How to separate fact and fiction online | Markham Nolan

197,097 views ใƒป 2012-12-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I've been a journalist now since I was about 17,
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ืื ื™ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 17,
00:18
and it's an interesting industry to be in at the moment,
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
00:22
because as you all know, there's a huge amount of upheaval
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ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื•ืŸ
00:24
going on in media, and most of you probably know this
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ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื•ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื›ื ืจืื”
00:26
from the business angle, which is that the business model
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ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ
00:30
is pretty screwed, and as my grandfather would say,
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ื”ืขื™ืกืงื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืคื•ืง, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
00:33
the profits have all been gobbled up by Google.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ืœืขื• ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื’ืœ.
00:35
So it's a really interesting time to be a journalist,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™,
00:38
but the upheaval that I'm interested in is not on the output side.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื˜.
00:41
It's on the input side. It's concern with
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ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื˜. ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื•
00:44
how we get information and how we gather the news.
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
00:46
And that's changed, because we've had a huge shift
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช
00:49
in the balance of power from
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ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืžืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:52
the news organizations to the audience.
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ.
00:54
And the audience for such a long time was in a position
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื”
00:56
where they didn't have any way of affecting news
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
00:59
or making any change. They couldn't really connect.
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ืื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข.
01:01
And that's changed irrevocably.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš.
01:02
My first connection with the news media was
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ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
01:05
in 1984, the BBC had a one-day strike.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1984, ื‘-BBC ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
01:09
I wasn't happy. I was angry. I couldn't see my cartoons.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื”. ื›ืขืกืชื™. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™.
01:12
So I wrote a letter.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืžื›ืชื‘.
01:15
And it's a very effective way of ending your hate mail:
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ื•ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœืš:
01:18
"Love Markham, Aged 4." Still works.
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"ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืžืจืงื”ืื, ื‘ืŸ 4". ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:21
I'm not sure if I had any impact on the one-day strike,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
01:24
but what I do know is that it took them three weeks to get back to me.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื”ื 3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื™.
01:26
And that was the round journey. It took that long for anyone
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•ืœืื” ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ืช. ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืจื‘
01:29
to have any impact and get some feedback.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘.
01:31
And that's changed now because, as journalists,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื,
01:33
we interact in real time. We're not in a position
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ืื ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืžืฆื‘
01:36
where the audience is reacting to news.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
01:39
We're reacting to the audience, and we're actually relying on them.
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ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ, ื•ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
01:43
They're helping us find the news. They're helping us
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:45
figure out what is the best angle to take and what is the stuff that they want to hear.
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ืžื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข.
01:50
So it's a real-time thing. It's much quicker. It's happening
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ-ืืžืช. ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ.
01:54
on a constant basis, and the journalist is always playing catch up.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข, ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™, ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘.
02:00
To give an example of how we rely on the audience,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ,
02:02
on the 5th of September in Costa Rica, an earthquake hit.
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ื‘-5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื”, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”.
02:07
It was a 7.6 magnitude. It was fairly big.
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ืขื•ืฆืžืชื” ื”ื™ืชื” 7.6. ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžื“ื™.
02:09
And 60 seconds is the amount of time it took
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60 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”
02:12
for it to travel 250 kilometers to Managua.
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ืœื ื•ืข 250 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืืœ ืžื ื’ื•ืื”.
02:14
So the ground shook in Managua 60 seconds after it hit the epicenter.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืžื ื’ื•ืื” ืจืขื“ื” 60 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืจืขืฉ.
02:19
Thirty seconds later, the first message went onto Twitter,
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30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš, ืขืœืชื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ,
02:21
and this was someone saying "temblor," which means earthquake.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ "temblor", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” (ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช).
02:24
So 60 seconds was how long it took
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 60 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœืงื—
02:26
for the physical earthquake to travel.
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ืœืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœื ื•ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
02:28
Thirty seconds later news of that earthquake had traveled
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30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ
02:31
all around the world, instantly. Everyone in the world,
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ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื ืขื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
02:34
hypothetically, had the potential to know that an earthquake
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ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ืœื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช
02:37
was happening in Managua.
