How to separate fact and fiction online | Markham Nolan

182,762 views ใƒป 2012-12-11

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mira Kraรฏmia ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Mahmoud Aghiorly
00:15
I've been a journalist now since I was about 17,
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ุฃุนู…ู„ ูƒุตุญููŠ ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃู† ูƒู†ุช ุฃุจู„ุบ ู‚ุฑุงุจุฉ 17 ุนุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ
00:18
and it's an interesting industry to be in at the moment,
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ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจู‡ุง ุฅู†ุณุงู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ
00:22
because as you all know, there's a huge amount of upheaval
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ู„ุฃู†ูƒู… ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุซูˆุฑุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
00:24
going on in media, and most of you probably know this
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ูŠุดู‡ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุฅุนู„ุงู…ุŒ ูˆ ู…ุนุธู…ูƒู… ู‚ุฏ ูŠุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ
00:26
from the business angle, which is that the business model
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ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑ ุชุฌุงุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุฉ
00:30
is pretty screwed, and as my grandfather would say,
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ุฃุตุจุญ ุณูŠุฆุง ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ ูˆ ูƒู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุฌุฏู‘ูŠ
00:33
the profits have all been gobbled up by Google.
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ุงุณุชุญูˆุฐุช ุฌูˆุฌู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุงุญ.
00:35
So it's a really interesting time to be a journalist,
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ูƒู… ู‡ูˆ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฅู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุตุญููŠุงู‹ ููŠ ุฒู…ู†ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง
00:38
but the upheaval that I'm interested in is not on the output side.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุซูŠุฑ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ูŠ ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ.
00:41
It's on the input side. It's concern with
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุชุชุนู„ู‘ู‚ ุจุฌุงู†ุจ ุฅุฏุฎุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชุŒ
00:44
how we get information and how we gather the news.
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ุจูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ ูˆ ูƒูŠููŠู‘ุฉ ุญุตูˆู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ.
00:46
And that's changed, because we've had a huge shift
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ูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏ ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุตุจุญ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ู‡ุงุฆู„
00:49
in the balance of power from
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ููŠ ู…ูˆุงุฒูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ
00:52
the news organizations to the audience.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุจูƒุงุช ุงู„ุฅุฎุจุงุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ.
00:54
And the audience for such a long time was in a position
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ูˆุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ูƒุงู† ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ููŠ ูˆุถุนูŠุฉ
00:56
where they didn't have any way of affecting news
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุชู‘ุฃุซูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฎุจุงุฑ
00:59
or making any change. They couldn't really connect.
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ุฃูˆ ู„ุตู†ุน ุฃูŠู‘ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ. ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุชุตุงู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุทู„ุงู‚
01:01
And that's changed irrevocably.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
01:02
My first connection with the news media was
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ูƒุงู† ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ุงุชู‘ุตุงู„ ู„ูŠ ุจูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุงุนู„ุงู…
01:05
in 1984, the BBC had a one-day strike.
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 1984ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงุถุฑุงุจ ุจู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุงุฐุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฏุงู… ูŠูˆู…ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุง
01:09
I wasn't happy. I was angry. I couldn't see my cartoons.
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ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ุณุนูŠุฏุงุŒ ูƒู†ุช ุบุงุถุจุง. ู„ู… ุฃุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ู…ู† ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุชูˆู†
01:12
So I wrote a letter.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุชุจุช ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ.
01:15
And it's a very effective way of ending your hate mail:
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูุนู‘ุงู„ุฉ ู„ุงู†ู‡ุงุก ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ูƒุฑุงู‡ูŠุฉ:
01:18
"Love Markham, Aged 4." Still works.
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ุณูŠุงุณุฉ "ู…ุน ุงุญุชุฑุงู…ูŠ. ู…ุงุฑูƒู‡ุงู…ุŒ ุฐุงุช ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„4 ุณู†ูˆุงุช" ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ูุนู‘ุงู„ุฉ.
01:21
I'm not sure if I had any impact on the one-day strike,
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ู„ุง ุฃุฏุฑูŠ ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู„ูŠ ุฃูŠู‘ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ู„ุงูŠู‚ุงู ุงุถุฑุงุจ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ
01:24
but what I do know is that it took them three weeks to get back to me.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุฃุนู„ู…ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุณุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ุช ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุงุณุงุจูŠุน.
01:26
And that was the round journey. It took that long for anyone
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุชู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุชุงุฏุฉ. ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุณุชุบุฑู‚ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ู„ุฃูŠู‘ ุดุฎุต
01:29
to have any impact and get some feedback.
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ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุฏู‘ ุฃูˆ ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ.
01:31
And that's changed now because, as journalists,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุชุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ูƒุตุญููŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ
01:33
we interact in real time. We're not in a position
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ู†ุฑุฏู‘ ุงู„ูุนู„ ููŠ ุฃุณุฑุน ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ู„ุณู†ุง ููŠ ูˆุถุน
01:36
where the audience is reacting to news.
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ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฑุฏุฉ ูุนู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฎุจุงุฑ
01:39
We're reacting to the audience, and we're actually relying on them.
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ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ. ูˆู†ุญู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู†ุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู….
01:43
They're helping us find the news. They're helping us
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ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุณุงุนุฏูˆู†ุง ููŠ ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ุงุฎุจุงุฑ. ู‡ู… ูŠุณุงุนุฏูˆู†ุง
01:45
figure out what is the best angle to take and what is the stuff that they want to hear.
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ู„ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃูุถู„ ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑ ู„ุงู†ุญูŠุงุฒ ู„ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุณู…ุงุนู‡.
01:50
So it's a real-time thing. It's much quicker. It's happening
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ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ุดูŠุก ููŠ ู‚ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉ. ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠุญุฏุซ
01:54
on a constant basis, and the journalist is always playing catch up.
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ุจุดูƒู„ ูŠูˆู…ูŠ, ูˆุงู„ุตุญููŠ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู…ุง ูŠุญุงูˆู„ ู…ู„ุงุญู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน.
