Eddy Cartaya: My glacier cave discoveries

13,377 views ใƒป 2015-07-20

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mira Kraรฏmia ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: nada abdelrhman
00:12
So how many of you have ever been in a cave before?
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ูƒู… ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุฐู‡ุจ ูŠูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒู‡ูุŸ
00:15
Okay, a few of you.
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุจุนุถูƒู….
00:16
When you think of a cave, most of you think
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ุนู†ุฏ ุชููƒูŠุฑูƒ ููŠ ูƒู‡ูุŒ ุชุชุฎูŠู‘ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ
00:18
of a tunnel going through solid rock,
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ู†ูู‚ุง ูŠู…ุชุฏู‘ ุนุจุฑ ุตุฎุฑุฉ ุตู„ุจุฉุŒ
00:20
and in fact, that's how most caves are.
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ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ู‡ูŠ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงู„ูุนู„.
00:22
Around this half of the country,
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ููŠ ู‚ุฑุงุจุฉ ู†ุตู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุŒ
00:24
most of your caves are made of limestone.
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ุชุชูƒูˆู‘ู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ู…ู† ุญุฌุฑ ุงู„ูƒู„ุณ.
00:26
Back where I'm from, most of our caves are made of lava rock,
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ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุขุชูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุจู‡ุง ูƒู‡ูˆู ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุบู„ุจู‡ุง ู…ุชูƒูˆู‘ู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ู… ุงู„ุญุฌุฑูŠุฉุŒ
00:29
because we have a lot of volcanoes out there.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงูƒูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ.
00:30
But the caves I want to share with you today are made
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃูˆุฏู‘ ุฃู† ุฃุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุชุชูƒูˆู‘ู†
00:32
completely of ice, specifically glacier ice
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ุชู…ุงู…ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู„ุฌุŒ ูˆ ุจุฏู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌูŠ
00:36
that's formed in the side of the tallest mountain
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชูƒูˆู‘ู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุงู†ุจ ุฃุทูˆู„ ุฌุจู„
00:38
in the state of Oregon, called Mount Hood.
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ููŠ ูˆู„ุงูŠุฉ ุฃูˆุฑูŠุบูˆู†ุŒ ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‘ู‰ ุฌุจู„ ู‡ูˆุฏ.
00:41
Now Mount Hood's only one hour's drive from Portland,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ููŠ ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุชุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุณุงุนุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุจูˆุฑุชู„ุงู†ุฏุŒ
00:44
the largest city in Oregon,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุจุฃูˆุฑูŠุบูˆู†ุŒ
00:45
where over two million people live.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠุณูƒู† ู…ู„ูŠูˆู†ูŠ ุดุฎุต.
00:48
Now the most exciting thing for a cave explorer
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ุฅู†ู‘ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุซูŠุฑ ุญู…ุงุณ ู…ูƒุชุดู ูƒู‡ูˆู
00:50
is to find a new cave
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู‡ู ุฌุฏูŠุฏ
00:51
and be the first human to ever go into it.
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ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ูˆุงุทุฆู‡ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
00:54
The second most exciting thing for a cave explorer
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ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุซูŠุฑ ุญู…ุงุณ ู…ุณุชูƒุดู ูƒู‡ูˆู
00:56
is to be the first one to make a map of a cave.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ูŠุถุน ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ู„ูƒู‡ู.
00:58
Now these days, with so many people hiking around,
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ููŠ ุฃูŠุงู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ูˆ ู…ุน ุชุฒุงูŠุฏ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ูŠู…ุงุฑุณูˆู† ุชุณู„ู‘ู‚ ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ุŒ
01:00
it's pretty hard to find a new cave,
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ุฃุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู‡ู ุฌุฏูŠุฏ
01:02
so you can imagine how excited we were
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ู„ุฐุง ููŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุชุฎูŠู‘ู„ ุดุฏู‘ุฉ ุญู…ุงุณู†ุง
01:04
to find three new caves
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ู„ุงูƒุชุดุงูู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ
01:05
within sight of Oregon's largest city
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุจุฃูˆุฑูŠุบูˆู†
01:08
and realize that they had never been explored
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ูˆ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู†ุง ู„ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ู„ู… ุชูƒุชุดู ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฃูˆ ูŠุชู…ู‘
01:10
or mapped before.
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ูˆุถุน ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ู„ู‡ุง.
