Why Earth may someday look like Mars | Anjali Tripathi

112,593 views ใƒป 2017-01-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So when you look out at the stars at night,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
00:15
it's amazing what you can see.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช.
00:17
It's beautiful.
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ.
00:18
But what's more amazing is what you can't see,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
00:21
because what we know now
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•
00:23
is that around every star or almost every star,
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ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ืื• ืฉืžืฉ, ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื,
00:26
there's a planet,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช,
00:27
or probably a few.
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ืื• ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื”.
00:30
So what this picture isn't showing you
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
00:32
are all the planets that we know about
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ื”ื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•
00:34
out there in space.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
00:36
But when we think about planets, we tend to think of faraway things
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื
00:39
that are very different from our own.
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ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
00:41
But here we are on a planet,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื”ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช,
00:43
and there are so many things that are amazing about Earth
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื,
00:47
that we're searching far and wide to find things that are like that.
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ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
00:51
And when we're searching, we're finding amazing things.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ื•, ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื.
00:54
But I want to tell you about an amazing thing here on Earth.
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ืืš ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืคืœื, ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ:
00:59
And that is that every minute,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืงื” ื•ื“ืงื”
01:01
400 pounds of hydrogen
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180 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ
01:04
and almost seven pounds of helium
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ื•ื›-3 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ื
01:06
escape from Earth into space.
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื—ืœืœ.
01:10
And this is gas that is going off and never coming back.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•.
01:15
So hydrogen, helium and many other things
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ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
01:18
make up what's known as the Earth's atmosphere.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:21
The atmosphere is just these gases that form a thin blue line
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ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื“ืงื”
01:25
that's seen here from the International Space Station,
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ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืชื—ื ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
01:28
a photograph that some astronauts took.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:31
And this tenuous veneer around our planet
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื“ืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:34
is what allows life to flourish.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
01:36
It protects our planet from too many impacts,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™,
01:39
from meteorites and the like.
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ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:41
And it's such an amazing phenomenon
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ื•ื–ืืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ื›ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
01:45
that the fact that it's disappearing
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ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื ืขืœืžืช
01:48
should frighten you, at least a little bit.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืงืฆืช.
01:52
So this process is something that I study
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”
01:55
and it's called atmospheric escape.
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ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™".
01:58
So atmospheric escape is not specific to planet Earth.
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ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืืจืฅ.
02:03
It's part of what it means to be a planet, if you ask me,
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช, ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™,
02:07
because planets, not just here on Earth but throughout the universe,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช, ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
02:11
can undergo atmospheric escape.
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ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™.
02:14
And the way it happens actually tells us about planets themselves.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืขืฆืžื.
02:19
Because when you think about the solar system,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:22
you might think about this picture here.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
02:25
And you would say, well, there are eight planets, maybe nine.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืชืฉืขื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช.
02:29
So for those of you who are stressed by this picture,
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ื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
02:31
I will add somebody for you.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื›ืš.
02:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:34
Courtesy of New Horizons, we're including Pluto.
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ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช "ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื" ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ืคืœื•ื˜ื•.
02:38
And the thing here is,
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
02:39
for the purposes of this talk and atmospheric escape,
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™,
02:42
Pluto is a planet in my mind,
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ืคืœื•ื˜ื•, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™, ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช,
02:44
in the same way that planets around other stars that we can't see
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื
02:48
are also planets.
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ื’ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช.
02:49
So fundamental characteristics of planets
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ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช
02:52
include the fact that they are bodies
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื
02:55
that are bound together by gravity.
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ืฉืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
02:57
So it's a lot of material just stuck together
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ื“ื‘ืง ื™ื—ื“
03:00
with this attractive force.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื–ื”.
03:02
And these bodies are so big and have so much gravity.
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ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื“ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื—ื–ืงื”
03:05
That's why they're round.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื.
03:06
So when you look at all of these,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœื,
03:08
including Pluto,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคืœื•ื˜ื•,
03:09
they're round.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื.
03:11
So you can see that gravity is really at play here.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืื›ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื” ื›ืืŸ.
03:13
But another fundamental characteristic about planets
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช
03:17
is what you don't see here,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ:
03:18
and that's the star, the Sun,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
03:21
that all of the planets in the solar system are orbiting around.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื’ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:25
And that's fundamentally driving atmospheric escape.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™.
03:29
The reason that fundamentally stars drive atmospheric escape from planets
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช
03:35
is because stars offer planets particles and light and heat
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื
03:40
that can cause the atmospheres to go away.
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ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื“ืฃ.
