Why Earth may someday look like Mars | Anjali Tripathi

112,661 views ใƒป 2017-01-19

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ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Riyad Almubarak ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Fatima Zahra El Hafa
00:12
So when you look out at the stars at night,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ุŒ
00:15
it's amazing what you can see.
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ูุฅู† ู…ุง ุชุฑุงู‡ ุดูŠุก ู…ุฐู‡ู„.
00:17
It's beautiful.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุฌู…ูŠู„.
00:18
But what's more amazing is what you can't see,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฅุฐู‡ุงู„ุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุฑุคูŠุชู‡.
00:21
because what we know now
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ู„ุฃู† ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹
00:23
is that around every star or almost every star,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุญูˆู„ ุฃูŠ ู†ุฌู… ุฃูˆ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุฃูŠ ู†ุฌู…ุŒ
00:26
there's a planet,
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ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
00:27
or probably a few.
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ุฃูˆ ุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ู‡ุง.
00:30
So what this picture isn't showing you
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุง ู„ุง ุชูุธู’ู‡ุฑู‡ ู„ูƒู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ
00:32
are all the planets that we know about
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ู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนู„ู… ุจุชูˆุงุฌุฏู‡ุง
00:34
out there in space.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠ.
00:36
But when we think about planets, we tend to think of faraway things
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ู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ููƒู‘ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุŒ ู†ู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
00:39
that are very different from our own.
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ุชุฎุชู„ู ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุนู† ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง.
00:41
But here we are on a planet,
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ู„ูƒู† ู†ุญู† ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ูƒูˆูƒุจุŒ
00:43
and there are so many things that are amazing about Earth
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ)
00:47
that we're searching far and wide to find things that are like that.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ู…ูˆุณู‘ุน ู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชุดุจู‡ู‡ุง.
00:51
And when we're searching, we're finding amazing things.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุจุญุซุŒ ูู†ุญู† ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ.
00:54
But I want to tell you about an amazing thing here on Earth.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู†ูŠ ุฃูˆุฏู‘ ุฅุฎุจุงุฑูƒู… ุนู† ุดูŠุก ู…ุฏู‡ุด ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ).
00:59
And that is that every minute,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุชู…ุฑู‘ุŒ
01:01
400 pounds of hydrogen
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ูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ 400 ุฑุทู„ ู…ู† (ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†)
01:04
and almost seven pounds of helium
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ูˆุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ 7 ุฃุฑุทุงู„ ู…ู† (ุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู…)
01:06
escape from Earth into space.
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ู…ู† (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ) ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ูุถุงุก.
01:10
And this is gas that is going off and never coming back.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ุง ุฃู† ุชุฐู‡ุจ ูู‡ูŠ ู„ุง ุชุนูˆุฏ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
01:15
So hydrogen, helium and many other things
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู(ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†) ูˆ(ุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู…) ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
01:18
make up what's known as the Earth's atmosphere.
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ุชูƒูˆู‘ู† ู…ุง ุงุตุทู„ุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุณู…ูŠุชู‡ ุจุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
01:21
The atmosphere is just these gases that form a thin blue line
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ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูƒูˆู‘ู† ุฎุทุงู‹ ุฃุฒุฑู‚ุง ุฑููŠุนุงู‹
01:25
that's seen here from the International Space Station,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฑู‰ ู‡ู†ุง ู…ู† ู…ุญุทุฉ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฏูˆู„ูŠุฉุŒ
01:28
a photograph that some astronauts took.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ุทู‡ุง ุจุนุถ ุฑูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ูุถุงุก.
01:31
And this tenuous veneer around our planet
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง
01:34
is what allows life to flourish.
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ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุจุงู„ุงุฒุฏู‡ุงุฑ.
01:36
It protects our planet from too many impacts,
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ูู‡ูŠ ุชุญู…ูŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุชุŒ
01:39
from meteorites and the like.
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ูƒุงู„ู†ูŠุงุฒูƒ ูˆู…ุง ุดุงุจู‡ู‡ุง.
