Eddy Cartaya: My glacier cave discoveries

13,329 views ใƒป 2015-07-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: coral fr ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So how many of you have ever been in a cave before?
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืจืื• ืžืขืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ?
00:15
Okay, a few of you.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื.
00:16
When you think of a cave, most of you think
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื”, ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ
00:18
of a tunnel going through solid rock,
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ืžื ื”ืจื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืกืœืขื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื,
00:20
and in fact, that's how most caves are.
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš.
00:22
Around this half of the country,
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ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:24
most of your caves are made of limestone.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ืช ืžืื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืจ.
00:26
Back where I'm from, most of our caves are made of lava rock,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ืื ื™ ื‘ื, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื‘ืŸ ืœื‘ื”,
00:29
because we have a lot of volcanoes out there.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ.
00:30
But the caves I want to share with you today are made
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืžื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
00:32
completely of ice, specifically glacier ice
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืงืจื—, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื
00:36
that's formed in the side of the tallest mountain
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:38
in the state of Oregon, called Mount Hood.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื“.
00:41
Now Mount Hood's only one hour's drive from Portland,
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ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืจืง ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืœื ื“,
00:44
the largest city in Oregon,
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ,
00:45
where over two million people live.
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ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:48
Now the most exciting thing for a cave explorer
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžืขืจื•ืช
00:50
is to find a new cave
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ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
00:51
and be the first human to ever go into it.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ืขื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.
00:54
The second most exciting thing for a cave explorer
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช
00:56
is to be the first one to make a map of a cave.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ื–ืืช.
00:58
Now these days, with so many people hiking around,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
01:00
it's pretty hard to find a new cave,
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืขืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
01:02
so you can imagine how excited we were
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ืื– ืืชื ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•
01:04
to find three new caves
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
01:05
within sight of Oregon's largest city
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ
01:08
and realize that they had never been explored
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ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื—ืงืจื•,
01:10
or mapped before.
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ืื• ืžื•ืคื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
01:11
It was kind of like being an astronaut,
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜,
01:12
because we were getting to see things and go places
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
01:15
that no one had ever seen or gone to before.
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
01:18
So what is a glacier?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ?
01:20
Well, those of you who have ever seen or touched snow,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืœื• ืžื›ื ืฉืจืื• ืื™ ืคืขื ืื• ื ื’ืขื• ื‘ืฉืœื’,
01:22
you know that it's really light,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืžืฉ ืงืœ,
01:23
because it's just a bunch of tiny ice crystals clumped together, and it's mostly air.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืงืจื— ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:27
If you squish a handful of snow to make a snowball,
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื—ืฅ ื—ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื’ ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืžื ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื’,
01:29
it gets really small, hard and dense.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืงืฉื” ื•ื“ื—ื•ืก.
01:31
Well, on a mountain like Hood, where it snows
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื“, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ ืฉืœื’
01:33
over 20 feet a year,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 6 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”,
01:35
it crushes the air out of it
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื—ื˜ ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ืฉืœื’,
01:37
and gradually forms it into hard blue ice.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื— ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืงืฉื”.
01:40
Now each year, more and more ice stacks up on top of it,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื— ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื” ืฉืœื•,
01:43
and eventually it gets so heavy
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื›ื‘ื“
01:45
that it starts to slide down the mountain
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื”ืจ
01:47
under its own weight,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•,
01:48
forming a slow-moving river of ice.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื”ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื—.
01:50
When ice packed like that starts to move,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจื— ื“ื—ื•ืก ื›ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื–ื•ื–,
01:53
we call it a glacier, and we give it a name.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืฉื.
01:55
The name of the glacier these caves are formed in
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ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•
01:57
is the Sandy Glacier.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืกื ื“ื™.
01:58
Now each year, as new snow lands on the glacier,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ,
02:02
it melts in the summer sun,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืก ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืงื™ืฅ,
02:03
and it forms little rivers of water on the flow along the ice,
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงืจื—,
02:06
and they start to melt and bore their way down through the glacier,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืก ื•ืœื ืงื•ื‘ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ,
02:09
forming big networks of caves,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื•ืช,
02:11
sometimes going all the way down to the underlying bedrock.