03:43
So if you think of a hot-air balloon,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื,
03:45
or you look at this picture of lanterns in Thailand at a festival,
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ืื• ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืคื ืกื™ื ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืื™ืœื ื“,
03:49
you can see that hot air can propel gasses upward.
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ืชืจืื• ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”.
03:53
And if you have enough energy and heating,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ื,
03:55
which our Sun does,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:56
that gas, which is so light and only bound by gravity,
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ื”ื’ื– ื”ืงืœ, ืฉืจืง ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื•,
04:00
it can escape into space.
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืœื—ืœืœ.
04:03
And so this is what's actually causing atmospheric escape
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™,
04:07
here on Earth and also on other planets --
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ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื --
04:10
that interplay between heating from the star
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ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
04:13
and overcoming the force of gravity on the planet.
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ื•ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
04:17
So I've told you that it happens
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
04:18
at the rate of 400 pounds a minute for hydrogen
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 180 ืง"ื’ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื›-3 ืง"ื’ ื”ืœื™ื•ื ืœื“ืงื”.
04:22
and almost seven pounds for helium.
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04:25
But what does that look like?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”?
04:26
Well, even in the '80s,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
04:28
we took pictures of the Earth
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ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:30
in the ultraviolet
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ื‘ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ
04:31
using NASA's Dynamic Explorer spacecraft.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื, ื”"ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืง ืืงืกืคืœื•ืจืจ".
04:34
So these two images of the Earth
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ
04:36
show you what that glow of escaping hydrogen looks like,
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ืžืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื“ืฃ,
04:40
shown in red.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืื“ื•ื.
04:41
And you can also see other features like oxygen and nitrogen
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ
04:45
in that white glimmer
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ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืงืœื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
04:46
in the circle showing you the auroras
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ืฉื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืช
04:49
and also some wisps around the tropics.
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™.
04:52
So these are pictures that conclusively show us
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ืืœื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืข
04:55
that our atmosphere isn't just tightly bound to us here on Earth
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ืฉื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื” ื›ื‘ื•ืœื” ืืœื™ื ื•, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:58
but it's actually reaching out far into space,
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ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื”ืจื—ืง ืœื—ืœืœ,
05:02
and at an alarming rate, I might add.
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ื•ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื“ืื™ื’, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื”.
05:05
But the Earth is not alone in undergoing atmospheric escape.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™.
05:08
Mars, our nearest neighbor, is much smaller than Earth,
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ืžืื“ื™ื, ืฉื›ื ื ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืจืฅ,
05:12
so it has much less gravity with which to hold on to its atmosphere.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืคื—ื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืื—ื– ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
05:16
And so even though Mars has an atmosphere,
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžืื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
05:18
we can see it's much thinner than the Earth's.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืงื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:20
Just look at the surface.
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ืจืื• ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
05:22
You see craters indicating that it didn't have an atmosphere
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
05:25
that could stop those impacts.
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
05:27
Also, we see that it's the "red planet,"
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืื“ื•ื",
05:30
and atmospheric escape plays a role
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื›ืš
05:32
in Mars being red.
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ืฉืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื• ืื“ื•ื.
05:34
That's because we think Mars used to have a wetter past,
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ื•ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืชื ื•, ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:38
and when water had enough energy, it broke up into hydrogen and oxygen,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื”ื ื”ืชืคืจืงื• ืœืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
05:42
and hydrogen being so light, it escaped into space,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืงืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื“ืฃ ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
05:46
and the oxygen that was left
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ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ
05:48
oxidized or rusted the ground,
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ื—ื™ืžืฆืŸ ืื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข,
05:50
making that familiar rusty red color that we see.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
05:54
So it's fine to look at pictures of Mars
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ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
05:56
and say that atmospheric escape probably happened,
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ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืจืข ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™,
05:59
but NASA has a probe that's currently at Mars called the MAVEN satellite,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืก"ื ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื‘ืŸ",
06:03
and its actual job is to study atmospheric escape.
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ืฉืžืฉื™ืžืชื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™.
06:07
It's the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft.
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"ืžื™ื™ื‘ืŸ" ื”ืŸ ืจ"ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื“ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื".
06:11
And results from it have already shown pictures very similar
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžืžื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื“
06:15
to what you've seen here on Earth.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:17
We've long known that Mars was losing its atmosphere,
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ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืžืื“ื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•,
06:19
but we have some stunning pictures.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื–ืขื–ืขื•ืช.
06:21
Here, for example, you can see in the red circle
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื,
06:24
is the size of Mars,
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
06:26
and in blue you can see the hydrogen escaping away from the planet.
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ื•ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉืžืชื ื“ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
06:30
So it's reaching out more than 10 times the size of the planet,
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ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœื›ื“ื™ ืคื™ 10 ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช,
06:34
far enough away that it's no longer bound to that planet.
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ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืื—ื™ื–ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
06:36
It's escaping off into space.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื ื“ืฃ ืœื—ืœืœ.
06:38
And this helps us confirm ideas,
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืืฉืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
06:41
like why Mars is red, from that lost hydrogen.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืื“ื™ื ืื“ื•ื ืขืงื‘ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ.
06:44
But hydrogen isn't the only gas that's lost.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื’ื– ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืื•ื‘ื“.
06:47
I mentioned helium on Earth and some oxygen and nitrogen,
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ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืฉืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืชื ื“ืคื™ื ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืงืฆืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ,
06:50
and from MAVEN we can also look at the oxygen being lost from Mars.
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช "ืžื™ื™ื‘ืŸ" ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืžืชื ื“ืฃ ืžืžืื“ื™ื.
06:54
And you can see that because oxygen is heavier,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:56
it can't get as far as the hydrogen,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ,
06:59
but it's still escaping away from the planet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืชื ื“ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
07:01
You don't see it all confined into that red circle.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื.
07:05
So the fact that we not only see atmospheric escape on our own planet
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ืื– ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ืจืง ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:09
but we can study it elsewhere and send spacecraft
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ืืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื•ืœืฉื’ืจ ืœืฉื ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืœืœ,
07:13
allows us to learn about the past of planets
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ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช
07:16
but also about planets in general
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช
07:18
and Earth's future.
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ื•ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
07:20
So one way we actually can learn about the future
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
07:23
is by planets so far away that we can't see.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื›ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื.
07:27
And I should just note though, before I go on to that,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืขืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ืจื ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”,
07:30
I'm not going to show you photos like this of Pluto,
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ืฉืœื ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืžืคืœื•ื˜ื•,
07:33
which might be disappointing,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžืื›ื–ื‘,
07:34
but that's because we don't have them yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
07:36
But the New Horizons mission is currently studying atmospheric escape
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื" ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™
07:39
being lost from the planet.
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ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
07:41
So stay tuned and look out for that.
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ืื– ืฆืคื• ืœื›ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
07:43
But the planets that I did want to talk about
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ
07:45
are known as transiting exoplanets.
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ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›"ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื".
07:48
So any planet orbiting a star that's not our Sun
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ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืฉื—ื’ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
07:51
is called an exoplanet, or extrasolar planet.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™", ืื• "ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื—ื•ืฅ-ืกื•ืœืืจื™".
07:54
And these planets that we call transiting
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ื•ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื"
07:57
have the special feature
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
07:58
that if you look at that star in the middle,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
08:00
you'll see that actually it's blinking.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ืช.
08:03
And the reason that it's blinking
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ืช
08:04
is because there are planets that are going past it all the time,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”,
08:09
and it's that special orientation
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”,
08:11
where the planets are blocking the light from the star
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ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื”ื,
08:13
that allows us to see that light blinking.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘.
08:16
And by surveying the stars in the night sky
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
08:19
for this blinking motion,
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ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
08:21
we are able to find planets.
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ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช.
08:22
This is how we've now been able to detect over 5,000 planets
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ื›ืš ืœืืชืจ ืžืขืœ 5,000 ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช
08:27
in our own Milky Way,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
08:28
and we know there are many more out there, like I mentioned.
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ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™.
08:31
So when we look at the light from these stars,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
08:34
what we see, like I said, is not the planet itself,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืขืฆืžื•,
08:37
but you actually see a dimming of the light
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ืืœื ืขืžืขื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ
08:39
that we can record in time.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืขื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ.
08:41
So the light drops as the planet decreases in front of the star,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื—ืœืฉ ื›ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
08:44
and that's that blinking that you saw before.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืงื•ื“ื.
08:47
So not only do we detect the planets
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ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช,
08:49
but we can look at this light in different wavelengths.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™-ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
08:52
So I mentioned looking at the Earth and Mars in ultraviolet light.
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ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ.
08:56
If we look at transiting exoplanets with the Hubble Space Telescope,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื“ืจืš ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ "ื”ืื‘ืœ",
08:59
we find that in the ultraviolet,
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ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ,
09:01
you see much bigger blinking, much less light from the star,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
09:05
when the planet is passing in front.
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ื›ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”.
09:07
And we think this is because you have an extended atmosphere of hydrogen
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ
09:10
all around the planet
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ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช
ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:12
that's making it look puffier
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09:13
and thus blocking more of the light that you see.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื•ืกืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจืื”.