01:41
And it's such an amazing phenomenon
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ
01:45
that the fact that it's disappearing
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ูุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุชู„ุงุดู‰
01:48
should frighten you, at least a little bit.
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ู„ุง ุจุฏ ุฃู† ุชูุฑู’ุนูุจูŽูƒูู…ู’ ูˆู„ูˆ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง.
01:52
So this process is something that I study
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ุฃุนูƒู ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงุณุชู‡
01:55
and it's called atmospheric escape.
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุณู…ู‰ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
01:58
So atmospheric escape is not specific to planet Earth.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู‚ุชุตุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ) ูู‚ุท.
02:03
It's part of what it means to be a planet, if you ask me,
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ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุณุฃู„ุชู…ูˆู†ูŠุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุฃูŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจุŒ
02:07
because planets, not just here on Earth but throughout the universe,
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุŒ ู„ูŠุณ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ) ูู‚ุท ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
02:11
can undergo atmospheric escape.
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ุชุฎุถุน ู„ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
02:14
And the way it happens actually tells us about planets themselves.
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุญุฏูˆุซ ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ู†ูุณู‡ุง.
02:19
Because when you think about the solar system,
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ูุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชููƒุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุŒ
02:22
you might think about this picture here.
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุชุฑุงูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฐู‡ุงู†ูƒู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ.
02:25
And you would say, well, there are eight planets, maybe nine.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชู‚ูˆู„ูˆู†ุŒ ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ุนุดุฑุฉ.
02:29
So for those of you who are stressed by this picture,
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ู… ูŠุชู‚ุจู„ูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŒ
02:31
I will add somebody for you.
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ุณุฃุถูŠู ุดุฎุตุงู‹ ุฃุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ูƒู….
02:33
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:34
Courtesy of New Horizons, we're including Pluto.
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ุชุนูˆุฏ ุญู‚ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู„(ุฃูุงู‚ ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ)ุŒ ู‡ุง ู†ุญู† ู†ูุถูŽู…ู‘ู† ูƒูˆูƒุจ (ุจู„ูˆุชูˆ).
02:38
And the thing here is,
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ูˆุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ
02:39
for the purposes of this talk and atmospheric escape,
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ู„ุบุฑุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุฏุซุฉ ูˆู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠุŒ
02:42
Pluto is a planet in my mind,
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ูุฃู†ุง ุฃุณุชุญุธุฑ ูƒูˆูƒุจ (ุจู„ูˆุชูˆ)ุŒ
02:44
in the same way that planets around other stars that we can't see
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ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุนุชุจุฑ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู†ุฌูˆู… ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง
02:48
are also planets.
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุงู‹.
02:49
So fundamental characteristics of planets
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ
02:52
include the fact that they are bodies
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ุชุชุถู…ู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃุฌุณุงู…
02:55
that are bound together by gravity.
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ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ.
02:57
So it's a lot of material just stuck together
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู„ุชุตู‚ุฉ ุจุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ
03:00
with this attractive force.
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ุจู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ.
03:02
And these bodies are so big and have so much gravity.
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุณุงู… ุจุงู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑ ูˆู„ู‡ุง ุซู‚ู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
03:05
That's why they're round.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุณุจุจ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดูƒู„.
03:06
So when you look at all of these,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู†ุธุฑ ู„ูƒู„ ู‡ุคู„ุงุกุŒ
03:08
including Pluto,
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ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ู… (ุจู„ูˆุชูˆ)ุŒ
03:09
they're round.
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ูู‡ู… ูŠุชุฎุฐูˆู† ุดูƒู„ุง ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠุง.
03:11
So you can see that gravity is really at play here.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุฑูˆู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุชู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑุงู‹ ูุนู„ูŠุงู‹ ู‡ู†ุง.
03:13
But another fundamental characteristic about planets
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ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฎุงุตูŠุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ
03:17
is what you don't see here,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู…ุง ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
03:18
and that's the star, the Sun,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุฌู…ุŒ (ุงู„ุดู…ุณ)ุŒ
03:21
that all of the planets in the solar system are orbiting around.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ูƒู„ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉ.