01:11
It was kind of like being an astronaut,
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ูƒุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ุฑุงุฆุฏูŠ ูุถุงุกุŒ
01:12
because we were getting to see things and go places
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ูˆ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃู…ูˆุฑ
01:15
that no one had ever seen or gone to before.
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ู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ ู„ุฃุญุฏ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฐู‘ู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
01:18
So what is a glacier?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏุŸ
01:20
Well, those of you who have ever seen or touched snow,
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ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ู…ู† ุฑุขู‰ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุฃูˆ ู„ู…ุณ ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌุŒ
01:22
you know that it's really light,
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ูุฃู†ุชู… ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุฎููŠู ุงู„ูˆุฒู†ุŒ
01:23
because it's just a bunch of tiny ice crystals clumped together, and it's mostly air.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุญูู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุฑุงุช ุงู„ุซู„ุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ูƒุฏู‘ุณุฉ ู…ุนุง ูˆ ู†ุณุจุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆุงุก.
01:27
If you squish a handful of snow to make a snowball,
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ุฅู† ุฌู…ุนุช ุญูู†ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู„ุตู†ุน ูƒุฑุฉ ุซู„ุฌูŠุฉุŒ
01:29
it gets really small, hard and dense.
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ุชุตุจุญ ุฃุตุบุฑ ูˆ ุฃุตู„ุจ ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒุซุงูุฉ.
01:31
Well, on a mountain like Hood, where it snows
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ููŠ ุฌุจู„ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ูˆุฏ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุตู„
01:33
over 20 feet a year,
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ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ูˆุฌ 20 ู‚ุฏู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉุŒ
01:35
it crushes the air out of it
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ูŠุชู…ู‘ ุณุญู‚ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุซู„ูˆุฌ
01:37
and gradually forms it into hard blue ice.
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ูˆ ุชุชุญูˆู‘ู„ ุชุฏุฑูŠุฌูŠู‘ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู„ุฌ ุตู„ุจ ุฃุฒุฑู‚.
01:40
Now each year, more and more ice stacks up on top of it,
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ูˆููŠ ูƒู„ ุณู†ุฉุŒ ูŠุชูƒุฏู‘ุณ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌ ููˆู‚ู‡
01:43
and eventually it gets so heavy
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ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูŠุตุจุญ ุซู‚ูŠู„ ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุฌุฏู‘ุง
01:45
that it starts to slide down the mountain
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠู†ุฒู„ู‚ ู†ุญูˆ ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ุฌุจู„
01:47
under its own weight,
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ู…ุฏููˆุนุง ุจูˆุฒู†ู‡ ุงู„ุซู‚ูŠู„ุŒ
01:48
forming a slow-moving river of ice.
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ู…ุดูƒู‘ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุฑุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุจุทูŠุก ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ.
01:50
When ice packed like that starts to move,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุญุฑูƒุŒ
01:53
we call it a glacier, and we give it a name.
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ู†ุณู…ู‘ูŠู‡ ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆ ู†ุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงุณู…ุง.
01:55
The name of the glacier these caves are formed in
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ุงุณู… ุงู„ูƒุชู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดูƒู‘ู„ุช ููŠู‡ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู
01:57
is the Sandy Glacier.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุณุงู†ุฏูŠ.
01:58
Now each year, as new snow lands on the glacier,
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ูƒู„ู‘ ุณู†ุฉุŒ ู…ุน ู‡ุจูˆุท ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู„ูˆุฌ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏุŒ
02:02
it melts in the summer sun,
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุดู…ุณ ุงู„ุตูŠู ุจุชุฐูˆูŠุจู‡ุงุŒ
02:03
and it forms little rivers of water on the flow along the ice,
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ูˆ ุชุดูƒู‘ู„ ุฃู†ู‡ุงุฑุง ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏุŒ
02:06
and they start to melt and bore their way down through the glacier,
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ุซู…ู‘ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ุฐูˆุจุงู† ูˆ ุชุดู‚ ุทุฑูŠู‚ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณูู„ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏุŒ
02:09
forming big networks of caves,
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ู…ุดูƒู‘ู„ุฉ ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆูุŒ
02:11
sometimes going all the way down to the underlying bedrock.
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุตู„ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณูู„ ุทุจู‚ุฉ.
