Eddy Cartaya: My glacier cave discoveries

13,279 views ・ 2015-07-20

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So how many of you have ever been in a cave before?
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Okay, a few of you.
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When you think of a cave, most of you think
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of a tunnel going through solid rock,
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and in fact, that's how most caves are.
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Around this half of the country,
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most of your caves are made of limestone.
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Back where I'm from, most of our caves are made of lava rock,
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because we have a lot of volcanoes out there.
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But the caves I want to share with you today are made
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completely of ice, specifically glacier ice
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that's formed in the side of the tallest mountain
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in the state of Oregon, called Mount Hood.
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Now Mount Hood's only one hour's drive from Portland,
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the largest city in Oregon,
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where over two million people live.
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Now the most exciting thing for a cave explorer
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is to find a new cave
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and be the first human to ever go into it.
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The second most exciting thing for a cave explorer
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is to be the first one to make a map of a cave.
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Now these days, with so many people hiking around,
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it's pretty hard to find a new cave,
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so you can imagine how excited we were
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to find three new caves
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within sight of Oregon's largest city
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and realize that they had never been explored
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or mapped before.
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It was kind of like being an astronaut,
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because we were getting to see things and go places
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that no one had ever seen or gone to before.
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So what is a glacier?
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Well, those of you who have ever seen or touched snow,
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you know that it's really light,
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because it's just a bunch of tiny ice crystals clumped together, and it's mostly air.
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If you squish a handful of snow to make a snowball,
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it gets really small, hard and dense.
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Well, on a mountain like Hood, where it snows
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over 20 feet a year,
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it crushes the air out of it
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and gradually forms it into hard blue ice.
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Now each year, more and more ice stacks up on top of it,
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and eventually it gets so heavy
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that it starts to slide down the mountain
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under its own weight,
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forming a slow-moving river of ice.
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When ice packed like that starts to move,
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we call it a glacier, and we give it a name.
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The name of the glacier these caves are formed in
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is the Sandy Glacier.
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Now each year, as new snow lands on the glacier,
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it melts in the summer sun,
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and it forms little rivers of water on the flow along the ice,
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and they start to melt and bore their way down through the glacier,
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forming big networks of caves,
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sometimes going all the way down to the underlying bedrock.
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Now the crazy thing about glacier caves
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is that each year, new tunnels form.
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Different waterfalls pop up or move around
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from place to place inside the cave.
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Warm water from the top of the ice
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is boring its way down,
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and warm air from below the mountain
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actually rises up, gets into the cave,
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and melts the ceilings back taller and taller.
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But the weirdest thing about glacier caves
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is that the entire cave is moving,
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because it's formed inside a block of ice
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the size of a small city
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that's slowly sliding down the mountain.
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Now this is Brent McGregor,
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my cave exploration partner.
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He and I have both been exploring caves a long time
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and we've been climbing mountains a long time,
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but neither one of us had ever really explored a glacier cave before.
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Back in 2011, Brent saw a YouTube video
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of a couple of hikers that stumbled across the entrance to one of these caves.
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There were no GPS coordinates for it,
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and all we knew was that it was somewhere
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out on the Sandy Glacier.
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So in July of that year, we went out on the glacier,
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and we found a big crack in the ice.
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We had to build snow and ice anchors
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so that we could tie off ropes and rappel down into the hole.
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This is me looking into the entrance crevasse.
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At the end of this hole, we found a huge tunnel
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going right up the mountain
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underneath thousands of tons of glacier ice.
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We followed this cave back for about a half mile
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until it came to an end,
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and then with the help of our survey tools
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we made a three-dimensional map of the cave
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on our way back out.
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So how do you map a cave?
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Well, cave maps aren't like trail maps or road maps
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because they have pits and holes going to overlapping levels.
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To make a cave map, you have to set up
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survey stations every few feet inside the cave,
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and you use a laser to measure the distance between those stations.