03:25
And that's fundamentally driving atmospheric escape.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุจุจ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ู„ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
03:29
The reason that fundamentally stars drive atmospheric escape from planets
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ุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุชุณุจู‘ุจู’ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ
03:35
is because stars offer planets particles and light and heat
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุชู…ุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุจุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ูˆุงู„ุถูˆุก ูˆุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ
03:40
that can cause the atmospheres to go away.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูุคูŽุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
03:43
So if you think of a hot-air balloon,
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ูุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ููƒุฑุชู… ููŠ ู…ู†ุทุงุฏ ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุณุงุฎู†ุŒ
03:45
or you look at this picture of lanterns in Thailand at a festival,
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ุฃูˆ ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุฃู„ู‚ูŠุชู… ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ููˆุงู†ูŠุณ ู‡ุฐู‡ ููŠ ุงุญุชูุงู„ ููŠ (ุชุงูŠู„ู†ุฏ)ุŒ
03:49
you can see that hot air can propel gasses upward.
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ุณุชุฑูˆู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู‡ูˆุงุก ุงู„ุณุงุฎู† ูŠุฏูุน ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ู„ู„ุฃุนู„ู‰.
03:53
And if you have enough energy and heating,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ุชูˆูุฑุช ุทุงู‚ุฉ ูˆุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูƒุงููŠุฉุŒ
03:55
which our Sun does,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุชูˆูุฑู‡ ุดู…ุณู†ุงุŒ
03:56
that gas, which is so light and only bound by gravity,
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ูุฅู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ุฎููŠู ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจูุนู„ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ูู‚ุทุŒ
04:00
it can escape into space.
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ูŠู‡ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุถุงุก.
04:03
And so this is what's actually causing atmospheric escape
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุณุจุจ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ
04:07
here on Earth and also on other planets --
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ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ --
04:10
that interplay between heating from the star
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุชุณุฎูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† ุงู„ู†ุฌู…
04:13
and overcoming the force of gravity on the planet.
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ูˆุงู„ุชุบู„ุจ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
04:17
So I've told you that it happens
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃุฎุจุฑุชูƒู… ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุญุฏุซ
04:18
at the rate of 400 pounds a minute for hydrogen
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ุจู…ุนุฏู„ 400 ุฑุทู„ ู„(ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†) ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
04:22
and almost seven pounds for helium.
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ูˆุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ 7 ุฃุฑุทุงู„ ู„(ุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู…).
04:25
But what does that look like?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠู‡ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
04:26
Well, even in the '80s,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุญุชู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠู†ุงุชุŒ
04:28
we took pictures of the Earth
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ุงู„ุชู‚ุทู†ุง ุตูˆุฑุงู‹ ู„ู„ุฃุฑุถ
04:30
in the ultraviolet
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ุจุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุจู†ูุณุฌูŠุฉ
04:31
using NASA's Dynamic Explorer spacecraft.
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ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุณููŠู†ุฉ ูุถุงุก ุงู„ู…ุณุชูƒุดู ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠ ุงู„ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู†ุงุณุง.
04:34
So these two images of the Earth
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุงุชูŠู† ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุชูŠู† ู„ู„ุฃุฑุถ
04:36
show you what that glow of escaping hydrogen looks like,
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ุชูˆุถุญุงู† ู„ูƒู… ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‡ุฌ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† ู‡ุฑูˆุจ (ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†)ุŒ
04:40
shown in red.
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ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑ ุจุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ.
04:41
And you can also see other features like oxygen and nitrogen
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฑูˆุง ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ุซู„ (ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู†) ูˆ(ุงู„ู†ุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู†)
04:45
in that white glimmer
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ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู…ูŠุถ ุงู„ุฃุจูŠุถ
04:46
in the circle showing you the auroras
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุดูู‚
04:49
and also some wisps around the tropics.
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ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฎุตู„ุงุช ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุงุช.