02:14
Now the crazy thing about glacier caves
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆู†ูŠู‘ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ
02:16
is that each year, new tunnels form.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุชุชุดูƒู‘ู„ ูƒู„ู‘ ุณู†ุฉ.
02:20
Different waterfalls pop up or move around
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ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุดู„ุงู„ุงุช ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุฃูˆ ุชุชู†ู‚ู‘ู„
02:22
from place to place inside the cave.
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ู…ู† ุฃู…ุงูƒู†ู‡ุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู.
02:24
Warm water from the top of the ice
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ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฏุงูุฆ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ู…ู† ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ
02:26
is boring its way down,
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ูŠุชุฌู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณูู„
02:27
and warm air from below the mountain
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ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุฏุงูุฆ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู… ู…ู† ุฃุณูู„ ุงู„ุฌุจู„
02:29
actually rises up, gets into the cave,
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ูŠุฑุชูุน ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ูˆ ูŠุฏุฎู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู
02:31
and melts the ceilings back taller and taller.
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ู…ุฐูŠุจุง ุงู„ุฃุณู‚ู ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ูุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ุทูˆู„ุง.
02:34
But the weirdest thing about glacier caves
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃุบุฑุจ ุดูŠุก ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ
02:36
is that the entire cave is moving,
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ู‡ูˆ ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ูƒู„ู‘ู‡ ูŠุชู†ู‚ู‘ู„
02:38
because it's formed inside a block of ice
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุชุดูƒู‘ู„ ููˆู‚ ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠู‘ุฉ
02:40
the size of a small city
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ุจุญุฌู… ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
02:42
that's slowly sliding down the mountain.
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ุชู†ุฒู„ู‚ ุจุจุทุฆ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุญุฏุฑ ุฌุจู„ูŠู‘.
02:44
Now this is Brent McGregor,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฑูŠู†ุช ู…ุงูƒ ุฌุฑูŠุฌูˆุฑุŒ
02:46
my cave exploration partner.
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ุดุฑูŠูƒูŠ ููŠ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู.
02:48
He and I have both been exploring caves a long time
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ู…ุนุง ุจุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู
02:51
and we've been climbing mountains a long time,
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ูˆ ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุชุณู„ู‘ู‚ ุงู„ุฌุจุงู„ ู…ุนุง ู„ู…ุฏู‘ุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู‘ู…ู†ุŒ
02:53
but neither one of us had ever really explored a glacier cave before.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ู…ู† ุฃุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‘ุง ู‚ุงู… ุจุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ูƒู‡ู ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠู‘ ุณุงุจู‚ุง.
02:56
Back in 2011, Brent saw a YouTube video
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ุณู†ุฉ 2011ุŒ ุดุงู‡ุฏ ุจุฑูŠู†ุช ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆุชูŠูˆุจ
02:59
of a couple of hikers that stumbled across the entrance to one of these caves.
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ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชุณู„ู‘ู‚ูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูˆุฌุฏูˆุง ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุตุฏูุฉ ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ุฏุฎู„ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู.
03:02
There were no GPS coordinates for it,
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ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅุญุฏุงุซูŠู‘ุงุช ุจู†ุธุงู… ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ
03:04
and all we knew was that it was somewhere
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ูˆ ูƒู„ู‘ ู…ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง
03:06
out on the Sandy Glacier.
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ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุณุงู†ุฏูŠ.
03:08
So in July of that year, we went out on the glacier,
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ููŠ ุดู‡ุฑ ูŠูˆู„ูŠูˆ/ุฌูˆูŠู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉุŒ ุฐู‡ุจู†ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡
03:10
and we found a big crack in the ice.
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ูˆ ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุง ุชุตุฏู‘ุนุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ.
03:12
We had to build snow and ice anchors
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ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุจู†ูŠ ู…ุฑุงุณูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู„ุฌ ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ
03:14
so that we could tie off ropes and rappel down into the hole.
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ุญุชู‘ู‰ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฑุจุท ุฃุญุจุงู„ู†ุง ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ุจูˆุท ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ.
03:18
This is me looking into the entrance crevasse.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู†ุง ุฃู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุตู‘ุฏุน ุงู„ุนู…ูŠู‚.
03:20
At the end of this hole, we found a huge tunnel
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ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ูุฌูˆุฉุŒ ู†ุฌุฏ ู†ูู‚ุง ูƒุจูŠุฑุง
03:23
going right up the mountain
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ูŠุชู‘ุฌู‡ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุจู„
03:24
underneath thousands of tons of glacier ice.