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ืฉืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืžื ื’ื•ืื”.
02:39
And that happened because this one person had
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื”
02:42
a documentary instinct, which was to post a status update,
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ื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืชืขื“, ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืคืจืกื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘,
02:46
which is what we all do now, so if something happens,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืš ืฉืื ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื•,
02:48
we put our status update, or we post a photo,
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ืื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
02:50
we post a video, and it all goes up into the cloud in a constant stream.
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ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ืืœ ื”ืขื ืŸ (ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™) ื‘ื–ืจื ืงื‘ื•ืข.
02:54
And what that means is just constant,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช
02:57
huge volumes of data going up.
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ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.
02:59
It's actually staggering. When you look at the numbers,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
03:02
every minute there are 72 more hours
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ื›ืœ ื“ืงื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ 72 ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
03:05
of video on YouTube.
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ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘-YouTube.
03:06
So that's, every second, more than an hour of video gets uploaded.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
03:09
And in photos, Instagram, 58 photos are uploaded to Instagram a second.
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ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, 58 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืœื•ืช ืœ-Instagram ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:14
More than three and a half thousand photos go up onto Facebook.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3,500 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœ-Facebook.
03:17
So by the time I'm finished talking here, there'll be 864
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืกื™ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื• 864 ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
03:21
more hours of video on Youtube than there were when I started,
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ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘-Youtube ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™,
03:25
and two and a half million more photos on Facebook and Instagram than when I started.
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ื•-2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘- Facebook ื•-Instagram.
03:28
So it's an interesting position to be in as a journalist,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™,
03:32
because we should have access to everything.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:35
Any event that happens anywhere in the world, I should be able to know about it
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ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:38
pretty much instantaneously, as it happens, for free.
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ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื”, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
03:42
And that goes for every single person in this room.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ืื•ืœื ื–ื”. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื
03:45
The only problem is, when you have that much information,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื
03:47
you have to find the good stuff, and that can be
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ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”
03:50
incredibly difficult when you're dealing with those volumes.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
03:52
And nowhere was this brought home more than during
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
03:54
Hurricane Sandy. So what you had in Hurricane Sandy was
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ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ ืกื ื“ื™. ืกื ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื•ืคืช-ืขืœ
03:57
a superstorm, the likes of which we hadn't seen for a long time,
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ืฉื›ืžื•ื” ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
04:00
hitting the iPhone capital of the universe -- (Laughter) --
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ืฉื”ื™ื›ืชื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื -- (ืฆื—ื•ืง) --
04:03
and you got volumes of media like we'd never seen before.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื–ืจืžื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ื ื•.
04:07
And that meant that journalists had to deal with fakes,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื.
04:10
so we had to deal with old photos that were being reposted.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืฉื•ื‘.
04:13
We had to deal with composite images
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ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช
04:15
that were merging photos from previous storms.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกืขืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.
04:18
We had to deal with images from films like "The Day After Tomorrow." (Laughter)
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ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™." (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:24
And we had to deal with images that were so realistic
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื ื• ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
04:26
it was nearly difficult to tell if they were real at all.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื•ืžืจ
04:29
(Laughter)
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ืื ื”ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:33
But joking aside, there were images like this one from Instagram
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืœืฆื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืž-Instagram
04:37
which was subjected to a grilling by journalists.
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ืฉื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื—ืงืจื• ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
04:39
They weren't really sure. It was filtered in Instagram.
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘-Instagram.
04:41
The lighting was questioned. Everything was questioned about it.
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ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื”. ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืขืœื™ื” ื ื‘ื“ืง.
04:44
And it turned out to be true. It was from Avenue C
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื“ื™ืจื” C
04:46
in downtown Manhattan, which was flooded.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆืคืช.
04:48
And the reason that they could tell that it was real
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
04:50
was because they could get to the source, and in this case,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”,
04:53
these guys were New York food bloggers.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
04:55
They were well respected. They were known.
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื• ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื.
04:57
So this one wasn't a debunk, it was actually something that they could prove.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ืจื‘ื-ืคืจื—, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—.