04:52
So these are pictures that conclusively show us
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ู‚ุงุทุน
04:55
that our atmosphere isn't just tightly bound to us here on Earth
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ุฃู† ุบู„ุงูู†ุง ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ุซุจุชุงู‹ ุจุฅุญูƒุงู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูู‚ุท
04:58
but it's actually reaching out far into space,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูŠู‡ุฑุจ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุŒ
05:02
and at an alarming rate, I might add.
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ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ุฃุถูŠูุŒ ูˆุจู…ุนุฏู„ ู…ุฎูŠู.
05:05
But the Earth is not alone in undergoing atmospheric escape.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู„ูŠุณุช ูˆุญุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ูŠุฎุถุน ู„ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
05:08
Mars, our nearest neighbor, is much smaller than Earth,
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ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎุŒ ุฌุงุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุฃู‚ุฑุจุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุตุบุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉู‹ ุจุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ
05:12
so it has much less gravity with which to hold on to its atmosphere.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ู‡ ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุฃู‚ู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ู…ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุญุชูุงุธ ุจุบู„ุงูู‡ ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
05:16
And so even though Mars has an atmosphere,
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ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูŠุชู…ุชุน ุจุบู„ุงู ุฌูˆูŠุŒ
05:18
we can see it's much thinner than the Earth's.
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ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃู‚ู„ ุณู…ูƒุงู‹ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
05:20
Just look at the surface.
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ูู‚ุท ุฃู„ู‚ูˆุง ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุญ.
05:22
You see craters indicating that it didn't have an atmosphere
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ุชุฑูˆู† ููˆู‡ุงุช ุงู„ุจุฑุงูƒูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏู„ู‘ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ู‡ ุบู„ุงู ุฌูˆูŠ
05:25
that could stop those impacts.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ูˆู‚ู ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงุช.
05:27
Also, we see that it's the "red planet,"
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ู†ู„ุงุญุธ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฃู†ู‡ "ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑุŒ"
05:30
and atmospheric escape plays a role
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู„ุนุจ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ุฏูˆุฑุงู‹
05:32
in Mars being red.
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ููŠ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ุฃุญู…ุฑุงู‹.
05:34
That's because we think Mars used to have a wetter past,
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุธู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ ูƒุงู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฑุทูˆุจุฉุŒ
05:38
and when water had enough energy, it broke up into hydrogen and oxygen,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุงู…ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงููŠุฉุŒ ุชููƒู‘ูŽูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ (ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†) ูˆ(ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู†)ุŒ
05:42
and hydrogen being so light, it escaped into space,
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ูˆุจู…ุง ุฃู† (ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†) ุฎููŠู ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ู‡ุฑุจ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ูุถุงุกุŒ
05:46
and the oxygen that was left
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ุฃู…ุง (ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู†) ุงู„ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠ
05:48
oxidized or rusted the ground,
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ูู‚ุฏ ุชุฃูƒุณุฏ ุฃูˆ ุชุณุจู‘ุจ ููŠ ุตุฏุฃ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู†ุŒ
05:50
making that familiar rusty red color that we see.
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ู…ุณุจุจุงู‹ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ ุงู„ุตุฏู‰ุก ุงู„ู…ุฃู„ูˆู ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง.
05:54
So it's fine to look at pictures of Mars
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุตูˆุฑ (ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ)
05:56
and say that atmospheric escape probably happened,
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ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ู„ู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠุŒ
05:59
but NASA has a probe that's currently at Mars called the MAVEN satellite,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู…ุณุจุงุฑ ูŠุฏุนู‰ (ู…ุงููŠู†) ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ (ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ)
06:03
and its actual job is to study atmospheric escape.
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ูˆู…ู‡ู…ุชู‡ ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
06:07
It's the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุณููŠู†ุฉ ูุถุงุก ุบู„ุงู (ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ) ูˆุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุณุฑูŠุน.
06:11
And results from it have already shown pictures very similar
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฑุณู„ุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃุธู‡ุฑุช ุณู„ูุงู‹ ุตูˆุฑุงู‹ ุดุจูŠู‡ุฉู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹
06:15
to what you've seen here on Earth.
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ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฑุฃูŠุชู…ูˆู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ).