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ุชุญุช ุขู„ุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุทู†ุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ.
03:27
We followed this cave back for about a half mile
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุฌูˆู„ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ู…ุณุงูุฉ ู†ุตู ู…ูŠู„ (805 ู…ุชุฑ)
03:29
until it came to an end,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุจู„ุบู†ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชู‡ุŒ
03:31
and then with the help of our survey tools
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ูˆ ุจุงู„ุงุณุชุนุงู†ุฉ ุจู…ุนุฏุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณุญ ุฎุงุตุชู†ุง
03:33
we made a three-dimensional map of the cave
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจูˆุถุน ุฎุงุฑุทุฉ ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ู„ู„ูƒู‡ู
03:35
on our way back out.
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ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฎุฑูˆุฌู†ุง.
03:37
So how do you map a cave?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠุชู… ูˆุถุน ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ู„ูƒู‡ู ู…ุงุŸ
03:39
Well, cave maps aren't like trail maps or road maps
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ู„ูŠุณุช ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ู…ุณุงุฑุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทุฑู‚ุงุช
03:41
because they have pits and holes going to overlapping levels.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ุจู‡ุง ุญูุฑุง ูˆ ูุฌูˆุงุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ู…ุชุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ.
03:45
To make a cave map, you have to set up
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ู„ุตู†ุน ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ ูƒู‡ูุŒ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุนุฏู‘
03:46
survey stations every few feet inside the cave,
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ู…ุญุทุงุช ู…ุณุญ ูƒู„ู‘ ู…ุณุงูุงุช ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูุŒ
03:49
and you use a laser to measure the distance between those stations.
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ูˆ ุชุณุชุนู…ู„ ู„ูŠุฒุฑุง ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฉ ุจูŠู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุทุงุช.
03:52
Then you use a compass and an inclinometer
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ุซู…ู‘ ูŠุฌุจ ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุจูˆุตู„ุฉ ูˆ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงู†
03:55
to measure the direction the cave is headed
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ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชุฌู‡ ู†ุญูˆู‡ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู
03:57
and measure the slope of the floor and the ceilings.
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ูˆ ู‚ูŠุณ ุงู†ุญุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุณู‚ู.
03:59
Now those of you taking trigonometry,
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ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ู…ู† ูŠุฏุฑุณ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุซู„ุซุงุชุŒ
04:01
that particular type of math is very useful
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ูุฅู†ู‘ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูุฑุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ู…ููŠุฏ ุฌุฏู‘ุง
04:03
for making maps like this
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ู„ูˆุถุน ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ูƒู‡ุฐู‡
04:05
because it allows you to measure heights and distances
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชุณู…ุญ ู„ูƒ ุจู‚ูŠุณ ุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุนุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุงุช
04:07
without actually having to go there.
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ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุงู„ูุนู„.
04:09
In fact, the more I mapped and studied caves,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒู„ู‘ู…ุง ุฏุฑุณุช ูƒู‡ูˆูุง ูˆ ูˆุถุนุช ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ู„ู‡ุงุŒ
04:11
the more useful I found all that math
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ูˆุฌุฏุช ุฃู†ู‘ ูƒู„ู‘ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช
04:13
that I originally hated in school to be.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒู†ุช ุฃูƒุฑู‡ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณุฉุŒ ู…ููŠุฏุฉ.
04:16
So when you're done surveying,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู†ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุญุŒ
04:18
you take all this data and you punch it into a computer
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ุชุฃุฎุฐ ูƒู„ู‘ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ูˆ ุชุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงุณูˆุจ
04:20
and you find someone that can draw really well,
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ูˆ ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุดุฎุต ูŠุฌูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุณู… ุฌูŠู‘ุฏุง
04:23
and you have them draft up a map
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ูˆ ุชุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ู‡ ูˆุถุน ู…ุณูˆู‘ุฏุฉ ู„ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉ
04:24
that looks something like this,
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ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡
04:26
and it'll show you both a bird's-eye view of the passage
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ูˆ ุณูˆู ุชุฑูŠูƒู… ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑ ุทุงุฆุฑ ู…ุญู„ู‘ู‚ ู‚ุฑุจ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†
04:29
as well as a profile view of the passage,
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ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุฌุงู†ุจูŠู‘ ู„ู„ู…ูƒุงู†
04:31
kind of like an ant farm view.