02:00
To give an example of how we rely on the audience,
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ู„ุงุนุทุงุฆูƒู… ู…ุซุงู„ ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑุŒ
02:02
on the 5th of September in Costa Rica, an earthquake hit.
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ููŠ 5 ุณุจุชู…ุจุฑ ููŠ ูƒูˆุณุชุงุฑูŠูƒุงุŒ ูˆู‚ุน ุฒู„ุฒุงู„.
02:07
It was a 7.6 magnitude. It was fairly big.
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ู‚ูˆู‘ุชู‡ 7.6 ุฏุฑุฌุฉ. ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ูƒุจูŠุฑุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏู‘ ู…ุง.
02:09
And 60 seconds is the amount of time it took
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ูˆ 60 ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ูŠ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ุชู‡
02:12
for it to travel 250 kilometers to Managua.
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ู„ุฃู† ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ุฒู‘ู„ุฒุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุงู†ุงุบูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุฏ 250 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุง.
02:14
So the ground shook in Managua 60 seconds after it hit the epicenter.
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ุงู‡ุชุฒู‘ุช ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ููŠ ู…ุงู†ุงุบูˆุง 60 ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฃู† ุถุฑุจ ู…ุฑูƒุฒ ุงู„ุฒู„ุฒุงู„.
02:19
Thirty seconds later, the first message went onto Twitter,
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ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏู‡ุงุŒ ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ูˆุตู„ุช ุงู„ู‰ ุชูˆูŠุชุฑุŒ
02:21
and this was someone saying "temblor," which means earthquake.
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ูƒุงู†ุช ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุชู‚ูˆู„ "temblor" ุฃูŠ ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ู‡ุฒุฉ ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ.
02:24
So 60 seconds was how long it took
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ุงุณุชุบุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ 60 ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
02:26
for the physical earthquake to travel.
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ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฒู„ุฒุงู„.
02:28
Thirty seconds later news of that earthquake had traveled
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ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ุช ุฃุฎุจุงุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฒู„ุฒุงู„
02:31
all around the world, instantly. Everyone in the world,
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ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑ. ูƒู„ู‘ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
02:34
hypothetically, had the potential to know that an earthquake
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ู†ุธุฑูŠู‘ุงุŒ ูƒุงู† ุจุงู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ ุฒู„ุฒุงู„ุง
02:37
was happening in Managua.
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ูƒุงู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ู…ุงู†ุงุบูˆุง.
02:39
And that happened because this one person had
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ูˆุญุฏุซ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุฃู†ู‘ ุดุฎุตุง ูˆุงุญุฏุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู‡
02:42
a documentary instinct, which was to post a status update,
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ุบุฑูŠุฒุฉ ูˆุซุงุฆู‚ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุดุฑ ุฎุจุฑุง
02:46
which is what we all do now, so if something happens,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุฌู…ูŠุนู†ุงุŒ ุญุชู‰ู‘ ุฅุฐุง ุญุฏุซ ุดูŠุฆุง ู…ุง
02:48
we put our status update, or we post a photo,
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ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุญุฏูŠุซ ุตูุญุงุชู†ุงุŒ ุฃูˆ ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู†ุดุฑ ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ
02:50
we post a video, and it all goes up into the cloud in a constant stream.
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ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู†ุดุฑ ููŠุฏูŠูˆุŒ ุซู…ู‘ ุชู†ุชุดุฑ ูƒู„ู‘ู‡ุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุณุฑูŠุน.
02:54
And what that means is just constant,
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
02:57
huge volumes of data going up.
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ุฃุญุฌุงู… ุถุฎู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุชู†ุดุฑ.
02:59
It's actually staggering. When you look at the numbers,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฐู‡ู„ ูุนู„ุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑู‚ุงู…
03:02
every minute there are 72 more hours
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ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ 72 ุณุงุนุฉ ุฅุถุงููŠู‡ ู…ู†
03:05
of video on YouTube.
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ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆุชูŠูˆุจ ูŠุชู… ุฑูุนู‡ุง.
03:06
So that's, every second, more than an hour of video gets uploaded.
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ูƒู„ู‘ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุชู…ู‘ ุชุญู…ูŠู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุณุงุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช.
03:09
And in photos, Instagram, 58 photos are uploaded to Instagram a second.
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ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุตู‘ูˆุฑุŒ ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุชู…ู‘ ุชุญู…ูŠู„ 58 ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงู†ุณุชุงุบุฑุงู… ูƒู„ู‘ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ.
03:14
More than three and a half thousand photos go up onto Facebook.
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ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 3 ุขู„ุงู ูˆ 500 ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชู†ุชุดุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุงูŠุณุจูˆูƒ.
03:17
So by the time I'm finished talking here, there'll be 864
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุนู†ุฏ ู‚ุฏูˆู… ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู†ุชู‡ูŠ ููŠู‡ ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ 864 ุณุงุนุฉ ุฅุถุงููŠู‘ุฉ
03:21
more hours of video on Youtube than there were when I started,
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ุชู…ู‘ุช ุงุถุงูุชู‡ุงุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆุชูŠูˆุจุŒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู†ุฐ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
03:25
and two and a half million more photos on Facebook and Instagram than when I started.
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ูˆุงุซู†ุงู† ูˆู†ุตู ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชู… ุงุถุงูุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููŠุณุจูˆูƒ ูˆุงู†ุณุชุงุฌุฑุงู… ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู† ุจุฏุฃุช
03:28
So it's an interesting position to be in as a journalist,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆู‚ู ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ูƒุตุญููŠุŒ
03:32
because we should have access to everything.
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ู„ุงู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
03:35
Any event that happens anywhere in the world, I should be able to know about it
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ูˆูŠุชูˆุฌู‘ุจ ุนู„ูŠู‘ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
03:38
pretty much instantaneously, as it happens, for free.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ููˆุฑุŒ ุนู†ุฏ ุญุฏูˆุซู‡ุŒ ู…ุฌุงู†ุง.
03:42
And that goes for every single person in this room.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏูŠู† ู‡ู†ุง.
03:45
The only problem is, when you have that much information,
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ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏุฉ ุชู‚ุน ุนู†ุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชุŒ
03:47
you have to find the good stuff, and that can be
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ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู†
03:50
incredibly difficult when you're dealing with those volumes.
