksi.

What's happened is a particle accelerator

Zarah memecut pada kadar yang pantas.

at a huge, huge scale.

Zarah memecut pada kadar yang pantas.

And this is very important,

Hal ini sangat penting

because what it means is that very, very small

sebab kesan-kesan yang sangat kecil

effects that might be difficult to detect in the lab,

yang mungkin sukar dikesan di makmal

might be compounded and compounded

mungkin membentuk sesuatu

into something that we could possibly observe in nature.

yang boleh dilihat dalam alam semula jadi.

So, it's very funny.

Ia sangat lucu.

The reason why galaxy clusters

Kelompok-kelompok galaksi

can teach us about dark matter,

boleh mengajar kita tentang jirim gelap,

the reason why galaxy clusters

kelompok-kelompok galaksi

can teach us about the physics of the very small,

boleh mengajar kita tentang aspek sangat kecil,

is precisely because they are so very big.

semuanya kerana ia sangat besar.

Fourth thing: the physics of the very strange.

Aspek keempat: sangat pelik.

Certainly what I've said so far is crazy.

Semestinya apa yang saya cakap tadi agak gila.

Okay, if there's anything stranger

Perkara yang lebih pelik

I think it has to be dark energy.

ialah tenaga gelap.

If I throw a ball into the air,

Jika saya membaling sebiji bola ke udara,

I expect it to go up.

saya menjangkakannya ke atas.

What I don't expect is that it go up

Saya tidak menjangkakan ia ke atas

at an ever-increasing rate.

pada kadar yang semakin pantas.

Similarly, cosmologists understand why

Begitu juga, ahli-ahli kosmologi memahami

the universe is expanding.

sebab alam semesta sedang berkembang.

They don't understand why it's expanding

Mereka tidak faham mengapa ia sedang berkembang

at an ever-increasing rate.

pada kadar yang semakin pantas.

They give the cause of this

Mereka telah menamakan

accelerated expansion a name,

pengembangan terpecut ini

and they call it dark energy.

sebagai "tenaga gelap".

And, again, we want to learn more about it.

Kita ingin belajar lebih lanjut tentangnya.

So, one particular question that we have is,

Soalannya ialah:

bagaimanakah tenaga gelap mempengaruhi alam semesta?

how does dark energy affect the universe

at the largest scales?

bagaimanakah tenaga gelap mempengaruhi alam semesta?

Depending on how strong it is,

Bergantung pada kekuatan tenaga gelap,

maybe structure forms faster or slower.

mungkin struktur terbentuk dengan lebih cepat atau lebih lambat.

Well, the problem with the large-scale structure

Masalah dengan struktur

of the universe is that it's horribly complicated.

di alam semesta ialah, ia sangat rumit.

Here is a computer simulation.

Ini sebuah simulasi komputer.

And we need a way to simplify it.

Kita perlukan cara untuk meringkaskannya.

Well, I like to think about this using an analogy.

Saya suka menggunakan analogi ini:

If I want to understand the sinking of the Titanic,

Jika saya mahu memahami peristiwa kekaraman Titanic,

the most important thing to do

saya tidak perlu memodelkan setiap kepingan kecil daripada kapal itu.

is not to model the little positions

saya tidak perlu memodelkan setiap kepingan kecil daripada kapal itu.

of every single little piece of the boat that broke off.

saya tidak perlu memodelkan setiap kepingan kecil daripada kapal itu.

The most important thing to do is

Saya hanya perlu

to track the two biggest parts.

mencari dua bahagian yang paling besar.

Similarly, I can learn a lot about the universe

Begitu juga, banyak yang boleh

at the largest scales

dipelajari tentang alam semesta

by tracking its biggest pieces

dengan menjejaki kepingan terbesarnya,

and those biggest pieces are clusters of galaxies.

iaitu kelompok galaksi.

So, as I come to a close,

Ketika ini,

you might feel slightly cheated.

anda mungkin rasa tertipu.

I mean, I began by talking about

Maksud saya, saya telah katakan

how galaxy clusters are useful,

kelompok galaksi adalah berguna,

and I've given some reasons,

dan saya telah memberikan beberapa sebab.

but what is their use really?

Tapi, apakah kegunaannya?

Well, to answer this,

Untuk menjawab soalan ini,

I want to give you a quote by Henry Ford

Saya ingin berikan petikan daripada Henry Ford

when he was asked about cars.

apabila beliau ditanya tentang kereta.

He had this to say:

Beliau berkata:

"If I had asked people what they wanted,

"Jika saya tanya orang ramai apa yang mereka mahu,

they would have said faster horses."

mereka pasti mahukan kuda yang lebih pantas."

Today, we as a society are faced

Hari ini, masyarakat kita menghadapi

with many, many difficult problems.

banyak masalah yang rumit.

And the solutions to these problems are not obvious.

Masih tiada penyelesaian yang muktamad.

They are not faster horses.

Bukan kuda yang lebih pantas.

They will require an enormous amount of

Ia memerlukan kepintaran saintifik.

scientific ingenuity.

Ia memerlukan kepintaran saintifik.

So, yes, we need to focus,

Jadi, kita perlu berfokus.

yes, we need to concentrate,

Kita perlu menumpukan perhatian.

but we also need to remember that

Tapi kita juga perlu ingat,

innovation, ingenuity, inspiration --

inovasi, kepintaran, inspirasi,

these things come

semua ini akan wujud

when we broaden our field of vision

apabila kita meluaskan visi kita,

when we step back

berfikir,

when we zoom out.

melihat ke luar.

And I can't think of a better way to do this than

Cara yang baik untuk melakukannya ialah,

by studying the universe around us. Thanks.

mengkaji alam semesta kita. Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepukan)