Stuart Firestein: The pursuit of ignorance

1,353,486 views ใƒป 2013-09-24

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: DAHOU Mohamed ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: khalid marbou
00:12
There is an ancient proverb that says
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุซู„ ู‚ุฏูŠู… ูŠู‚ูˆู„
00:16
it's very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room,
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ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุนุจ ุงู„ุนุซูˆุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุท ุฃุณูˆุฏ ููŠ ุบุฑูุฉ ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉุŒ
00:20
especially when there is no cat.
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ุฎุตูˆุตุง ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠ ู‚ุท
00:22
I find this a particularly apt description of science
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฃูุถู„ ูˆุตู ู„ู„ุนู„ู…
00:26
and how science works --
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ูˆู„ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ู‡ --
00:28
bumbling around in a dark room, bumping into things,
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ุงู„ุชุฎุจุท ุจุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ููŠ ุบุฑูุฉ ู…ุธู„ู…ุฉุŒ
00:31
trying to figure out what shape this might be,
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ูˆู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฃุดูƒุงู„ู‡ุงุŒ
00:33
what that might be,
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ูˆุชุฎู…ูŠู† ู…ุง ู‡ูŠุŒ
00:35
there are reports of a cat somewhere around,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชู‚ุงุฑูŠุฑ ุนู† ู‚ุท ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุจุงู„ุฌูˆุงุฑุŒ
00:37
they may not be reliable, they may be,
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ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ู…ูˆุซูˆู‚ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ูˆุซูˆู‚ุฉ
00:39
and so forth and so on.
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุฏูˆุงู„ูŠูƒ.
00:41
Now I know this is different than the way most people
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ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
00:43
think about science.
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู….
00:44
Science, we generally are told,
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ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู… ู‚ูŠู„ ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…
00:46
is a very well-ordered mechanism for
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ู‡ูˆ ุขู„ุฉ ุฌุฏ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„
00:49
understanding the world,
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ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
00:50
for gaining facts, for gaining data,
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุนุทูŠุงุช
00:52
that it's rule-based,
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉุŒ
00:54
that scientists use this thing called the scientific method
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ูŠุณุชุนู…ู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ู‡ุฌ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ
00:57
and we've been doing this for 14 generations or so now,
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ูˆุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู†ุฐ 14 ุฌูŠู„ุง ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
01:00
and the scientific method is a set of rules
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ูˆุงู„ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ
01:02
for getting hard, cold facts out of the data.
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ุชุณุชุนู…ู„ ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฎ ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุตุนุจุฉ ูˆุฌุงู…ุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุทูŠุงุช.
01:07
I'd like to tell you that's not the case.
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ู„ุง ุชุฌุฑูŠ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„.
01:09
So there's the scientific method,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
01:10
but what's really going on is this. (Laughter)
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง. (ุถุญูƒ)
01:13
[The Scientific Method vs. Farting Around]
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[ุงู„ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุชุญุฑูƒ ุจุบูŠุฑ ู‡ุฏู‰]
01:14
And it's going on kind of like that.
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุง.
01:17
[... in the dark] (Laughter)
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[....ููŠ ุงู„ุธู„ุงู…] ( ุถุญูƒ)
01:18
So what is the difference, then,
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุฅุฐู†ุŒ
01:23
between the way I believe science is pursued
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃูˆู…ู† ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูŠุชุจุนู‡ุง
01:27
and the way it seems to be perceived?
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ูˆุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุจุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุชุจุนุฉุŸ
01:29
So this difference first came to me in some ways
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ุชูˆุตู„ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงุฎุชู„ุงู ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุง
01:32
in my dual role at Columbia University,
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ุจูุถู„ ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃู„ุนุจู‡ ููŠ ูƒู„ูŠุฉ ูƒูˆู„ูˆู…ุจูŠุงุŒ
01:34
where I'm both a professor and run a laboratory in neuroscience
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃุนู…ู„ ูƒุฃุณุชุงุฐ ุฌุงู…ุนูŠ ูˆูƒู…ุฏูŠุฑ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ
01:38
where we try to figure out how the brain works.
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ุญูŠุซ ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู† ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„.