05:00
And that was the job of the journalist. It was filtering all this stuff.
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ื•ื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ -- ืœืกื ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:03
And you were, instead of going and finding the information
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื•
05:05
and bringing it back to the reader, you were holding back
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืฆืœืš
05:08
the stuff that was potentially damaging.
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืืฉืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืง.
05:10
And finding the source becomes more and more important --
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ --
05:13
finding the good source -- and Twitter is where most journalists now go.
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ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื.
05:17
It's like the de facto real-time newswire,
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ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ืื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“
05:20
if you know how to use it, because there is so much on Twitter.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
05:23
And a good example of how useful it can be
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™
05:25
but also how difficult was the Egyptian revolution in 2011.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืœืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘-2011.
05:29
As a non-Arabic speaker, as someone who was looking
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ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
05:31
from the outside, from Dublin,
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ืžื“ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ
05:34
Twitter lists, and lists of good sources,
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ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
05:36
people we could establish were credible, were really important.
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ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื, ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
05:39
And how do you build a list like that from scratch?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื–ื• ืžืืคืก?
05:42
Well, it can be quite difficult, but you have to know what to look for.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืงืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœื—ืคืฉ.
05:44
This visualization was done by an Italian academic.
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ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืงื“ืžืื™ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืื—ื“.
05:47
He's called Andrรฉ Pannison, and he basically
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ืฉืžื• ืื ื“ืจื” ืคืื ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœืงื— ืืช
05:50
took the Twitter conversation in Tahrir Square
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ืฆื™ื•ืฅ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืชื—ืจื™ืจ
05:53
on the day that Hosni Mubarak would eventually resign,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืกื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ืืจื› ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ
05:56
and the dots you can see are retweets, so when someone
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืฅ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
05:59
retweets a message, a connection is made between two dots,
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ืžืฆื™ื™ืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื”, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
06:01
and the more times that message is retweeted by other people,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:04
the more you get to see these nodes, these connections being made.
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ื›ืš ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื•ืžืช ืืœื•, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
06:07
And it's an amazing way of visualizing the conversation,
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช,
06:09
but what you get is hints at who is more interesting
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
06:12
and who is worth investigating.
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ื•ืžื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
06:14
And as the conversation grew and grew, it became
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื’ื“ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื”
06:17
more and more lively, and eventually you were left
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืืจ
06:20
with this huge, big, rhythmic pointer of this conversation.
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื ืง ื•ืงืฆื‘ื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”.
06:24
You could find the nodes, though, and then you went,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืžืช, ื•ืื– ื ื›ื ืกื™ื,
06:26
and you go, "Right, I've got to investigate these people.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:29
These are the ones that are obviously making sense.
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ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
06:30
Let's see who they are."
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ื ืจืื” ืžื™ ื”ื."
06:33
Now in the deluge of information, this is where
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข, ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื•
06:35
the real-time web gets really interesting for a journalist like myself,
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
06:38
because we have more tools than ever
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืื™-ืคืขื
06:40
to do that kind of investigation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื”.
06:43
And when you start digging into the sources, you can go
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
06:46
further and further than you ever could before.
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ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื™-ืคืขื ืงื•ื“ื.
06:49
Sometimes you come across a piece of content that
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืกืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื
06:52
is so compelling, you want to use it, you're dying to use it,
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ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”, ืžืชื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”,
06:55
but you're not 100 percent sure if you can because
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘-100 ืื—ื•ื– ืื ืื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ, ื›ื™
06:58
you don't know if the source is credible.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืืžื™ืŸ.
06:59
You don't know if it's a scrape. You don't know if it's a re-upload.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืคื•ืงืคืง. ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื–ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื“ืจื”.
07:01
And you have to do that investigative work.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”.
07:03
And this video, which I'm going to let run through,
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ื–ื” ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืฉืืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืจื•ืฅ,
07:05
was one we discovered a couple of weeks ago.
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ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
07:08
Video: Getting real windy in just a second.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืกื•ืขืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื”.
07:11
(Rain and wind sounds)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืฉื ื•ืจื•ื—)
07:16
(Explosion) Oh, shit!