06:17
We've long known that Mars was losing its atmosphere,
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุฃู† (ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ) ููŠ ุทูˆุฑ ูู‚ุฏุงู† ุบู„ุงูู‡ ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠุŒ
06:19
but we have some stunning pictures.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุญูˆุฒุชู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฐู‡ู„ุฉ.
06:21
Here, for example, you can see in the red circle
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ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุชุฑูˆู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก
06:24
is the size of Mars,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุจุญุฌู… (ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ)ุŒ
06:26
and in blue you can see the hydrogen escaping away from the planet.
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ูˆุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ู„(ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†) ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู‡ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
06:30
So it's reaching out more than 10 times the size of the planet,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูˆ ูŠู†ุชุดุฑ ู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 10 ุฃุถุนุงู ุญุฌู… ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจุŒ
06:34
far enough away that it's no longer bound to that planet.
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ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ู† ูŠุนูˆุฏ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
06:36
It's escaping off into space.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠู‡ุฑุจ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ูุถุงุก.
06:38
And this helps us confirm ideas,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุฃููƒุงุฑุŒ
06:41
like why Mars is red, from that lost hydrogen.
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ู…ุซู„ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง (ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ) ุฃุญู…ุฑุŒ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ.
06:44
But hydrogen isn't the only gas that's lost.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ (ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†) ูู‚ุท ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ุงู„ูˆุญูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ.
06:47
I mentioned helium on Earth and some oxygen and nitrogen,
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ุฐูƒุฑุช (ุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู…) ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุจุนุถ (ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู†) ูˆ(ุงู„ู†ูŠุชุฑูˆุฌูŠู†)ุŒ
06:50
and from MAVEN we can also look at the oxygen being lost from Mars.
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ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ (ู…ุงููŠู†) ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ (ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู†) ู…ู† (ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ).
06:54
And you can see that because oxygen is heavier,
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ูˆุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู† (ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู†) ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุซู‚ู„ุงู‹ุŒ
06:56
it can't get as far as the hydrogen,
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ู„ู†ูุณ ู…ุฏู‰ (ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†)ุŒ
06:59
but it's still escaping away from the planet.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฑุบู… ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูˆ ูŠู‡ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
07:01
You don't see it all confined into that red circle.
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ู„ูŠุณ ุจู…ู‚ุฏุฑูˆูƒู… ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ ู…ุญุตูˆุฑุงู‹ ุจุฏุงุฎู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก.
07:05
So the fact that we not only see atmospheric escape on our own planet
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ุฅู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ู…ู† ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุง ูู‚ุท
07:09
but we can study it elsewhere and send spacecraft
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ุจู„ ุจู…ู‚ุฏุฑูˆู†ุง ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุขุฎุฑ ูˆุฅุฑุณุงู„ ุณููŠู†ุฉ ูุถุงุก
07:13
allows us to learn about the past of planets
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ุชูุฎูˆู„ ู„ู†ุง ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุงุถูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ
07:16
but also about planets in general
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ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ูˆู…
07:18
and Earth's future.
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ูˆู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ).
07:20
So one way we actually can learn about the future
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฅุญุฏู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ู„ุงุณุชุดุฑุงู ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„
07:23
is by planets so far away that we can't see.
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ู‡ูŠ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง.
07:27
And I should just note though, before I go on to that,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ุจุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู†ูˆู‘ู‡ุŒ ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ุฃูˆุงุตู„ุŒ
07:30
I'm not going to show you photos like this of Pluto,
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ู„ู† ุฃุนุฑุถ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุตูˆุฑุงู‹ ุชุดุจู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ (ุจู„ูˆุชูˆ) ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ
07:33
which might be disappointing,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซูŠุฑุง ู„ู„ุฅุญุจุงุท.
07:34
but that's because we don't have them yet.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุณุจุจ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ.
07:36
But the New Horizons mission is currently studying atmospheric escape
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ (ุงู„ุฃูุงู‚ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ) ุชุนูƒู ุญุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ
07:39
being lost from the planet.
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ุงู„ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
07:41
So stay tuned and look out for that.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุจู‚ูˆุง ู…ุนู†ุง ูˆุชุฑู‚ุจูˆุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
07:43
But the planets that I did want to talk about
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฑุฏุช ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง
07:45
are known as transiting exoplanets.