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ุตุนุจุง ุฌุฏุง ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠู‘ุงุช.
03:52
And nowhere was this brought home more than during
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ูˆุงูุถู„ ู…ุซุงู„ ู„ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู‡ูˆ
03:54
Hurricane Sandy. So what you had in Hurricane Sandy was
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ุงุนุตุงุฑ ุณุงู†ุฏูŠ. ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงุนุตุงุฑ ุณุงู†ุฏูŠ
03:57
a superstorm, the likes of which we hadn't seen for a long time,
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ู‡ูŠ ุนุงุตูุฉ ู„ู… ู†ุฑ ู„ู‡ุง ู…ุซูŠู„ุง ู…ู†ุฐ ุฒู…ู† ุทูˆูŠู„ุŒ
04:00
hitting the iPhone capital of the universe -- (Laughter) --
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุทุฑู‚ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุงูŠููˆู†ุŒ ุนุงุตู…ุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† (ุถุญูƒ)
04:03
and you got volumes of media like we'd never seen before.
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ุญูŠู†ู‡ุง ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ู…ู† ูˆุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุงุนู„ุงู… ู„ู… ูŠุณุจู‚ ู„ู‡ุง ู…ุซูŠู„.
04:07
And that meant that journalists had to deal with fakes,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุณุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตุญููŠูŠู† ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุฒูŠู‘ูุŒ
04:10
so we had to deal with old photos that were being reposted.
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ู„ุฐุง ุชุนุงู…ู„ู†ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ู‘ุช ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ู†ุดุฑู‡ุง.
04:13
We had to deal with composite images
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ูˆุชุนุงู…ู„ู†ุง ู…ุน ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ
04:15
that were merging photos from previous storms.
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ูˆุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฏู…ูˆุฌุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนูˆุงุตู ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ.
04:18
We had to deal with images from films like "The Day After Tomorrow." (Laughter)
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ูˆุตูˆุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงูู„ุงู… ู…ุซู„ ุชู„ูƒ ููŠ ูู„ู… "ุจุนุฏ ุบุฏ" (ุถุญูƒ)
04:24
And we had to deal with images that were so realistic
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชู‘ุตุฏูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุตูˆุฑ ุงุดุจู‡ ู„ู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
04:26
it was nearly difficult to tell if they were real at all.
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ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุฌุฏุง ุชุญุฑูŠ ุงุฐุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
04:29
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
04:33
But joking aside, there were images like this one from Instagram
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ู†ุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุจุฌุฏู‘ูŠุฉุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ู…ู† ุงู†ุณุชุงุฌุฑุงู…
04:37
which was subjected to a grilling by journalists.
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ุชุนุฑุถุช ู„ุงู†ุชู‚ุงุฏุงุช ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุตุญููŠูŠู†.
04:39
They weren't really sure. It was filtered in Instagram.
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ุชุฃูƒู‘ุฏูŠู† ุญู‚ุง ุงุฐุง ู…ุง ุชู…ู‘ ุชุนุฏูŠู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ุณุชุงุฌุฑุงู….
04:41
The lighting was questioned. Everything was questioned about it.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุถุงุกุฉ. ูˆูƒู„ ุดุฆ ูƒุงู† ู…ุดูƒู‘ูƒุง ููŠู‡.
04:44
And it turned out to be true. It was from Avenue C
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ูˆ ุชุจูŠู‘ู† ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ูƒุงู† ุตุญูŠุญุง. ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุดุงุฑุน "ูƒ"
04:46
in downtown Manhattan, which was flooded.
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ููŠ ูˆุณุท ู…ุงู†ู‡ุงุชู†, ุงู„ุชูŠ ุบู…ุฑุช ุจุงู„ู…ุงุก
04:48
And the reason that they could tell that it was real
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ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุนู„ู‡ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ
04:50
was because they could get to the source, and in this case,
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ู‡ูˆ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ู… ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ
04:53
these guys were New York food bloggers.
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ู…ุฏูˆู†ูŠู† ู„ู„ุทุนุงู… ุจู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒ.
04:55
They were well respected. They were known.
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ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ู… ุญุธูˆุง ุจุงุญุชุฑุงู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ. ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู…ุนุฑูˆููŠู†.
04:57
So this one wasn't a debunk, it was actually something that they could prove.
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ุฅุฐู† ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฎุฏุนุฉ ูŠุชู…ู‘ ูƒุดูู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฅู†ู‘ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุฆุง ุงุณุชุทุงุนูˆุง ุงุซุจุงุชู‡.
05:00
And that was the job of the journalist. It was filtering all this stuff.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ุตุญููŠูŠู†. ุชุตููŠุฉ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงู…ูˆุฑ.
05:03
And you were, instead of going and finding the information
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ูˆุฃู†ุชุŒ ุจุฏู„ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐู‡ุงุจ ู„ุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
05:05
and bringing it back to the reader, you were holding back
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ูˆุฅุนุงุฏุชู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฑุฆุŒ ุชุญุฌู…
05:08
the stuff that was potentially damaging.
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ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุจู‘ุจ ุงู„ู‘ู„ู.
05:10
And finding the source becomes more and more important --
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ูˆุงูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงุตุจุญ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ
05:13
finding the good source -- and Twitter is where most journalists now go.
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ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุฌูŠุฏ -- ูˆุชูˆูŠุชุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู„ุฌุฃ ุงู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุตุญููŠูŠู† ุงู„ุงู†.
05:17
It's like the de facto real-time newswire,
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ุซู„ ูˆูƒุงู„ู‡ ุงู†ุจุงุก ุฏูŠ ูุงูƒุชูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุฑุถ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ
05:20
if you know how to use it, because there is so much on Twitter.
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ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุนุฑูุช ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ุชูˆูŠุชุฑ.
05:23
And a good example of how useful it can be
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ูˆู…ุซุงู„ ุฌูŠุฏ ุนู† ุงู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฌุนู„ู‡ ู…ููŠุฏุงุŒ
05:25
but also how difficult was the Egyptian revolution in 2011.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงูŠุถุง ู…ุฏู‰ ุตุนูˆุจุชู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุณู†ุฉ 2011.