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Then you use a compass and an inclinometer
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to measure the direction the cave is headed
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and measure the slope of the floor and the ceilings.
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Now those of you taking trigonometry,
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that particular type of math is very useful
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for making maps like this
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because it allows you to measure heights and distances
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without actually having to go there.
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In fact, the more I mapped and studied caves,
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the more useful I found all that math
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that I originally hated in school to be.
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So when you're done surveying,
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you take all this data and you punch it into a computer
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and you find someone that can draw really well,
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and you have them draft up a map
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that looks something like this,
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and it'll show you both a bird's-eye view of the passage
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as well as a profile view of the passage,
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kind of like an ant farm view.
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We named this cave Snow Dragon Cave
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because it was like a big dragon sleeping under the snow.
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Now later this summer, as more snow melted off the glacier,
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we found more caves, and we realized they were all connected.
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Not long after we mapped Snow Dragon,
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Brent discovered this new cave not very far away.
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The inside of it was coated with ice,
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so we had to wear big spikes on our feet called crampons
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so we could walk around without slipping.
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This cave was amazing.
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The ice in the ceiling was glowing blue anad green
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because the sunlight from far above
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was shining through the ice and lighting it all up.
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And we couldn't understand why this cave
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was so much colder than Snow Dragon
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until we got to the end and we found out why.
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There was a huge pit or shaft called a moulin
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going 130 feet straight up to the surface of the glacier.
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Cold air from the top of the mountain
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was flowing down this hole and blasting through the cave,
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freezing everything inside of it.
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And we were so excited about finding this new pit,
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we actually came back in January the following year
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so we could be the first ones to explore it.
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It was so cold outside,
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we actually had to sleep inside the cave.
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There's our camp on the left side of this entrance room.
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The next morning, we climbed out of the cave
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and hiked all the way to the top of the glacier,
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where we finally rigged and rappelled this pit
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for the very first time.
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Brent named this cave Pure Imagination,
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I think because the beautiful sights we saw in there
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were beyond what we could have ever imagined.
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So besides really cool ice, what else is inside these caves?
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Well not too much lives in them because they're so cold
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and the entrance is actually covered up with snow
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for about eight months of the year.
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But there are some really cool things in there.
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There's weird bacteria living in the water
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that actually eat and digest rocks
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to make their own food
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to live under this ice.
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In fact, this past summer, scientists collected
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samples of water and ice
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specifically to see if things called extremophiles,
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tiny lifeforms that are evolved to live in completely hostile conditions,
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might be living under the ice,
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kind of like what they hope to find on the polar icecaps of Mars someday.
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Another really cool things is that,
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as seeds and birds land on the surface of the glacier and die,
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they get buried in the snow
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and gradually become part of the glacier,
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sinking deeper and deeper into the ice.
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As these caves form and melt their way up into the ice,
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they make these artifacts rain down from the ceiling
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and fall onto the cave floor, where we end up finding them.
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For example, this is a noble fir seed we found.
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It's been frozen in the ice for over 100 years,
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and it's just now starting to sprout.
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This mallard duck feather
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was found over 1,800 feet in the back of Snow Dragon Cave.
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This duck died on the surface of the glacier long, long ago,
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and its feathers have finally made it down through over 100 feet of ice
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before falling inside the cave.
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And this beautiful quartz crystal
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was also found in the back of Snow Dragon.
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Even now, Brent and I find it hard to believe
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that all these discoveries were essentially in our own backyard,
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hidden away, just waiting to be found.
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Like I said earlier, the idea of discovering
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in this busy world we live in
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kind of seems like something you can only do with space travel now,
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but that's not true.
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Every year, new caves get discovered
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that no one has ever been in before.
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So it's actually not too late for one of you
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to become a discoverer yourself.
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You just have to be willing to look
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and go where people don't often go
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and focus your eyes and your mind
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to recognize the discovery when you see it,
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because it might be in your own backyard.
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Thank you very much.
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(Applause)
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