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ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ูƒูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู…ุฒุฑุนุฉ ู†ู…ู„.
04:33
We named this cave Snow Dragon Cave
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ุณู…ูŠู‘ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ูƒู‡ู ุซู„ุฌ ุงู„ุชู‘ู†ูŠู†
04:35
because it was like a big dragon sleeping under the snow.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุดุจู‡ ุชู†ู‘ูŠู†ุง ุถุฎู…ุง ู†ุงุฆู…ุง ุชุญุช ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌ.
04:38
Now later this summer, as more snow melted off the glacier,
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ููŠ ูุชุฑุฉ ู„ุงุญู‚ุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุตูŠูุŒ ู…ุน ุฐูˆุจุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู„ุฌ ุนู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ
04:41
we found more caves, and we realized they were all connected.
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ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ูˆ ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุง ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ูƒู„ู‘ู‡ุง ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ.
04:44
Not long after we mapped Snow Dragon,
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ุจุนุฏ ูุชุฑุฉ ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ูˆุถุน ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ู„ู„ุชู‘ู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุซู„ุฌูŠุŒ
04:47
Brent discovered this new cave not very far away.
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ุงูƒุชุดู ุจุฑุงู†ุช ูƒู‡ูุง ุฌุฏูŠุฏุง ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู„ูŠุณ ุจุจุนูŠุฏ.
04:50
The inside of it was coated with ice,
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ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ุบุทู‘ุง ุจุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏุŒ
04:52
so we had to wear big spikes on our feet called crampons
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชุฏุงุก ู…ุณุงู…ูŠุฑ ุจุฃู‚ุฏุงู…ู†ุง ุชุณู…ู‘ู‰ ุฎูู‘ุง ู…ุณู…ุงุฑูŠู‘ุง
04:55
so we could walk around without slipping.
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ุญุชู‘ู‰ ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดูŠ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุน.
04:57
This cave was amazing.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ุฑุงุฆุนุง.
04:59
The ice in the ceiling was glowing blue anad green
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุจุงู„ุณู‚ู ูŠุนูƒุณ ู„ู…ุนุงู†ุง ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ูˆ ุฃุฎุถุฑ
05:01
because the sunlight from far above
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ุฃุดุนุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ู…ู† ููˆู‚ ู…ู† ุจุนูŠุฏ
05:03
was shining through the ice and lighting it all up.
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ูƒุงู† ุชุดุนู‘ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ูˆ ุชุถูŠุคู‡ ูƒู„ู‘ู‡.
05:06
And we couldn't understand why this cave
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ูˆ ู„ู… ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ูู‡ู… ุณุจุจ ูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู‡ู
05:08
was so much colder than Snow Dragon
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุฑูˆุฏุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠู‘
05:09
until we got to the end and we found out why.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุชู‡ ูˆ ุนุฑูู†ุง ุงู„ุณุจุจ.
05:12
There was a huge pit or shaft called a moulin
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูุฑุฉ ุงุณุทูˆุงู†ูŠู‘ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ุทุงุญูˆู†ุฉ
05:15
going 130 feet straight up to the surface of the glacier.
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ูŠุฑุชูุน ุฅู„ู‰ 130 ู‚ุฏู…ุง (40 ู…ุชุฑุง) ุฅู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ.
05:19
Cold air from the top of the mountain
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ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฏ ู…ู† ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุจู„
05:21
was flowing down this hole and blasting through the cave,
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ูƒุงู† ูŠู‡ุจู‘ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญูุฑุฉ ู…ุนุตุนุตุง ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูุŒ
05:23
freezing everything inside of it.
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ู…ุฌู…ู‘ุฏุง ูƒู„ู‘ ู…ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฏุงุฎู„ู‡.
05:26
And we were so excited about finding this new pit,
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ูˆ ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู…ุชุญู…ุณูŠู† ุฌุฏู‘ุง ุจุดุฃู† ุงูƒุชุดุงู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฌูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ
05:28
we actually came back in January the following year
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ูˆ ุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุดู‡ุฑ ูŠู†ุงูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู„ูŠุฉ
05:30
so we could be the first ones to explore it.
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ุฅุฐู† ูู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงูƒุชุดูู‡.