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(ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ) ื”ื•, ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ!
07:19
Markham Nolan: Okay, so now if you're a news producer, this is something
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ืžืจืงื”ืื ื ื•ืœืืŸ: ืื ืืชื” ืžืคื™ืง ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•
07:22
you'd love to run with, because obviously, this is gold.
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ืฉืชืจืฆื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืื™ืชื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื–ื”ื‘.
07:24
You know? This is a fantastic reaction from someone,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
07:26
very genuine video that they've shot in their back garden.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช.
07:29
But how do you find if this person, if it's true, if it's faked,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื• ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ,
07:32
or if it's something that's old and that's been reposted?
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ืื• ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ื—ื“ืฉ?
07:35
So we set about going to work on this video, and
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ื ื™ื’ืฉื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
07:37
the only thing that we had to go on was the username on the YouTube account.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื” ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ YouTube.
07:40
There was only one video posted to that account,
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ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
07:43
and the username was Rita Krill.
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ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ื˜ื” ืงืจื™ืœ.
07:44
And we didn't know if Rita existed or if it was a fake name.
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืื ืจื™ื˜ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืื• ืื ื–ื” ืฉื ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ.
07:47
But we started looking, and we used free Internet tools to do so.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื›ืš.
07:50
The first one was called Spokeo, which allowed us to look for Rita Krills.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื Spokeo, ืืฉืจ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ืจื™ื˜ื” ืงืจื™ืœ.
07:54
So we looked all over the U.S. We found them in New York,
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ
07:56
we found them in Pennsylvania, Nevada and Florida.
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ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”, ื ื‘ืื“ื” ื•ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
07:59
So we went and we looked for a second free Internet tool
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื™ื ืžื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ
08:01
called Wolfram Alpha, and we checked the weather reports
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื•ื•ืœืคืจื-ืืœืคื ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื“ื•"ื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
08:04
for the day in which this video had been uploaded,
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื–ื” ื”ื•ืขืœื” ืœืจืฉืช.
08:06
and when we went through all those various cities,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
08:08
we found that in Florida, there were thunderstorms and rain on the day.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืจืขืžื™ื ื•ื’ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื.
08:12
So we went to the white pages, and we found,
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื•ืžืฆืื ื•,
08:14
we looked through the Rita Krills in the phonebook,
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื” ืงืจื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื,
08:17
and we looked through a couple of different addresses,
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
08:19
and that took us to Google Maps, where we found a house.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืœ-Google Maps, ืฉื ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื™ืช.
08:22
And we found a house with a swimming pool that looked
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉื ืจืื”
08:24
remarkably like Rita's. So we went back to the video,
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ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื˜ื”. ืื– ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื•ื™ื“ืื•,
08:27
and we had to look for clues that we could cross-reference.
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ื•ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื‘ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
08:30
So if you look in the video, there's the big umbrella,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
08:33
there's a white lilo in the pool,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืžื–ืจืŸ ืžืชื ืคื— ืœื‘ืŸ,
08:35
there are some unusually rounded edges in the swimming pool,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื”
08:37
and there's two trees in the background.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข.
08:40
And we went back to Google Maps, and we looked a little bit closer,
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ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœ-Google Maps ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
08:42
and sure enough, there's the white lilo,
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ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื”ืžื–ืจืŸ ื”ืžืชื ืคื— ื”ืœื‘ืŸ,
08:45
there are the two trees,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆื™ื,
08:48
there's the umbrella. It's actually folded in this photo.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืงื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•.
08:50
Little bit of trickery. And there are the rounded edges on the swimming pool.
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ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”.
08:53
So we were able to call Rita, clear the video,
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ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืœืจื™ื˜ื”, ืœื ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื—ืฉื“,
08:57
make sure that it had been shot, and then our clients
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื•
08:59
were delighted because they were able to run it without being worried.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื™ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืื’ื•ืช.
09:02
Sometimes the search for truth, though,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืžืช
09:04
is a little bit less flippant, and it has much greater consequences.
