Henry Lin: What we can learn from galaxies far, far away

67,183 views ใƒป 2015-07-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Michal Abraham ืžื‘ืงืจ: Elazar Raab
00:12
Here are some images of clusters of galaxies.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
00:16
They're exactly what they sound like.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื.
00:18
They are these huge collections of galaxies,
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ืืœื• ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
00:20
bound together by their mutual gravity.
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ื›ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:22
So most of the points that you see on the screen
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš
00:25
are not individual stars,
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ื”ื ืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
00:28
but collections of stars, or galaxies.
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ืืœื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
00:30
Now, by showing you some of these images,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
00:33
I hope that you will quickly see that
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืชืจืื•
00:35
galaxy clusters are these beautiful objects,
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ืฉืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื,
00:37
but more than that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”,
00:39
I think galaxy clusters are mysterious,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื,
00:41
they are surprising,
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ื”ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื,
00:43
and they're useful.
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ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
00:44
Useful as the universe's most massive laboratories.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
00:48
And as laboratories, to describe galaxy clusters
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ื•ื›ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืœืชืืจ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
00:51
is to describe the experiments
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ื–ื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
00:53
that you can do with them.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื.
00:55
And I think there are four major types,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื,
00:57
and the first type that I want to describe
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ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืืจ
01:00
is probing the very big.
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ื–ื” ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
01:02
So, how big?
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ืื–, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
01:04
Well, here is an image of a particular galaxy cluster.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
01:08
It is so massive that the light passing through it
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื•
01:11
is being bent, it's being distorted
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืงื•ื, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช
01:14
by the extreme gravity of this cluster.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:16
And, in fact, if you look very carefully
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘
01:18
you'll be able to see rings around this cluster.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:21
Now, to give you a number,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ,
01:22
this particular galaxy cluster
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ืœืฆื‘ืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:24
has a mass of over one million billion suns.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช.
01:28
It's just mind-boggling how massive these systems can get.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
01:31
But more than their mass,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกื” ืฉืœื”ื,
01:33
they have this additional feature.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื–ื•:
01:35
They are essentially isolated systems,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
01:37
so if we like, we can think of them
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ืื– ืื ื ืจืฆื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
01:39
as a scaled-down version of the entire universe.
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ื›ื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ืงื˜ื ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:43
And many of the questions that we might have
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ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
01:45
about the universe at large scales,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื,
01:47
such as, how does gravity work?
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”?
01:49
might be answered by studying these systems.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
01:52
So that was very big.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” "ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“".
01:53
The second things is very hot.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื".
01:55
Okay, if I take an image of a galaxy cluster,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืจ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
01:58
and I subtract away all of the starlight,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื—ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
02:01
what I'm left with is this big, blue blob.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื–ื” ื›ืชื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:03
This is in false color.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™.
02:05
It's actually X-ray light that we're seeing.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืงืจื™ื ืช ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
02:07
And the question is, if it's not galaxies,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
02:10
what is emitting this light?
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ืžื” ืคื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
02:12
The answer is hot gas,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื– ื—ื,
02:14
million-degree gas --
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ื’ื– ื‘ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืขืœื•ืช -
02:16
in fact, it's plasma.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืคืœื–ืžื”.
02:17
And the reason why it's so hot
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื
02:19
goes back to the previous slide.
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ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
02:21
The extreme gravity of these systems
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
02:24
is accelerating particles of gas to great speeds,
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ืžืื™ืฅ ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื’ื– ืœืžื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
02:27
and great speeds means great temperatures.
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ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.
02:29
So this is the main idea,
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
02:31
but science is a rough draft.
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ืืš ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื ื• ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช.
02:33
There are many basic properties about this plasma
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ื™ืฉ ืœืคืœื–ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช
02:36
that still confuse us,
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•,
02:38
still puzzle us,
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•,
02:39
and still push our understanding
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ื•ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:41
of the physics of the very hot.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ืžืื•ื“.
02:43
Third thing: probing the very small.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:47
Now, to explain this, I need to tell you
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
02:49
a very disturbing fact.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:51
Most of the universe's matter
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
02:54
is not made up of atoms.
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ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:56
You were lied to.
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ืฉื™ืงืจื• ืœื›ื.
02:58
Most of it is made up of something very, very mysterious,
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ืจื•ื‘ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™,
03:01
which we call dark matter.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ.
03:03
Dark matter is something that doesn't like to interact very much,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“,
03:07
except through gravity,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”,
03:09
and of course we would like to learn more about it.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
03:10
If you're a particle physicist,
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ืื ืืช/ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™/ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
03:12
you want to know what happens when we smash things together.
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ืชืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžืจืกืงื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
03:14
And dark matter is no exception.
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
03:16
Well, how do we do this?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
03:18
To answer that question,
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ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•,
03:19
I'm going to have to ask another one,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช,
03:21
which is, what happens when galaxy clusters collide?