09:16
So using this technique, we've actually been able to discover
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช
09:19
a few transiting exoplanets that are undergoing atmospheric escape.
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ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™.
09:24
And these planets can be called hot Jupiters,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืช "ืฆื“ืง ื—ื" ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืืœื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•,
09:26
for some of the ones we've found.
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09:28
And that's because they're gas planets like Jupiter,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขื ืงื™ื ื’ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืง,
09:31
but they're so close to their star,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื”ื,
09:32
about a hundred times closer than Jupiter.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 100 ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฆื“ืง.
09:35
And because there's all this lightweight gas that's ready to escape,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื– ื”ืงืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื“ืฃ,
09:38
and all this heating from the star,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉืžืฉ,
09:40
you have completely catastrophic rates of atmospheric escape.
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืืชื™ื•ืช.
09:44
So unlike our 400 pounds per minute of hydrogen being lost on Earth,
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• 180 ื”ืง"ื’ ืœื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉืžืชื ื“ืฃ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
09:48
for these planets,
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ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:50
you're losing 1.3 billion pounds of hydrogen every minute.
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ืื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืงื” ื›-590 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ื’ ืžื™ืžืŸ.
09:55
So you might think, well, does this make the planet cease to exist?
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื• ืื ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
09:59
And this is a question that people wondered
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ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืื ืฉื™ื
10:01
when they looked at our solar system,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
10:03
because planets closer to the Sun are rocky,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื”ื ืกืœืขื™ื™ื,
10:05
and planets further away are bigger and more gaseous.
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื” - ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื’ื–ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:08
Could you have started with something like Jupiter
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ื”ืื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืง,
10:11
that was actually close to the Sun,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ,
ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื?
10:13
and get rid of all the gas in it?
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10:14
We now think that if you start with something like a hot Jupiter,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ืฉืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• "ืฆื“ืง ื—ื",
10:17
you actually can't end up with Mercury or the Earth.
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ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื—ืžื” ืื• ืืจืฅ.
10:20
But if you started with something smaller,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:22
it's possible that enough gas would have gotten away
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ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื’ื– ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคืงืช
10:25
that it would have significantly impacted it
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ืฉืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
10:27
and left you with something very different than what you started with.
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ื•ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
10:31
So all of this sounds sort of general,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืœืœื™ ืžืื“,
10:33
and we might think about the solar system,
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ื•ืื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
10:35
but what does this have to do with us here on Earth?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•, ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
10:38
Well, in the far future,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง,
10:40
the Sun is going to get brighter.
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืชืœืš ื•ืชื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:42
And as that happens,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
10:43
the heating that we find from the Sun is going to become very intense.
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ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืขื– ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:47
In the same way that you see gas streaming off from a hot Jupiter,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ื’ื– ืฉื–ื•ืจื ื•ืžืชื ื“ืฃ ืž"ืฆื“ืง ื—ื",
10:51
gas is going to stream off from the Earth.
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ื›ืš ื™ื–ืจื•ื ื•ื™ืชื ื“ืฃ ื’ื ื”ื’ื– ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:54
And so what we can look forward to,
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ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื•,
10:56
or at least prepare for,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืงืจืืชื•,
10:58
is the fact that in the far future,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง,
11:00
the Earth is going to look more like Mars.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื™ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืื“ื™ื.
11:03
Our hydrogen, from water that is broken down,
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ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื”ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืชืคืจืงื•,
11:06
is going to escape into space more rapidly,
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ื™ืชื ื“ืฃ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ,
11:08
and we're going to be left with this dry, reddish planet.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืื“ืžื“ื.
11:12
So don't fear, it's not for a few billion years,
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ืืœ ืคื—ื“, ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:15
so there's some time to prepare.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ.
11:17
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:18
But I wanted you to be aware of what's going on,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”,
11:21
not just in the future,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
11:22
but atmospheric escape is happening as we speak.
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ืืœื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:25
So there's a lot of amazing science that you hear about happening in space
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ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืœ
11:29
and planets that are far away,
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื,
11:31
and we are studying these planets to learn about these worlds.
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ื•ืื ื• ืืžื ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื.
11:34
But as we learn about Mars or exoplanets like hot Jupiters,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ "ืฆื“ืง ื—ื",
11:38
we find things like atmospheric escape
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ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื“ื•ืฃ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™
11:42
that tell us a lot more about our planet here on Earth.
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ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:45
So consider that the next time you think that space is far away.
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ืื– ืงื—ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ ื ื•ืจื ืจื—ื•ืง.
11:49
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
11:51
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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