05:33
It was so cold outside,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฏุŒ
05:34
we actually had to sleep inside the cave.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงุถุทุฑุฑู†ุง ู„ู„ู†ู‘ูˆู… ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู.
05:37
There's our camp on the left side of this entrance room.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฎูŠู‘ู…ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃูŠุณุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฏุฎู„.
05:40
The next morning, we climbed out of the cave
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ููŠ ุงู„ุตุจุงุญ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู„ูŠุŒ ุชุณู„ู‘ู‚ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู
05:43
and hiked all the way to the top of the glacier,
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ูˆ ุชุณู„ู‘ู‚ู†ุง ุทูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰
05:45
where we finally rigged and rappelled this pit
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ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุญูุฑู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฌูˆุฉ
05:47
for the very first time.
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ู„ู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰.
05:49
Brent named this cave Pure Imagination,
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ุจุฑูŠู†ุช ุณู…ู‘ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู ุฎูŠุงู„ุง ุฎุงู„ุตุงุŒ
05:51
I think because the beautiful sights we saw in there
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุธุฑ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงุจุฉ ููŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ
05:53
were beyond what we could have ever imagined.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุชููˆู‚ ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ู†ุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ ูŠูˆู…ุง.
05:56
So besides really cool ice, what else is inside these caves?
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ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจุงุฑุฏ ุฌุฏู‘ุงุŒ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆูุŸ
05:59
Well not too much lives in them because they're so cold
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ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุญูŠุงุฉ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุฏ
06:01
and the entrance is actually covered up with snow
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ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฏุฎู„ ู…ุบุทู‘ู‰ ุจุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌ
06:03
for about eight months of the year.
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ู…ุฏุฉ 8 ุฃุดู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ.
06:05
But there are some really cool things in there.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู…ูˆุฑุง ู…ู…ุชุนุฉ ุฌุฏุง ููŠู‡ุงุŒ
06:07
There's weird bacteria living in the water
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุก
06:09
that actually eat and digest rocks
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ุชุฃูƒู„ ูˆ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุถู… ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ
06:12
to make their own food
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ู„ุตู†ุน ุบุฐุงุฆู‡ุง ุงู„ุฎุงุต
06:13
to live under this ice.
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ู„ู„ุนูŠุด ุชุญุช ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌ.
06:15
In fact, this past summer, scientists collected
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูŠู ุงู„ูุงุฑุท ู‚ุงู… ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุจุฌู…ุน
06:17
samples of water and ice
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ุนูŠู‘ู†ุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆ ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌ
06:19
specifically to see if things called extremophiles,
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ุฎุงุตุฉ ู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุฃู„ูŠู ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู ุงู„ู‚ุงุณูŠุฉุŒ
06:22
tiny lifeforms that are evolved to live in completely hostile conditions,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑุช ู„ู„ุนูŠุด ููŠ ุธุฑูˆู ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุณูˆุฉุŒ
06:25
might be living under the ice,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏุŒ
06:27
kind of like what they hope to find on the polar icecaps of Mars someday.
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ู†ูุณ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฃู…ู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ููŠ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู‚ุทุงุจ ุงู„ุซู„ุฌูŠุฉ ุจูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูŠูˆู…ุง ู…ุง.
06:30
Another really cool things is that,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู…ุฑ ุขุฎุฑ ุฑุงุฆุน ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘
06:32
as seeds and birds land on the surface of the glacier and die,
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ุงู„ุฌุฐูˆุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุทูŠูˆุฑ ุชุญุทู‘ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ูˆ ุชู…ูˆุช
06:35
they get buried in the snow
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ูุชุฏูู† ุชุญุช ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌ
06:37
and gradually become part of the glacier,
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ูˆ ุชุตุจุญ ุชุฏุฑูŠุฌูŠุง ุฌุฒุกุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏุŒ
06:39
sinking deeper and deeper into the ice.
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ุบุงุฑู‚ุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูุฃูƒุซุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌ.
06:41
As these caves form and melt their way up into the ice,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุชุชุดูƒู‘ู„ ูˆ ุชุฐูˆุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏุŒ
06:44
they make these artifacts rain down from the ceiling
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ูˆ ุชุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขุซุงุฑ ุชู…ุทุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‚ู
06:47
and fall onto the cave floor, where we end up finding them.