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ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืงืœื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
09:08
Syria has been really interesting for us, because obviously
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ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืฆืœื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ
09:11
a lot of the time you're trying to debunk stuff that can be
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ืื ื• ืžืžืขื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
09:14
potentially war crime evidence, so this is where YouTube
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”-YouTube
09:17
actually becomes the most important repository
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืื’ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:20
of information about what's going on in the world.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:24
So this video, I'm not going to show you the whole thing,
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ื–ื” ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœ,
09:27
because it's quite gruesome, but you'll hear some of the sounds.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื‘ืขื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืชืฉืžืขื• ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
09:29
This is from Hama.
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืžื”.
09:32
Video: (Shouting)
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: (ืฆืขืงื”)
09:35
And what this video shows, when you watch the whole thing through,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžืจืื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•,
09:39
is bloody bodies being taken out of a pickup truck
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื“ืžืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ื ื“ืจ
09:41
and thrown off a bridge.
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ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžื’ืฉืจ.
09:44
The allegations were that these guys were Muslim Brotherhood
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ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื
09:47
and they were throwing Syrian Army officers' bodies
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืกื•ืจื™
09:50
off the bridge, and they were cursing and using blasphemous language,
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ืžื”ื’ืฉืจ, ื•ื”ื ืงื™ืœืœื• ื•ื ื™ืืฆื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช
09:53
and there were lots of counterclaims about who they were,
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ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื
09:55
and whether or not they were what the video said it was.
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ื•ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืื• ืœื.
09:57
So we talked to some sources in Hama who we had been
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืื™ืชื ืงืฉืจื™ื
10:01
back and forth with on Twitter, and we asked them about this,
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ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ, ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
10:03
and the bridge was interesting to us because it was something we could identify.
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ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช.
10:07
Three different sources said three different things about the bridge.
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3 ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืžืจื• 3 ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
10:10
They said, one, the bridge doesn't exist.
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื”ืื—ื“, ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื.
10:12
Another one said the bridge does exist, but it's not in Hama. It's somewhere else.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืžื”. ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
10:15
And the third one said, "I think the bridge does exist,
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื,
10:18
but the dam upstream of the bridge was closed,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื›ืจ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ื•ืจ,
10:21
so the river should actually have been dry, so this doesn't make sense."
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉ, ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™."
10:25
So that was the only one that gave us a clue.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืกื™ืคืง ืœื ื• ืจืžื–.
10:27
We looked through the video for other clues.
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:29
We saw the distinctive railings, which we could use.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืขืงื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
10:32
We looked at the curbs. The curbs were throwing shadows south,
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ื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ื ื™-ื”ืฉืคื”. ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื• ืฆืœืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื”,
10:35
so we could tell the bridge was running east-west across the river.
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ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืจื—-ืžืขืจื‘ ืžืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
10:38
It had black-and-white curbs.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืื‘ื ื™-ืฉืคื” ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ.
10:40
As we looked at the river itself, you could see there's
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ
10:42
a concrete stone on the west side. There's a cloud of blood.
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ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืชื ืฉืœ ื“ื.
10:45
That's blood in the river. So the river is flowing
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื ื‘ื ื”ืจ. ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ืจ ื–ื•ืจื
10:46
south to north. That's what that tells me.
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ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™.
10:48
And also, as you look away from the bridge,
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ื•ื’ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื’ืฉืจ,
10:50
there's a divot on the left-hand side of the bank,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืฉื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ื”,
10:52
and the river narrows.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ื•.
10:54
So onto Google Maps we go, and we start
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ืื– ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœ-Google Maps, ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื
10:57
looking through literally every single bridge.
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ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
10:59
We go to the dam that we talked about, we start just
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ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืกื›ืจ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜
11:03
literally going through every time that road crosses the river,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ,
11:06
crossing off the bridges that don't match.
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ืžื“ืœื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
11:08
We're looking for one that crosses east-west.
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ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื–ืจื—-ืžืขืจื‘.
11:10
And we get to Hama. We get all the way from the dam
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ืžื”. ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš
11:12
to Hama and there's no bridge.