01:41
We do this by studying the sense of smell,
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ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุญุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุดู…ุŒ
01:43
the sense of olfaction, and in the laboratory,
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ูˆูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุŒ
01:46
it's a great pleasure and fascinating work
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ู…ุชุนุฉ ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ูˆุนู…ู„ุง ุฑุงุฆุนุง
01:48
and exciting to work with graduate students and post-docs
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ุทู„ุจุฉ ู…ุชุฎุฑุฌูŠู† ูˆุฏูƒุงุชุฑุฉ ููŠ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฏุฑูŠุจ
01:51
and think up cool experiments to understand how this
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ูˆุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ู…ุฑุญุฉ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ูู‡ู… ูƒูŠููŠุฉ
01:54
sense of smell works and how the brain might be working,
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ุนู…ู„ ุญุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุดู… ูˆูƒูŠู ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ
01:56
and, well, frankly, it's kind of exhilarating.
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ูˆุจุตุฑุงุญุฉุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุจู‡ุฌ.
01:59
But at the same time, it's my responsibility
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุณุคูˆู„
02:02
to teach a large course to undergraduates on the brain,
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ุนู† ุชู‚ุฏูŠู… ุฏุฑุณ ุทูˆูŠู„ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุฉุŒ
02:05
and that's a big subject,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ
02:06
and it takes quite a while to organize that,
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุจุงุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู„ูˆู‚ุช ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฅุนุฏุงุฏู‡ุŒ
02:08
and it's quite challenging and it's quite interesting,
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุชูŽุญูŽุฏู ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูˆุฌุฏ ู…ู‡ู…ุŒ
02:11
but I have to say, it's not so exhilarating.
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู…ุชุน.
02:14
So what was the difference?
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ูู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ุŸ
02:16
Well, the course I was and am teaching
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ูŠุฏุนู‰ ุงู„ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒู†ุช ูˆ ู…ุงุฒู„ุช ุฃุฏุฑุณู‡
02:18
is called Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience - I. (Laughs)
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ุจุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠุฉ-1. ( ุถุญูƒ)
02:24
It's 25 lectures full of all sorts of facts,
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ุงู†ู‡ุง 25 ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุฆุฉ ุจุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ุŒ
02:29
it uses this giant book called "Principles of Neural Science"
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ูˆูŠุณุชุนู…ู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ูˆุงู„ู…ุณู…ู‰ ''ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ'
02:33
by three famous neuroscientists.
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ู…ู† ุชุฃู„ูŠู ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุฃุนุตุงุจ ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑูŠู†.
02:36
This book comes in at 1,414 pages,
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ูˆ ูŠุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ู† 1414 ุตูุญุฉุŒ
02:39
it weighs a hefty seven and a half pounds.
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ูˆ ูŠุฒู† ุณุจุนุฉ ุฃุฑุทุงู„ ูˆู†ุตู.
02:42
Just to put that in some perspective,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุฃุถุนูƒู… ููŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงู‚ุŒ
02:44
that's the weight of two normal human brains.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนุงุฏู„ ูˆุฒู† ุฏู…ุงุบูŠ ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠู† ุนุงุฏูŠูŠู†.
02:47
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
02:51
So I began to realize, by the end of this course,
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ู„ุฐุงุŒ ู…ุน ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฏุฑุณุŒ ุจุฏุฃุช ุฃุฏุฑูƒ ุฃู…ุฑุงุŒ
02:54
that the students maybe were getting the idea
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ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ ุชุตูˆุฑ
02:56
that we must know everything there is to know about the brain.
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ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ูู‡ู… ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ.
02:59
That's clearly not true.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ุตุญูŠุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
03:01
And they must also have this idea, I suppose,
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ูˆุฃูุชุฑุถุŒ ุจุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฃูŠุถุงุŒ
03:04
that what scientists do is collect data and collect facts
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ุจุฃู† ุฏูˆุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ู‡ูˆ ุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุนุทูŠุงุช ูˆุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚
03:07
and stick them in these big books.
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ูˆุชุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุถุฎู…ุฉ.
03:09
And that's not really the case either.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃูŠุถุง ู„ูŠุณ ุจุตุญูŠุญ.