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืกื•ืœืœ ื“ืจื›ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืกืœืข ื”ื™ืกื•ื“.
02:14
Now the crazy thing about glacier caves
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืจื•ืช ืงืจื—
02:16
is that each year, new tunnels form.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช.
02:20
Different waterfalls pop up or move around
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ืžืคืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฆืฆื™ื ืื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื
02:22
from place to place inside the cave.
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ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื”.
02:24
Warm water from the top of the ice
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ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืžืคืกื’ืช ื”ืงืจื—
02:26
is boring its way down,
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ืžื ืงื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืžื˜ื”,
02:27
and warm air from below the mountain
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ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื ืžืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืจ
02:29
actually rises up, gets into the cave,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืœื”, ื ื›ื ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื”,
02:31
and melts the ceilings back taller and taller.
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ื•ืžืžืก ืืช ื”ืชืงืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:34
But the weirdest thing about glacier caves
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืขืจื•ืช ืงืจื—
02:36
is that the entire cave is moving,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”,
02:38
because it's formed inside a block of ice
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืœื•ืง ืฉืœ ืงืจื—
02:40
the size of a small city
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื”
02:42
that's slowly sliding down the mountain.
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ื–ื” ื–ื– ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื”ืจ.
02:44
Now this is Brent McGregor,
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ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืจื ื˜ ืžืงื’ืจื’ื•ืจ,
02:46
my cave exploration partner.
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ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื™.
02:48
He and I have both been exploring caves a long time
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ื”ื•ื ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื—ืงืจื ื• ืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ
02:51
and we've been climbing mountains a long time,
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคืกื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
02:53
but neither one of us had ever really explored a glacier cave before.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจืช ืงืจื— ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
02:56
Back in 2011, Brent saw a YouTube video
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœ 2011, ื‘ืจื ื˜ ืจืื” ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘
02:59
of a couple of hikers that stumbled across the entrance to one of these caves.
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ืขืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:02
There were no GPS coordinates for it,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ื’'ื™ ืคื™ ืืก ืขื‘ื•ืจื”,
03:04
and all we knew was that it was somewhere
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื, ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื
03:06
out on the Sandy Glacier.
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ืขืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืกื ื“ื™.
03:08
So in July of that year, we went out on the glacier,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ,
03:10
and we found a big crack in the ice.
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื—.
03:12
We had to build snow and ice anchors
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื ื™ ืฉืœื’ ื•ืงืจื—
03:14
so that we could tie off ropes and rappel down into the hole.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจ.
03:18
This is me looking into the entrance crevasse.
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ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืกื“ืง ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”.
03:20
At the end of this hole, we found a huge tunnel
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื ื”ืจื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”
03:23
going right up the mountain
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ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ืžืขืœื” ื”ื”ืจ
03:24
underneath thousands of tons of glacier ice.
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื.
03:27
We followed this cave back for about a half mile
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ืขืงื‘ื ื• ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ื™ืœ
03:29
until it came to an end,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื•ืคื”,
03:31
and then with the help of our survey tools
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•
03:33
we made a three-dimensional map of the cave
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืคื” ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื”
03:35
on our way back out.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
03:37
So how do you map a cave?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืžืคื™ื ืžืขืจื”?
03:39
Well, cave maps aren't like trail maps or road maps
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ื›ืžื• ืžืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื• ืžืคื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
03:41
because they have pits and holes going to overlapping levels.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช.
03:45
To make a cave map, you have to set up
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงื™ื
03:46
survey stations every few feet inside the cave,
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืกืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื”,
03:49
and you use a laser to measure the distance between those stations.
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ื•ืื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
03:52
Then you use a compass and an inclinometer
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืคืŸ ื•ืžื“ ืฉื™ืคื•ืข
03:55
to measure the direction the cave is headed
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ืžืขืจื” ืฉื•ืืคืช
03:57
and measure the slope of the floor and the ceilings.