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ืžื”ืกื›ืจ ืœื—ืžื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื’ืฉืจ.
11:14
So we go a bit further. We switch to the satellite view,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืงืฆืช ื”ืœืื”. ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
11:16
and we find another bridge, and everything starts to line up.
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ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื’ืฉืจ ืื—ืจ ื•ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ.
11:19
The bridge looks like it's crossing the river east to west.
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ื”ื’ืฉืจ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘.
11:22
So this could be our bridge. And we zoom right in.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•. ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื•ื.
11:25
We start to see that it's got a median, so it's a two-lane bridge.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืคืจื“ื”, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืฉืจ ื“ื•-ืžืกืœื•ืœื™.
11:28
And it's got the black-and-white curbs that we saw in the video,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ืื‘ื ื™-ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื•,
11:32
and as we click through it, you can see someone's
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืงืœื™ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื•
11:34
uploaded photos to go with the map, which is very handy,
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ื”ืขืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื• ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
11:37
so we click into the photos. And the photos start showing us
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ืื ื• ืžืงืœื™ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื ื•
11:40
more detail that we can cross-reference with the video.
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ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
11:42
The first thing that we see is we see black-and-white curbing,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื ื™-ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ
11:46
which is handy because we've seen that before.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืงืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืงื•ื“ื.
11:48
We see the distinctive railing that we saw the guys
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืงื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
11:52
throwing the bodies over.
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ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช. ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
11:54
And we keep going through it until we're certain that this is our bridge.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
11:57
So what does that tell me? I've got to go back now
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ืื– ืžื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™? ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
11:58
to my three sources and look at what they told me:
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ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™:
12:00
the one who said the bridge didn't exist,
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ืื—ื“ ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื,
12:02
the one who said the bridge wasn't in Hama,
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ืื—ืจ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื’ืฉืจ ืœื ื‘ื—ืžื”,
12:04
and the one guy who said, "Yes, the bridge does exist, but I'm not sure about the water levels."
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ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืžืจ, "ื›ืŸ, ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืคืœืก ื”ืžื™ื.".
12:08
Number three is looking like the most truthful all of a sudden,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ื›ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™.
12:11
and we've been able to find that out using some free Internet tools
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื
12:14
sitting in a cubicle in an office in Dublin
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ืชื•ืš ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืœื™ืŸ
12:17
in the space of 20 minutes.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš 20 ื“ืงื•ืช.
12:18
And that's part of the joy of this. Although the web
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื ืื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
12:21
is running like a torrent, there's so much information there
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ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื• ื–ืจื ืื“ื™ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข
12:24
that it's incredibly hard to sift and getting harder every day,
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ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืคื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:27
if you use them intelligently, you can find out incredible information.
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ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
12:31
Given a couple of clues, I could probably find out
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื›ืžื” ืจืžื–ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช
12:33
a lot of things about most of you in the audience that you might not like me finding out.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ืชืื”ื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ืœื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ.
12:36
But what it tells me is that, at a time when
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ,
12:40
there's more -- there's a greater abundance of information than there ever has been,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™-ืคืขื,
12:44
it's harder to filter, we have greater tools.
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
12:46
We have free Internet tools that allow us,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื•,
12:48
help us do this kind of investigation.
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ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื”.
12:50
We have algorithms that are smarter than ever before,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ืคืขื,
12:52
and computers that are quicker than ever before.
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ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื™-ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
12:54
But here's the thing. Algorithms are rules. They're binary.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘. ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื.
12:58
They're yes or no, they're black or white.
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ื”ื ื›ืŸ ืื• ืœื, ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื‘ืŸ.
13:00
Truth is never binary. Truth is a value.
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ื”ืืžืช ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช. ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืขืจืš.
13:03
Truth is emotional, it's fluid, and above all, it's human.
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
13:08
No matter how quick we get with computers, no matter
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืœื ืžืฉื ื”
13:10
how much information we have, you'll never be able
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
13:12
to remove the human from the truth-seeking exercise,
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ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืžืช,
13:15
because in the end, it is a uniquely human trait.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืžืช ื–ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
13:19
Thanks very much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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