05:29
As a non-Arabic speaker, as someone who was looking
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ูƒุดุฎุต ู„ุง ูŠุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุงู„ุนุฑุจูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุดุฎุต ุจุงุญุซ
05:31
from the outside, from Dublin,
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ู…ู† ุจู„ุฏ ุฃุฌู†ุจูŠู‘ุŒ ู…ู† ุฏุจู„ู†ุŒ
05:34
Twitter lists, and lists of good sources,
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ู‚ูˆุงุฆู… ุชูˆูŠุชุฑุŒ ูˆู‚ูˆุงุฆู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุฉุŒ
05:36
people we could establish were credible, were really important.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒุงู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู† ู†ุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู† ู…ุตุฏุงู‚ูŠุชู‡ู…ุŒ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู‡ู…ู‡ ุฌุฏุง.
05:39
And how do you build a list like that from scratch?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุจู†ุงุก ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ู…ู…ุงุซู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑุŸ
05:42
Well, it can be quite difficult, but you have to know what to look for.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุตุนุจุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุกุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู† ุชุนุฑู ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡.
05:44
This visualization was done by an Italian academic.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‘ุตูˆุฑ ุชู…ู‘ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงูƒุงุฏูŠู…ูŠ ุงูŠุทุงู„ูŠ
05:47
He's called Andrรฉ Pannison, and he basically
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏุนู‰ ุฃู†ุฏุฑูŠู‡ ุจุงู†ูŠุณูˆู†ุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงู…
05:50
took the Twitter conversation in Tahrir Square
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ุจุฃุฎุฐ ุญูˆุงุฑุงุช ุชูˆูŠุชุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฌุฑุช ุญูˆู„ ู…ูŠุฏุงู† ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠุฑ
05:53
on the day that Hosni Mubarak would eventually resign,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠุณุชู‚ูŠู„ ููŠู‡ ุญุณู†ูŠ ู…ุจุงุฑูƒุŒ
05:56
and the dots you can see are retweets, so when someone
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ูˆุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุท ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑุงู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฑูŠุชูˆูŠุชุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุงุญุฏู‡ู…
05:59
retweets a message, a connection is made between two dots,
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ุจุนู…ู„ ุฑูŠุชูˆูŠุช ู„ุฑุณุงู„ู‡ุŒ ูŠุชู… ูˆุตู„ ู†ู‚ุชุทูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‚ุงุทุŒ
06:01
and the more times that message is retweeted by other people,
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ูˆูƒู„ู…ู‘ุง ูƒุซุฑ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุฑูŠุชูˆูŠุช ู„ู„ุฑุณุงู„ู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุตุŒ
06:04
the more you get to see these nodes, these connections being made.
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ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฑุฃูŠุช ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ุงุช ุชุชู….
06:07
And it's an amazing way of visualizing the conversation,
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ู„ุชุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุฏุซุฉุŒ
06:09
but what you get is hints at who is more interesting
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุชู„ู…ูŠุญุงุช ุนู† ู…ู† ู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุซุงุฑุฉ
06:12
and who is worth investigating.
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุชุญู‚ ุงู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ ุญูˆู„ู‡.
06:14
And as the conversation grew and grew, it became
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ูˆู…ุน ู†ู…ูˆู‘ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุŒ ุฃุตุจุญ
06:17
more and more lively, and eventually you were left
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑุง ูŠุตุจุญ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ
06:20
with this huge, big, rhythmic pointer of this conversation.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุคุดุฑ ุงู„ุงูŠู‚ุงุนูŠ ุงู„ุถุฎู… ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุฏุซุฉ.
06:24
You could find the nodes, though, and then you went,
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ุฑุบู… ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุณุชุฌุฏ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏุŒ ุซู… ุชุฐู‡ุจ
06:26
and you go, "Right, I've got to investigate these people.
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ูˆุชู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู†ูุณูƒ "ุงุฐู† ุนู„ูŠู‘ ุงู„ุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู† ุฃูˆู„ุงุฆูƒ ุงู„ุงุดุฎุงุต.
06:29
These are the ones that are obviously making sense.
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒู„ุงู…ู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ.
06:30
Let's see who they are."
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุชุนุฑู‘ู ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…."
06:33
Now in the deluge of information, this is where
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทูˆูุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช, ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†
06:35
the real-time web gets really interesting for a journalist like myself,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุตุจุญ ููŠู‡ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ุตุญููŠู‘ ู…ุซู„ูŠ
06:38
because we have more tools than ever
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ู„ุงู†ู†ุง ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงู† ุงุฏูˆุงุช ุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„
06:40
to do that kind of investigation.
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ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚
06:43
And when you start digging into the sources, you can go
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุตุงุฏุฑุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„
06:46
further and further than you ever could before.
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ุฃุจุนุฏ ูˆุฃุจุนุฏ ู…ู…ู‘ุง ูƒุงู† ุจูˆุณุนูƒ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
06:49
Sometimes you come across a piece of content that
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ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ุชุฌุฏ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุจุฏูˆ ู„ูƒ
06:52
is so compelling, you want to use it, you're dying to use it,
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ู…ู‚ู†ุนุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงุŒ ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง
06:55
but you're not 100 percent sure if you can because
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ู„ูƒู†ูƒ ู„ุณุช ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏุง 100% ู…ู† ุงุฐุง ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุจูˆุณุนูƒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง
06:58
you don't know if the source is credible.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ูƒ ู„ุง ุชุนู„ู… ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุฌุฏูŠุฑุง ุจุงู„ุซู‚ุฉ.
06:59
You don't know if it's a scrape. You don't know if it's a re-upload.
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ู„ุง ุชุนุฑู ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ ู…ู„ุนูˆุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡. ุงูˆ ุงุฐุง ุงูุนูŠุฏ ุชุญู…ูŠู„ู‡
07:01
And you have to do that investigative work.