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ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื•ื”ืชืงืจื”.
03:59
Now those of you taking trigonometry,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืœื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื˜ืžื˜ืจื™ื”,
04:01
that particular type of math is very useful
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ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™
04:03
for making maps like this
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ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ืืช
04:05
because it allows you to measure heights and distances
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืจื—ืงื™ื
04:07
without actually having to go there.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืืžืช.
04:09
In fact, the more I mapped and studied caves,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื™ืคื™ืชื™ ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช,
04:11
the more useful I found all that math
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ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืฉื ืืชื™ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
04:13
that I originally hated in school to be.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
04:16
So when you're done surveying,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืงื™ืจื”,
04:18
you take all this data and you punch it into a computer
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘
04:20
and you find someone that can draw really well,
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ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘,
04:23
and you have them draft up a map
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ื ืžืคื”
04:24
that looks something like this,
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ืฉื ืจืืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
04:26
and it'll show you both a bird's-eye view of the passage
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื’ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืžืขื•ืฅ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ
04:29
as well as a profile view of the passage,
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ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•,
04:31
kind of like an ant farm view.
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ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื ืžืœื™ื.
04:33
We named this cave Snow Dragon Cave
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ืงืจืื ื• ืœืžืขืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืขืจืช ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื’
04:35
because it was like a big dragon sleeping under the snow.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื• ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืœื’.
04:38
Now later this summer, as more snow melted off the glacier,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื’ ื ืžืก ืžื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ,
04:41
we found more caves, and we realized they were all connected.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืจื•ืช, ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช.
04:44
Not long after we mapped Snow Dragon,
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ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื™ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื’,
04:47
Brent discovered this new cave not very far away.
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ื‘ืจื ื˜ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง.
04:50
The inside of it was coated with ice,
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืงืจื—,
04:52
so we had to wear big spikes on our feet called crampons
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืœ ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืžืœืงื—ื™ื™ื
04:55
so we could walk around without slipping.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง.
04:57
This cave was amazing.
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ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
04:59
The ice in the ceiling was glowing blue anad green
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ื”ืงืจื— ืฉืฆื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืชืงืจื” ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืง
05:01
because the sunlight from far above
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืœืžืขืœื”
05:03
was shining through the ice and lighting it all up.
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ื–ื”ืจ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืงืจื— ื•ื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
05:06
And we couldn't understand why this cave
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ื–ื•
05:08
was so much colder than Snow Dragon
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื” ืžืžืขืจืช ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื’
05:09
until we got to the end and we found out why.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืืœ ืกื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
05:12
There was a huge pit or shaft called a moulin
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ืง ืื• ืคื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื•ืœื™ืŸ
05:15
going 130 feet straight up to the surface of the glacier.
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ื”ื ืคืจืฉ ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 45 ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
05:19
Cold air from the top of the mountain
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ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงืจ ืžืคืกื’ืช ื”ื”ืจ
05:21
was flowing down this hole and blasting through the cave,
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ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื”,
05:23
freezing everything inside of it.
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ืžืงืคื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”.
05:26
And we were so excited about finding this new pit,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
05:28
we actually came back in January the following year
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ืฉื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
05:30
so we could be the first ones to explore it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื”.
05:33
It was so cold outside,
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
05:34
we actually had to sleep inside the cave.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื”.
05:37
There's our camp on the left side of this entrance room.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”.
05:40
The next morning, we climbed out of the cave
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื, ื˜ื™ืคืกื ื• ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื”
05:43
and hiked all the way to the top of the glacier,
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคืกื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืคืกื’ืช ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ,
05:45
where we finally rigged and rappelled this pit
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
05:47
for the very first time.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
05:49
Brent named this cave Pure Imagination,
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ื‘ืจื ื˜ ืงืจื ืœืžืขืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
05:51
I think because the beautiful sights we saw in there
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื,
05:53
were beyond what we could have ever imagined.