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื?
03:24
Here is an image.
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ื”ื ื” ืชืžื•ื ื”.
03:26
Since galaxy clusters are representative
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื
03:29
slices of the universe, scaled-down versions.
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ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื - ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืžื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
03:33
They are mostly made up of dark matter,
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ื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ,
03:35
and that's what you see in this bluish purple.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื—ืœื—ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
03:37
The red represents the hot gas,
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ื”ืื“ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื’ื– ื—ื,
03:39
and, of course, you can see many galaxies.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
03:41
What's happened is a particle accelerator
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื–ื” ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
03:43
at a huge, huge scale.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื ืงื™.
03:45
And this is very important,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
03:47
because what it means is that very, very small
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื
03:49
effects that might be difficult to detect in the lab,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื™ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
03:52
might be compounded and compounded
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ
03:54
into something that we could possibly observe in nature.
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:58
So, it's very funny.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืขืฉืข.
03:59
The reason why galaxy clusters
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
04:01
can teach us about dark matter,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ,
04:03
the reason why galaxy clusters
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
04:05
can teach us about the physics of the very small,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“
04:07
is precisely because they are so very big.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
04:10
Fourth thing: the physics of the very strange.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
04:14
Certainly what I've said so far is crazy.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
04:17
Okay, if there's anything stranger
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:20
I think it has to be dark energy.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”.
04:22
If I throw a ball into the air,
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ืื ืื ื™ ื–ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
04:24
I expect it to go up.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืœื”.
04:26
What I don't expect is that it go up
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆืคื” ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขืœื”
04:28
at an ever-increasing rate.
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ.
04:30
Similarly, cosmologists understand why
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข
04:33
the universe is expanding.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘.
04:34
They don't understand why it's expanding
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘
04:36
at an ever-increasing rate.
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ.
04:38
They give the cause of this
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฉื
04:40
accelerated expansion a name,
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ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืืฆืช,
04:42
and they call it dark energy.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”.
04:44
And, again, we want to learn more about it.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
04:46
So, one particular question that we have is,
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ืื–, ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื
04:49
how does dark energy affect the universe
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ืื™ืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
04:51
at the largest scales?
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ื‘ืงื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
04:53
Depending on how strong it is,
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ื›ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœื”
04:54
maybe structure forms faster or slower.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:58
Well, the problem with the large-scale structure
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
05:00
of the universe is that it's horribly complicated.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืจื ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
05:03
Here is a computer simulation.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
05:05
And we need a way to simplify it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœืคืฉื˜ ืื•ืชื•.
05:07
Well, I like to think about this using an analogy.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
05:11
If I want to understand the sinking of the Titanic,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ืง,
05:13
the most important thing to do
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
05:15
is not to model the little positions
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™
05:17
of every single little piece of the boat that broke off.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ื” ืฉื ืฉื‘ืจ.
05:20
The most important thing to do is
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื”
05:21
to track the two biggest parts.
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ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:23
Similarly, I can learn a lot about the universe
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
05:27
at the largest scales
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ื‘ืงื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:29
by tracking its biggest pieces
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•
05:30
and those biggest pieces are clusters of galaxies.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
05:34
So, as I come to a close,
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ืื– ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื,
05:37
you might feel slightly cheated.
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ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืžืจื•ืžื™ื.
05:39
I mean, I began by talking about
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
05:42
how galaxy clusters are useful,
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ืื™ืš ืฆื‘ื™ืจื™ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
05:44
and I've given some reasons,
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ื•ื ืชืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
05:45
but what is their use really?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื ื‘ืืžืช?
05:48
Well, to answer this,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”
05:50
I want to give you a quote by Henry Ford
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื•ืจื“
05:52
when he was asked about cars.
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:54
He had this to say:
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœื•ืžืจ:
05:55
"If I had asked people what they wanted,
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"ืื ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื” ื”ื ืจืฆื•,
05:58
they would have said faster horses."
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ."
06:00
Today, we as a society are faced
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™
06:03
with many, many difficult problems.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
06:05
And the solutions to these problems are not obvious.
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ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
06:09
They are not faster horses.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืกื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:11
They will require an enormous amount of
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ
06:13
scientific ingenuity.
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ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžื“ืขื™.
06:15
So, yes, we need to focus,
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ืื–, ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืงืกื™ื,
06:17
yes, we need to concentrate,
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื›ื–,
06:18
but we also need to remember that
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
06:20
innovation, ingenuity, inspiration --
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ืฉื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืื”, ื”ืฉืจืื” -
06:23
these things come
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืื™ื
06:25
when we broaden our field of vision
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
06:26
when we step back
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”
06:28
when we zoom out.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”.
06:29
And I can't think of a better way to do this than
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
06:31
by studying the universe around us. Thanks.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•. ืชื•ื“ื”.
06:34
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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