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ูˆุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู† ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุจุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูŠ.
07:03
And this video, which I'm going to let run through,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ, ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณุงุดุบู„ู‡ ุงู„ุงู†
07:05
was one we discovered a couple of weeks ago.
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ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุงู‡ ู…ู†ุฐ ุจุถุนุฉ ุงุณุงุจูŠุน
07:08
Video: Getting real windy in just a second.
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ููŠุฏูŠูˆ: ุชุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุญ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุซูˆุงู†ูŠ
07:11
(Rain and wind sounds)
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(ุตูˆุช ุงู„ู…ุทุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฑูŠุงุญ)
07:16
(Explosion) Oh, shit!
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(ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ) ูŠุงู„ู„ุนู†ุฉ
07:19
Markham Nolan: Okay, so now if you're a news producer, this is something
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ู…ุงุฑูƒู‡ุงู… ู†ูˆู„ุงู†: ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุงุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุงู†ุช ู…ู†ุชุฌ ุฃุฎุจุงุฑุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก
07:22
you'd love to run with, because obviously, this is gold.
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ุณุชุญุจ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ู„ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุณุงูˆูŠ ุฐู‡ุจุง.
07:24
You know? This is a fantastic reaction from someone,
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ู‡ู„ ุชุนู„ู…ุŸ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฑุฏุฉ ูุนู„ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุดุฎุต ู…ุงุŒ
07:26
very genuine video that they've shot in their back garden.
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ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ู‚ุงู… ุจุชุณุฌูŠู„ู‡ ููŠ ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„.
07:29
But how do you find if this person, if it's true, if it's faked,
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒูŠู ุณุชุนุฑู ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ุง ุฃูˆ ู…ุฒูˆู‘ุฑุงุŒ
07:32
or if it's something that's old and that's been reposted?
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ุงูˆ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุง ุฃูˆ ุงูŒุนูŠุฏ ู†ุดุฑู‡ุŸ
07:35
So we set about going to work on this video, and
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ุงุฐู† ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุชุนูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆุŒ
07:37
the only thing that we had to go on was the username on the YouTube account.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงู†ุทู„ู‚ู†ุง ู…ู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงุณู… ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ูŠูˆุชูŠูˆุจ.
07:40
There was only one video posted to that account,
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆุชูŠูˆุจ
07:43
and the username was Rita Krill.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุงุณู… ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฎุฏูƒ "Rita Krill"
07:44
And we didn't know if Rita existed or if it was a fake name.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุฏุฑูŠ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุฑูŠุชุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูุนู„ุง ุงูˆ ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุงุณู… ู…ุฒูŠู‘ูุง.
07:47
But we started looking, and we used free Internet tools to do so.
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ูˆุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุจุญุซ ู…ุณุชุฎุฏู…ูŠู† ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช.
07:50
The first one was called Spokeo, which allowed us to look for Rita Krills.
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ุฃูˆู„ู‡ุง ุชุฏุนู‰ ุฅุณุจูˆูƒูŠูˆุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุงุนุฏุชู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฑูŠุชุง.
07:54
So we looked all over the U.S. We found them in New York,
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ุซู… ุจุญุซู†ุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ. ููˆุฌุฏู†ุงู‡ ููŠ ู†ูŠูˆูŠูˆุฑูƒุŒ
07:56
we found them in Pennsylvania, Nevada and Florida.
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ูˆูˆุฌุฏู†ุงู‡ ููŠ ุจู†ุณู„ูุงู†ูŠุง ูˆู†ูŠูุงุฏุง ูˆ ูู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏุง.
07:59
So we went and we looked for a second free Internet tool
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ุซู… ุจุญุซู†ุง ููŠ ุงุฏุงุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช
08:01
called Wolfram Alpha, and we checked the weather reports
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ุชุฏุนู‰ ูˆู„ูุฑุงู† ุฃู„ูุงุŒ ูˆุชุชุจุนู†ุง ุชู‚ุงุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุทู‚ุณ
08:04
for the day in which this video had been uploaded,
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ู„ู„ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชู… ููŠู‡ ุฑูุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ
08:06
and when we went through all those various cities,
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ุจุนุฏ ุงู† ุจุญุซู†ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†
08:08
we found that in Florida, there were thunderstorms and rain on the day.
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ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนูˆุงุตู ุฑุนุฏูŠุฉ ูˆุงู…ุทุงุฑ ููŠ ูู„ูˆุฑูŠุฏุง
08:12
So we went to the white pages, and we found,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุตูุญุงุช ุงู„ุจูŠุถุงุก, ููˆุฌุฏู†ุง,
08:14
we looked through the Rita Krills in the phonebook,
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ูˆุจุญุซู†ุง ุนู† ุงุณู… ุฑูŠุชุง ูƒุฑูŠู„ ููŠ ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุชู
08:17
and we looked through a couple of different addresses,
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ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุนู†ุงูˆูŠู† ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
08:19
and that took us to Google Maps, where we found a house.
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ุงู†ุชู‡ู‰ ุจู†ุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุฎุฑุงุฆุท Google, ุญูŠุซ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ู…ู†ุฒู„
08:22
And we found a house with a swimming pool that looked
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ูˆูˆุญุฏู†ุง ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุจู‡ ุญูˆุถ ู„ู„ุณุจุงุญุฉ ุจุฏู‰
08:24
remarkably like Rita's. So we went back to the video,
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ูŠุดุจู‡ ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุฑูŠุชุง ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ. ุซู… ุฑุฌุนู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ
08:27
and we had to look for clues that we could cross-reference.
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ูˆุจุฏุงู†ุง ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงุฏู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุงุณุชู†ุงุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
08:30
So if you look in the video, there's the big umbrella,
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ุงุฐู† ุงุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุช ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ, ุณุชู„ุงุญุธ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ุธู„ุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ
08:33
there's a white lilo in the pool,
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ูˆ ู„ูŠู„ูˆ ุจูŠุถุงุก ููŠ ุญูˆุถ ุงู„ุณุจุงุญุฉุŒ
08:35
there are some unusually rounded edges in the swimming pool,
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ูˆููŠู‡ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญูˆุงู ุงู„ู…ุฏูˆู‘ุฑุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุบูŠุฑุนุงุฏู‘ูŠุŒ
08:37
and there's two trees in the background.