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ูˆ ุชุณู‚ุท ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูุŒ ุญูŠุซ ู†ุฌุฏู‡ุง.
06:49
For example, this is a noble fir seed we found.
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ู…ุซู„ุงุŒ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฌุฐูˆุฑ ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุงู„ุดูˆุญ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ ู‡ุฐู‡.
06:52
It's been frozen in the ice for over 100 years,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุจู‚ูŠุช ู…ุชุฌู…ุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ ุทูŠู„ุฉ 100 ุณู†ุฉุŒ
06:55
and it's just now starting to sprout.
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ูˆ ุจุฏุฃุช ููŠ ุงู„ุชุจุฑุนู… ุงู„ุขู†.
06:57
This mallard duck feather
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฑูŠุดุฉ ุจุท ุจุฑูŠู‘
06:59
was found over 1,800 feet in the back of Snow Dragon Cave.
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ูˆุฌุฏุช ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ 1800 ู‚ุฏู… ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูƒู‡ู ุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌ.
07:02
This duck died on the surface of the glacier long, long ago,
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ู…ุงุช ุงู„ุจุท ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ ูˆู‚ุช ุทูˆูŠู„ ุฌุฏู‘ุงุŒ
07:05
and its feathers have finally made it down through over 100 feet of ice
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ูˆ ู„ู‚ุฏ ู†ุฌู‰ ุฑูŠุดู‡ ุชุญุช 100 ู‚ุฏู… (30.5 ู…ุชุฑ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง) ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏ
07:09
before falling inside the cave.
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ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุณู‚ูˆุท ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ูƒู‡ู.
07:11
And this beautiful quartz crystal
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุจู„ูˆุฑุฉ ูƒูˆุงุฑุชุฒ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ
07:13
was also found in the back of Snow Dragon.
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ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู‚ุฏ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุงู‡ุง ููŠ ูƒู‡ู ุชู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุฌ.
07:15
Even now, Brent and I find it hard to believe
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ุญุชู‘ู‰ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ุงุฒู„ู†ุง ุฃู†ุง ูˆ ุจุฑูŠู†ุช ู†ุฌุฏ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุชุตุฏูŠู‚
07:17
that all these discoveries were essentially in our own backyard,
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ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงูƒุชุดุงูุงุช ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ููŠ ุจุงุญุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠุฉุŒ
07:20
hidden away, just waiting to be found.
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ู…ุฎุชุจุฆุฉุŒ ุชู†ุชุธุฑ ู…ู† ูŠูƒุชุดูู‡ุง.
07:23
Like I said earlier, the idea of discovering
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ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุณุงุจู‚ุงุŒ ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู
07:25
in this busy world we live in
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ู†ุดุบู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนูŠุด ููŠู‡
07:27
kind of seems like something you can only do with space travel now,
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ุชุจุฏูˆ ูˆ ูƒุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุญุฏูˆุซู‡ ุฅู„ุงู‘ ููŠ ุงู„ุณูุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ
07:30
but that's not true.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุตุญูŠุญุง.
07:31
Every year, new caves get discovered
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ูƒู„ู‘ ุณู†ุฉุŒ ูŠุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงู ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒู‡ูˆู ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
07:33
that no one has ever been in before.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ุชุทุฃู‡ุง ู‚ุฏู… ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
07:35
So it's actually not too late for one of you
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ุฅุฐู† ูุงู„ุฃูˆุงู† ู„ู… ูŠูุช ุจุนุฏ ูƒูŠ ูŠุตุจุญ
07:37
to become a discoverer yourself.
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ุฃุญุฏูƒู… ู…ุณุชูƒุดูุง.
07:39
You just have to be willing to look
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ุนู„ูŠูƒ ูู‚ุท ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุงู„ุฑุบุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุซ
07:41
and go where people don't often go
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ูŠู†ุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง
07:44
and focus your eyes and your mind
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ูˆ ุชุฑูƒู‘ุฒ ุจุนูŠู†ูŠู†ูƒ ูˆ ุฐู‡ู†ูƒ
07:46
to recognize the discovery when you see it,
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ู„ู„ุชู‘ุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุนู†ุฏ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุŒ
07:48
because it might be in your own backyard.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุง ููŠ ุจุงุญุชูƒ ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠู‘ุฉ.
07:50
Thank you very much.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ุง.
07:52
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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