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ุชุนุฑู ุจุงุณู… ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุจุฑุฉ.
07:48
So any planet orbiting a star that's not our Sun
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ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฃู† ุฃูŠ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ู†ุฌู… ุจุฎู„ุงู ุดู…ุณู†ุง
07:51
is called an exoplanet, or extrasolar planet.
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ูŠุณู…ู‰ ูƒูˆูƒุจุง ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุงุŒ ุฃูˆ ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉ.
07:54
And these planets that we call transiting
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุนุงุจุฑุฉ
07:57
have the special feature
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ุชุชู…ุชุน ุจุณู…ุฉ ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ
07:58
that if you look at that star in the middle,
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ูุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ุฌู…ุŒ
08:00
you'll see that actually it's blinking.
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ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูˆู…ุถ.
08:03
And the reason that it's blinking
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ูˆุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูˆู…ุถ
08:04
is because there are planets that are going past it all the time,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุชู…ุฑ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุงู…ู‡ ุทูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
08:09
and it's that special orientation
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ูˆุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏ ู…ู†ุญู†ู‰ ู…ุนูŠู†
08:11
where the planets are blocking the light from the star
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุญุฌุจ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุตุงุฏุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌู…
08:13
that allows us to see that light blinking.
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ุญ ู„ู†ุง ุจุฑุคูŠุฉ ูˆู…ูŠุถ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุถูˆุก.
08:16
And by surveying the stars in the night sky
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ูˆุจู…ุณุญ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ููŠ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹
08:19
for this blinking motion,
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ู„ุฑุตุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ูˆู…ูŠุถูŠุฉุŒ
08:21
we are able to find planets.
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ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ.
08:22
This is how we've now been able to detect over 5,000 planets
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฑุตุฏ ู…ุง ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู† 5 ุฃู„ุงู ูƒูˆูƒุจ
08:27
in our own Milky Way,
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ููŠ ู…ุฌุฑุชู†ุง (ุฏุฑุจ ุงู„ุชุจุงู†ุฉ)ุŒ
08:28
and we know there are many more out there, like I mentioned.
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ูˆู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุณู„ูุช.
08:31
So when we look at the light from these stars,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุตุงุฏุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…ุŒ
08:34
what we see, like I said, is not the planet itself,
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ู…ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ ูƒู…ุง ุฐูƒุฑุชุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ
08:37
but you actually see a dimming of the light
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูŠุจู‡ุช
08:39
that we can record in time.
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ุญูŠุซ ู†ุณุฌู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจ.
08:41
So the light drops as the planet decreases in front of the star,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูŠุฎุชููŠ ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ุต ุฃู…ุงู… ุงู„ู†ุฌู…ุŒ
08:44
and that's that blinking that you saw before.
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆู…ูŠุถ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฑุฃูŠุชู…ูˆู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„.
08:47
So not only do we detect the planets
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ู†ุฑุตุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ูู‚ุท
08:49
but we can look at this light in different wavelengths.
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ุจู„ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุถูˆุก ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃุทูˆุงู„ ู…ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
08:52
So I mentioned looking at the Earth and Mars in ultraviolet light.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฐูƒุฑุช ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ) ูˆ(ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ) ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุจู†ูุณุฌูŠุฉ.
08:56
If we look at transiting exoplanets with the Hubble Space Telescope,
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ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุจุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ู‚ุฑุงุจ (ู‡ุงุจู„) ุงู„ูุถุงุฆูŠุŒ
08:59
we find that in the ultraviolet,
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ูุณู†ุฌุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุนุฉ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุจู†ูุณุฌูŠุฉุŒ
09:01
you see much bigger blinking, much less light from the star,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ูˆู…ูŠุถ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ูˆุถูˆุก ุฃู‚ู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌู…ุŒ
09:05
when the planet is passing in front.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠู…ุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ู…ู† ุฃู…ุงู…ู‡.