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ูˆ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดุฌุฑุชูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู„ููŠู‘ุฉ.
08:40
And we went back to Google Maps, and we looked a little bit closer,
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ูˆุงุณุชุนู…ู„ู†ุง ู†ุธุงู… ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ุฌูˆุฌู„ุŒ ูˆ ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุจุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชู…ุนู‘ู†ุŒ
08:42
and sure enough, there's the white lilo,
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ูˆ ุชุฃูƒู‘ุฏู†ุง ูƒูุงูŠุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู„ูŠู„ูˆ ุจูŠุถุงุกุŒ
08:45
there are the two trees,
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ูˆ ุดุฌุฑุชูŠู†ุŒ
08:48
there's the umbrella. It's actually folded in this photo.
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ูˆ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ุธู„ู‘ุฉ. ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ู‘ ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุตู‘ูˆุฑุฉ.
08:50
Little bit of trickery. And there are the rounded edges on the swimming pool.
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ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญูŠู‘ู„ุŒ ูˆ ู†ุชุญุตู‘ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูˆุงู ุงู„ู…ุณุชุฏูŠุฑุฉ ู„ุญูˆุถ ุงู„ุณุจุงุญุฉ.
08:53
So we were able to call Rita, clear the video,
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ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุตุงู„ ุจุฑูŠุชุงุŒ ู…ุณุญ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆุŒ
08:57
make sure that it had been shot, and then our clients
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ุงู„ุชุฃูƒู‘ุฏ ู…ู† ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุชุตูˆูŠุฑู‡ุŒ ุซู…ู‘ ูƒุงู† ุฒุจุงุฆู†ู†ุง ุณุนุฏุงุก
08:59
were delighted because they were able to run it without being worried.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุชุดุบูŠู„ู‡ ุฏูˆู† ู‚ู„ู‚.
09:02
Sometimes the search for truth, though,
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†
09:04
is a little bit less flippant, and it has much greater consequences.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ูˆู‚ุญุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ูˆู„ู‡ ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ุฃูƒุจุฑ.
09:08
Syria has been really interesting for us, because obviously
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ุณูˆุฑูŠุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ุงุŒ
09:11
a lot of the time you're trying to debunk stuff that can be
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ูƒู… ุชุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ูุถุญ ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู†
09:14
potentially war crime evidence, so this is where YouTube
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ุฃุฏู„ู‘ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌุฑุงุฆู… ุญุฑุจุŒ ููŠ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ูŠุตุจุญ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ูŠูˆุชูŠูˆุจ
09:17
actually becomes the most important repository
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ุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
09:20
of information about what's going on in the world.
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃุญุฏุงุซ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุฑูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
09:24
So this video, I'm not going to show you the whole thing,
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ุฅุฐุงุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆุŒ ุณุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุฑู…ู‘ุชู‡ุŒ
09:27
because it's quite gruesome, but you'll hear some of the sounds.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุดู†ูŠุน ุฌุฏู‘ุงุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‘ูƒู… ุณุชุณู…ุนูˆู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช.
09:29
This is from Hama.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ุตูˆู‘ุฑ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุญู…ุงุฉ.
09:32
Video: (Shouting)
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ููŠุฏูŠูˆ: (ุตุฑุงุฎ)
09:35
And what this video shows, when you watch the whole thing through,
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ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠูƒุดูู‡ ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆุŒ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏุชู‡ ูƒู„ู‘ู‡ุŒ
09:39
is bloody bodies being taken out of a pickup truck
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ู‡ูŠ ุฌุซุซ ุฏุงู…ูŠุฉ ูŠุชู…ู‘ ุงุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ุง ู…ู† ุดุงุญู†ุฉ ุชุญู…ูŠู„
09:41
and thrown off a bridge.
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ุซู…ู‘ ุฑู…ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ููˆู‚ ุฌุณุฑ.
09:44
The allegations were that these guys were Muslim Brotherhood
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ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุนู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฑู‘ุฌุงู„ ูŠู†ุชู…ูˆู† ู„ุฌู…ุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅุฎูˆุงู† ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู…ูŠู†
09:47
and they were throwing Syrian Army officers' bodies
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ูˆ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฑู…ูŠ ุฌุซุซ ุถุจู‘ุงุท ุงู„ุฌูŠุด ุงู„ุณูˆุฑูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุณุฑุŒ
09:50
off the bridge, and they were cursing and using blasphemous language,
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ูˆ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ูŠุดุชู…ูˆู† ูˆ ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู† ู„ุบุฉ ู…ุณูŠุฆุฉ ู„ู„ุฏุจู†ุŒ
09:53
and there were lots of counterclaims about who they were,
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ูˆ ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑุถุฉ ุญูˆู„ ู‡ูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฑู‘ุฌุงู„ุŒ
09:55
and whether or not they were what the video said it was.
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ูˆ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ูƒู…ุง ูŠุฒุนู….
09:57
So we talked to some sources in Hama who we had been
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุชุญุฏู‘ุซู†ุง ู…ุน ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุตุงุฏุฑู†ุง ุจุญู…ุงุฉุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูƒู†ู‘ุง
10:01
back and forth with on Twitter, and we asked them about this,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงุชู‘ุตุงู„ ู…ุนู‡ู… ุนุจุฑ ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุชูˆูŠุชุฑุŒ ูˆ ุณุฃู„ู†ุงู‡ู… ุนู† ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆุŒ
10:03
and the bridge was interesting to us because it was something we could identify.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ูƒุงู† ู…ุซูŠุฑุง ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ู„ู†ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ุนู„ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒู‡.
10:07
Three different sources said three different things about the bridge.
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3 ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู‚ุงู„ุช 3 ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ.
10:10
They said, one, the bridge doesn't exist.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู„ูˆุงุŒ ุฃูˆู‘ู„ุง ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ.