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ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ื•.
05:56
So besides really cool ice, what else is inside these caves?
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ืื– ืžืœื‘ื“ ืงืจื— ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจ, ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•?
05:59
Well not too much lives in them because they're so cold
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ืช
06:01
and the entrance is actually covered up with snow
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉืœื’
06:03
for about eight months of the year.
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ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 8 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
06:05
But there are some really cool things in there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื,
06:07
There's weird bacteria living in the water
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื
06:09
that actually eat and digest rocks
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ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ื›ืœืช ื•ืžืขื›ืœืช ืืช ื”ืกืœืขื™ื
06:12
to make their own food
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ
06:13
to live under this ice.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื—.
06:15
In fact, this past summer, scientists collected
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืกืคื•
06:17
samples of water and ice
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ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ืงืจื—
06:19
specifically to see if things called extremophiles,
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืืงืกื˜ืจืžื•ืคื™ืœื™ื,
06:22
tiny lifeforms that are evolved to live in completely hostile conditions,
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื,
06:25
might be living under the ice,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื—,
06:27
kind of like what they hope to find on the polar icecaps of Mars someday.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
06:30
Another really cool things is that,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื,
06:32
as seeds and birds land on the surface of the glacier and die,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื—ืชื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื™ื,
06:35
they get buried in the snow
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ื ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื’
06:37
and gradually become part of the glacier,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ,
06:39
sinking deeper and deeper into the ice.
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ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื—.
06:41
As these caves form and melt their way up into the ice,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืžื™ืกื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื—,
06:44
they make these artifacts rain down from the ceiling
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื ืฉื•ืจ ืžื”ืชืงืจื”
06:47
and fall onto the cave floor, where we end up finding them.
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ื•ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืžืขืจื”, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื.
06:49
For example, this is a noble fir seed we found.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื• ื–ืจืข ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืืฉื•ื— ืืฆื™ืœื™ ืฉืžืฆืื ื•.
06:52
It's been frozen in the ice for over 100 years,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืคื•ื ื‘ืงืจื— ืœืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืฉื ื™ื,
06:55
and it's just now starting to sprout.
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜.
06:57
This mallard duck feather
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ืžืืœืืจื“
06:59
was found over 1,800 feet in the back of Snow Dragon Cave.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ืžืขืœ 1800 ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืช ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื’.
07:02
This duck died on the surface of the glacier long, long ago,
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ื”ื‘ืจื•ื•ื– ื”ื–ื” ืžืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ,
07:05
and its feathers have finally made it down through over 100 feet of ice
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืฉื• ื“ืจื›ื ืœืขื•ืžืง 30 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื—
07:09
before falling inside the cave.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืคืœื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื”.
07:11
And this beautiful quartz crystal
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ื•ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื•ื•ืจืฅ ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื”ื–ื”
07:13
was also found in the back of Snow Dragon.
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ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจืช ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื’.
07:15
Even now, Brent and I find it hard to believe
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืจื ื˜ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื™ื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
07:17
that all these discoveries were essentially in our own backyard,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
07:20
hidden away, just waiting to be found.
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ื ื—ื‘ืื•ืช, ืจืง ืžื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื.
07:23
Like I said earlier, the idea of discovering
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™
07:25
in this busy world we live in
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืกื•ืง ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•
07:27
kind of seems like something you can only do with space travel now,
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœื—ืœืœ,
07:30
but that's not true.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:31
Every year, new caves get discovered
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืžืขืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช
07:33
that no one has ever been in before.
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ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
07:35
So it's actually not too late for one of you
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื›ื
07:37
to become a discoverer yourself.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
07:39
You just have to be willing to look
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ืืชื ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ
07:41
and go where people don't often go
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ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ
07:44
and focus your eyes and your mind
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ื•ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื•ืืช ืžื•ื—ื›ื
07:46
to recognize the discovery when you see it,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืฉืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื”,
07:48
because it might be in your own backyard.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
07:50
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
07:52
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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