09:07
And we think this is because you have an extended atmosphere of hydrogen
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ูˆู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุจุณุจุจ ุชูˆูุฑ ุฌูˆ ู…ูˆุณุน ู…ู† (ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†)
09:10
all around the planet
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ู…ุญูŠุท ุจูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ
09:12
that's making it look puffier
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ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃุดุฏ ุงู†ุชูุงุฎุงู‹
09:13
and thus blocking more of the light that you see.
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ูˆุจู‡ุฐุง ูŠุญุฌุจ ู…ุฒูŠุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุฑุงู‡.
09:16
So using this technique, we've actually been able to discover
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุฃุตุจุญ ุจู…ู‚ุฏูˆุฑู†ุง ุงูƒุชุดุงู
09:19
a few transiting exoplanets that are undergoing atmospheric escape.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุงุจุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฎุถุน ู„ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
09:24
And these planets can be called hot Jupiters,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุงุณู… (ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูŠุงุช) ุงู„ุณุงุฎู†ุฉุŒ
09:26
for some of the ones we've found.
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุงู‡ุง.
09:28
And that's because they're gas planets like Jupiter,
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุบุงุฒูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑู‰ุŒ
09:31
but they're so close to their star,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ู†ุฌู…ู‡ุงุŒ
09:32
about a hundred times closer than Jupiter.
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ุฃู‚ุฑุจ ุจู…ุฆุฉ ู…ุฑุฉ ู…ู† (ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑู‰).
09:35
And because there's all this lightweight gas that's ready to escape,
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ูˆู†ุธุฑุงู‹ ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ุฎููŠู ุงู„ูˆุฒู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู‡ุจุฉ ุงู„ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ู„ู„ู‡ุฑูˆุจุŒ
09:38
and all this heating from the star,
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ูˆูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌู…ุŒ
09:40
you have completely catastrophic rates of atmospheric escape.
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ุชุตุจุญ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุนุฏู„ุงุช ู…ุฏู…ุฑุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุญุงู„ุงุช ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ.
09:44
So unlike our 400 pounds per minute of hydrogen being lost on Earth,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุฎู„ุงู 400 ุฑุทู„ ู…ู† (ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†) ุชูู‚ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
09:48
for these planets,
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ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุŒ
09:50
you're losing 1.3 billion pounds of hydrogen every minute.
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ุณุชูู‚ุฏ 1.3 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุฑุทู„ ู…ู† (ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†) ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
09:55
So you might think, well, does this make the planet cease to exist?
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏ ุชููƒู‘ุฑูˆู†ุŒ ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ู‡ู„ ูŠุณู…ุญ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจุŸ
09:59
And this is a question that people wondered
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ุฃุซุงุฑ ุญูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
10:01
when they looked at our solar system,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชู†ุง ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุฉุŒ
10:03
because planets closer to the Sun are rocky,
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุฐุงุช ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุตุฎุฑูŠุฉุŒ
10:05
and planets further away are bigger and more gaseous.
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ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ูุฃูƒุจุฑ ุญุฌู…ุงู‹ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑุบุงุฒูŠุฉ.
10:08
Could you have started with something like Jupiter
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ู‡ู„ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุจุฏุฃ ุจุดูŠุก ู…ุซู„ (ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑู‰)
10:11
that was actually close to the Sun,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ู…ู† (ุงู„ุดู…ุณ)ุŒ
10:13
and get rid of all the gas in it?
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ุซู… ุงู„ุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุบุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุงุŸ
10:14
We now think that if you start with something like a hot Jupiter,
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ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุญุงู„ูŠุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุดูŠุก ู…ุซู„ (ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑู‰) ุงู„ุณุงุฎู†ุŒ
10:17
you actually can't end up with Mercury or the Earth.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ู† ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุจูƒ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู ุจ(ุงู„ุฒุฆุจู‚) ุฃูˆ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ).
10:20
But if you started with something smaller,
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅู† ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุดูŠุก ุฃุตุบุฑุŒ
10:22
it's possible that enough gas would have gotten away
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ูŠู‡ุฑุจ ู‚ุฏุฑ ูƒุงู ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุงุฒ
10:25
that it would have significantly impacted it
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ู…ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ู…ู‡ู…
10:27
and left you with something very different than what you started with.