10:12
Another one said the bridge does exist, but it's not in Hama. It's somewhere else.
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ุงู„ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู‚ุงู„ ุจุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ุจู…ุฏูŠู†ูˆ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุญู…ุงุฉ.
10:15
And the third one said, "I think the bridge does exist,
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ู…ุตุฏุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุซู‘ุงู„ุซ ู‚ุงู„:"ุฃุธู†ู‘ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ
10:18
but the dam upstream of the bridge was closed,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุชู…ู‘ ุฅุบู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ุณุฏู‘ ุจู…ู†ุจุน ุงู„ุฌุณุฑุŒ
10:21
so the river should actually have been dry, so this doesn't make sense."
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠูุชุฑุถ ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุฑ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฌุงูู‘ุงุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠู‘."
10:25
So that was the only one that gave us a clue.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู…ุฏู‘ู†ุง ุจุฏู„ูŠู„.
10:27
We looked through the video for other clues.
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจูุญุต ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฃุฏู„ู‘ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
10:29
We saw the distinctive railings, which we could use.
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ูˆ ุฑุฃูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠู‘ุฒุฉ ู„ู„ุฌุณุฑุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ุง ู…ู† ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุง.
10:32
We looked at the curbs. The curbs were throwing shadows south,
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ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ู‡ุง ุธู„ุงู„ ุชุชู‘ุฌู‡ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจุŒ
10:35
so we could tell the bridge was running east-west across the river.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฎู…ู‘ู† ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ูƒุงู† ุจุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ูŠุฉ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุฑ.
10:38
It had black-and-white curbs.
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ูƒุงู† ุจู‡ ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุณูˆุฏุงุก ูˆ ุจูŠุถุงุก.
10:40
As we looked at the river itself, you could see there's
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ุนู†ุฏ ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุŒ ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุฑุคูŠุฉ
10:42
a concrete stone on the west side. There's a cloud of blood.
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ุตุฎุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุฑุณุงู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠู‘ุฉ. ูˆ ุณุญุงุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู‘ู….
10:45
That's blood in the river. So the river is flowing
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ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุฏู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุฑุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูุงู„ุฏู‘ู… ูŠุทููˆ
10:46
south to north. That's what that tells me.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุดู‘ู…ุงู„. ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู„ูŠ.
10:48
And also, as you look away from the bridge,
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ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุงุŒ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุจุนูŠุฏุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฌุณุฑุŒ
10:50
there's a divot on the left-hand side of the bank,
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฌุฒุก ุตุบูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุดุจ ุจุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃูŠุณุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู†ูƒุŒ
10:52
and the river narrows.
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ุซู…ู‘ ูŠุฒุฏุงุฏ ู…ุฌุฑู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุฑ ุถูŠู‚ุง.
10:54
So onto Google Maps we go, and we start
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู†ุง ู†ุธุงู… ุฎุฑุงุฆุท ุฌูˆุฌู„
10:57
looking through literally every single bridge.
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ูˆ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ููŠ ูƒู„ู‘ ุฌุณุฑ.
10:59
We go to the dam that we talked about, we start just
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ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุณุฏู‘ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุฏู‘ุซุช ุนู†ู‡ ุณุงุจู‚ุงุŒ
11:03
literally going through every time that road crosses the river,
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ุซู…ู‘ ุชุชุจู‘ุนู†ุง ูƒู„ ุฌุณุฑ ูŠู…ุฑู‘ ุนุจุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุฑุŒ
11:06
crossing off the bridges that don't match.
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ูˆ ู†ุดุทุจ ุงู„ุฌุณูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชุชู…ุงุดู‰ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุตูุงุช.
11:08
We're looking for one that crosses east-west.
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ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุฌุณุฑ ูŠู…ุฑู‘ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู‘ุฑู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุฑุจ.
11:10
And we get to Hama. We get all the way from the dam
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ูˆ ุจุญุซู†ุง ุจู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุญู…ุงุฉุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ุณุฏู‘
11:12
to Hama and there's no bridge.
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ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠู‘ ุฌุณุฑ.
11:14
So we go a bit further. We switch to the satellite view,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู‚ุฑู‘ุฑู†ุง ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุซ. ุบูŠู‘ุฑู†ุง ู…ุฌุงู„ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฑ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠู‘ุŒ
11:16
and we find another bridge, and everything starts to line up.
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ูˆ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฌุณุฑุง ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุซู…ู‘ ุจุฏุฃุช ูƒู„ู‘ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุชุชู…ุงุดู‰ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ุง.
11:19
The bridge looks like it's crossing the river east to west.
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠู…ุฑู‘ ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู‘ุฑู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุบุฑุจ.
11:22
So this could be our bridge. And we zoom right in.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุธุงู„ู‘ุชู†ุง. ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุชูƒุจูŠุฑ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ.
11:25
We start to see that it's got a median, so it's a two-lane bridge.
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ูˆ ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ู†ู„ุงุญุธ ุงุญุชูˆุงุกู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุท ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตูุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุฌุณุฑุง ุฐูˆ ู…ุณุงุฑูŠู†.
11:28
And it's got the black-and-white curbs that we saw in the video,
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ูˆ ูƒู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุจู‡ ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงุก ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุถุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฑุฃูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆุŒ
11:32
and as we click through it, you can see someone's
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ูˆ ุนู†ุฏ ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจุญุซุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชู„ุงุญุธ ุฃู†ู‘ ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…
11:34
uploaded photos to go with the map, which is very handy,
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ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู… ุจุชุญู…ูŠู„ ุตูˆุฑ ุชุชู…ุงุดู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฎุฑูŠุทุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒุงู† ุฃู…ุฑุง ููŠ ุตุงู„ุญู†ุงุŒ
11:37
so we click into the photos. And the photos start showing us
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ู‚ุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุตู‘ูˆุฑุŒ ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ
11:40
more detail that we can cross-reference with the video.
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ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชู‘ูุงุตูŠู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฐูƒู‘ุฑู†ุง ุจู…ุง ุดุงู‡ุฏู†ุงู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.
11:42
The first thing that we see is we see black-and-white curbing,
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ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ู…ุง ุฑุฃูŠู†ุงู‡ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุญุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ุณูˆุฏุงุก ูˆุง ู„ุจูŠุถุงุกุŒ
11:46
which is handy because we've seen that before.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ููŠุฏ ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ุฑุฃูŠู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุณุจู‚ุง.
11:48
We see the distinctive railing that we saw the guys
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ุฑุฃูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุณู‘ูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠู‘ุฒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุดุงู‡ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฑู‘ุฌุงู„
11:52
throwing the bodies over.
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ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฑู…ูŠ ุงู„ุฌุซุซ ู…ู†ู‡.
11:54
And we keep going through it until we're certain that this is our bridge.
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ูˆ ูˆุงุตู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุชุฃูƒู‘ุฏู†ุง ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡.
11:57
So what does that tell me? I've got to go back now
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุณุชู†ุชุฌู‡ ู…ู† ูƒู„ู‘ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ ุฃุนูˆุฏ ู„ู„ูƒู„ุงู…
11:58
to my three sources and look at what they told me:
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงู„ู‡ ู„ูŠ ู…ุตุงุฏุฑูŠ ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุงุซ:
12:00
the one who said the bridge didn't exist,
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ุฃุญุฏู‡ู… ุฃุฎุจุฑู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ
12:02
the one who said the bridge wasn't in Hama,
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ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ุฃุฎุจุฑู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุจู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุญู…ุงุฉุŒ
12:04
and the one guy who said, "Yes, the bridge does exist, but I'm not sure about the water levels."
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงู„ ู„ูŠ:"ุงู„ุฌุณุฑ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‘ู†ูŠ ู„ุณุช ู…ุชุฃูƒู‘ุฏุง ู…ู† ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุชุญุชู‡."
12:08
Number three is looking like the most truthful all of a sudden,
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ูุฌุฃุฉ ุฃุตุจุญ ู…ุตุฏุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุซู‘ุงู„ุซ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุตุฏุงู‚ูŠู‘ุฉุŒ
12:11
and we've been able to find that out using some free Internet tools
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ูˆ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช
12:14
sitting in a cubicle in an office in Dublin
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ุฌุงู„ุณูŠู† ููŠ ุญุฌุฑุฉ ุจุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ูƒุงุชุจ ุจุฏุจู„ู†
12:17
in the space of 20 minutes.
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ููŠ ู…ุฏู‘ุฉ ุฒู…ู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ู„ุง ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ 20 ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
12:18
And that's part of the joy of this. Although the web
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ. ุฑุบู… ุฃู†ู‘ ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช
12:21
is running like a torrent, there's so much information there
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ุชุดุชุบู„ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ุจู‡ุง ูƒู…ู‘ ู‡ุงุฆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
12:24
that it's incredibly hard to sift and getting harder every day,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุตุนุจ ูุฑุฒู‡ุงุŒ ูˆูŠุฒุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ูƒู„ู‘ ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
12:27
if you use them intelligently, you can find out incredible information.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ุชู‡ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฐูƒูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ.
12:31
Given a couple of clues, I could probably find out
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ุจุฏุกุง ู…ู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุฏู„ุฉุŒ ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฌุญ ุฃู† ุฃูƒุชุดู
12:33
a lot of things about most of you in the audience that you might not like me finding out.
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ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ู…ุนุธู…ูƒู… ุฃู† ุฃุนู„ู… ุจุดุฃู†ู‡ุง.
12:36
But what it tells me is that, at a time when
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ูˆู…ุง ุฃุณุชู†ุชุฌู‡ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูˆููŠ ูˆู‚ุช
12:40
there's more -- there's a greater abundance of information than there ever has been,
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ุชูˆุฌุฏ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุจูˆูุฑุฉ ู„ุง ู…ุซูŠู„ ู„ู‡ุง ุณุงุจู‚ุงุŒ
12:44
it's harder to filter, we have greater tools.
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ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ูุฑุฒ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุตุนุจุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ุฃูุถู„.
12:46
We have free Internet tools that allow us,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ุณุชุนู…ู„ ุฃุฏูˆุงุช ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ุชุฑู†ุช
12:48
help us do this kind of investigation.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุงุนุฏุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู‘ุญู‚ูŠู‚.
12:50
We have algorithms that are smarter than ever before,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุงุช ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฐูƒุงุก ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุถู‰ุŒ
12:52
and computers that are quicker than ever before.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณูŠุจ ุฃุณุฑุน ุงู„ุขู† ู…ู† ุฃูŠู‘ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุถู‰.
12:54
But here's the thing. Algorithms are rules. They're binary.
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ู„ูƒู†ุŒ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑุฒู…ูŠุงุช ู‡ูŠ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ุซู†ุงุฆูŠู‘ุฉ.
12:58
They're yes or no, they're black or white.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฅู…ู‘ุง ู†ุนู… ุฃูˆ ู„ุงุŒ ุฃุณูˆุฏ ุฃูˆ ุฃุจูŠุถ.
13:00
Truth is never binary. Truth is a value.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ. ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ.
13:03
Truth is emotional, it's fluid, and above all, it's human.
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ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู…ุฑ ุนุงุทููŠู‘ุŒ ูˆ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠู‘.
13:08
No matter how quick we get with computers, no matter
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ู…ู‡ู…ุง ุชูƒู† ุณุฑุนุฉ ุญูˆุงุณูŠุจู†ุงุŒ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ุชูƒู†
13:10
how much information we have, you'll never be able
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ูƒู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒู‡ุงุŒ ู„ู† ุชุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ุฃุจุฏุง
13:12
to remove the human from the truth-seeking exercise,
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ู…ู† ุญุฐู ุงู„ู†ู‘ุฒุนุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
13:15
because in the end, it is a uniquely human trait.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุณู…ุฉ ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุณู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†.
13:19
Thanks very much. (Applause)
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ุดูƒุฑุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ุง (ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7