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ู…ูุฎู„ู‘ููุง ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ูŠุฎุชู„ู ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุนู† ู…ุง ุจุฏุฃุช ุจู‡.
10:31
So all of this sounds sort of general,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู†ูˆุนุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู…ูŠู…ุŒ
10:33
and we might think about the solar system,
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุดู…ุณูŠุŒ
10:35
but what does this have to do with us here on Earth?
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŸ
10:38
Well, in the far future,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูŠุจุŒ
10:40
the Sun is going to get brighter.
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ุณุชุตุจุญ (ุงู„ุดู…ุณ) ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณุทูˆุนุงู‹.
10:42
And as that happens,
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ูˆูŠุจู†ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
10:43
the heating that we find from the Sun is going to become very intense.
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ุณุชุตุจุญ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุตู„ู†ุง ู…ู† (ุงู„ุดู…ุณ) ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
10:47
In the same way that you see gas streaming off from a hot Jupiter,
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ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑู‰ ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ูŠู‡ุฑุจ ู…ู† ูƒูˆูƒุจ (ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑู‰)ุŒ
10:51
gas is going to stream off from the Earth.
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ุณูŠู‡ุฑุจ ุงู„ุบุงุฒ ู…ู† (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ).
10:54
And so what we can look forward to,
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุชุทู„ุน ู„ู‡ุŒ
10:56
or at least prepare for,
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ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ู†ุณุชุนุฏ ู„ู‡ุŒ
10:58
is the fact that in the far future,
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ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏุŒ
11:00
the Earth is going to look more like Mars.
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ุณุชุตุจุญ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ) ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดุจู‡ุงู‹ ุจ(ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ).
11:03
Our hydrogen, from water that is broken down,
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(ุงู„ู‡ุงูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†) ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุชุญู„ู„ุŒ
11:06
is going to escape into space more rapidly,
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ุณูŠู‡ุฑุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุจูˆุชูŠุฑุฉ ุฃุณุฑุนุŒ
11:08
and we're going to be left with this dry, reddish planet.
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ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ุณูŠุชุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุฌุงู ุงู„ุฃุญู…ุฑ.
11:12
So don't fear, it's not for a few billion years,
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ู„ุฐุง ู„ุง ุชุฎุงููˆุงุŒ ู„ู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ุจู„ ุจุถุนุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู†ุŒ
11:15
so there's some time to prepare.
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ู…ุง ุฒุงู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู„ู„ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ.
11:17
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
11:18
But I wanted you to be aware of what's going on,
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุฑุฏุช ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุนู„ู… ุจู…ุง ูŠุฌุฑูŠุŒ
11:21
not just in the future,
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุŒ
11:22
but atmospheric escape is happening as we speak.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุซู†ุงุก.
11:25
So there's a lot of amazing science that you hear about happening in space
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุฏู‡ุดุฉ ุชุณู…ุนูˆู†ู‡ุง ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ูุถุงุก
11:29
and planets that are far away,
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ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
11:31
and we are studying these planets to learn about these worlds.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู†ุฏุฑุณ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ู„ู†ุนุฑู ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู….
11:34
But as we learn about Mars or exoplanets like hot Jupiters,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุนู† (ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุฎ) ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุงู„ุฎุงุฑุฌูŠุฉ ู…ุซู„ (ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑู‰) ุงู„ุณุงุฎู†ุŒ
11:38
we find things like atmospheric escape
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ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฑูˆุจ ุงู„ุบู„ุงู ุงู„ุฌูˆูŠ
11:42
that tell us a lot more about our planet here on Earth.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุจุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑุนู† ูƒูˆูƒุจู†ุงุŒ ูƒูˆูƒุจ (ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ).
11:45
So consider that the next time you think that space is far away.
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ู„ุฐุง ุถุนูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุนุชุจุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชููƒุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุจุนูŠุฏ ุฌุฏุงู‹.
11:49
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู….
11:51
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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