03:11
When I go to a meeting, after the meeting day is over
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฃุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ูˆุจุนุฏ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ูุนุงู„ูŠุงุชู‡
03:14
and we collect in the bar over a couple of beers with my colleagues,
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ูˆุฎู„ุงู„ ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุจุฒู…ู„ุงุฆูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ู‡ู‰ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุงูˆู„ุฉุŒ
03:17
we never talk about what we know.
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ู„ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุฃุจุฏุง ุนู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡.
03:19
We talk about what we don't know.
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ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡
03:21
We talk about what still has to get done,
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ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠุชู… ุนู…ู„ู‡ ุจุนุฏุŒ
03:24
what's so critical to get done in the lab.
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ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู…ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ.
03:26
Indeed, this was, I think, best said by Marie Curie
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ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู…ุงุฑูŠ ูƒูˆุฑูŠ ุนุจุฑุช ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู†ูŠ
03:29
who said that one never notices what has been done
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ุญูŠุซ ู‚ุงู„ุช ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฑุก ุฃู„ุง ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุฃุจุฏุง ุนู…ุง ุฃู†ุฌุฒ
03:31
but only what remains to be done.
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ุจู„ ุนู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠู†ุฌุฒ ุจุนุฏ.
03:33
This was in a letter to her brother after obtaining
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ู„ุฃุฎูŠู‡ุง ุจู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ุญุตูˆู„ู‡
03:35
her second graduate degree, I should say.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุดู‡ุงุฏุฉ ุชุฎุฑุฌ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ.
03:39
I have to point out this has always been one of my favorite pictures of Marie Curie,
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ูƒุงู†ุช ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุตูˆุฑ ู…ุงุฑูŠ ูƒูˆุฑูŠ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ุฉ ู„ุฏูŠุŒ
03:42
because I am convinced that that glow behind her
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู…ู‚ุชู†ุน ุจุฃู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‡ุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆู‡ุฌุฉ ุฎู„ูู‡ุง
03:44
is not a photographic effect. (Laughter)
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ู„ูŠุณุช ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุง ููˆุชูˆุบุฑุงููŠุง. (ุถุญูƒ)
03:47
That's the real thing.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุดูŠุก ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ.
03:48
It is true that her papers are, to this day,
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ุตุญูŠุญ ุฃู† ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ู‡ุง ู…ุงุฒุงู„ุชุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
03:53
stored in a basement room in the Bibliothรจque Franรงaise
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ู…ุฎุฒู†ุฉ ููŠ ุบุฑูุฉ ุฃุฑุถูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชุจุฉ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ
03:56
in a concrete room that's lead-lined,
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ููŠ ุบุฑูุฉ ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุฑุณุงู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณู„ุญุฉุŒ
03:58
and if you're a scholar and you want access to these notebooks,
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ูˆุฃู†ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุทุงู„ุจุง ูˆุฃุฑุฏุช ุงู„ุงุทู„ุงุน ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฐูƒุฑุงุชุŒ
04:01
you have to put on a full radiation hazmat suit,
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ูุนู„ูŠูƒ ุฃู† ุชุฑุชุฏูŠ ุจุฐู„ุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉู’ ุงู„ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ุถุฏ ุงู„ุฅุดุนุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุฎุทุฑุฉุŒ
04:03
so it's pretty scary business.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุนู…ู„ ุฌุฏ ู…ุฎูŠู.
04:06
Nonetheless, this is what I think we were leaving out
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ุฑุบู… ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุชุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ุนู†ู‡
04:08
of our courses
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ููŠ ุฏุฑูˆุณู†ุง
04:10
and leaving out of the interaction that we have
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ูˆู…ุง ุชุฎู„ูŠู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
04:13
with the public as scientists, the what-remains-to-be-done.
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ู…ุน ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ ูƒุนู„ู…ุงุกุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ู„ู… ูŠู†ุฌุฒ ุจุนุฏ.
04:16
This is the stuff that's exhilarating and interesting.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ู…ู…ุชุน ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ู….
04:18
It is, if you will, the ignorance.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุŒ ุจูƒู„ุงู… ูˆุงุถุญุŒ ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„.
04:21
That's what was missing.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ูู‚ูˆุฏ.
04:22
So I thought, well, maybe I should teach a course
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ููƒุฑุช ุฃู†ู‡ ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุนุทุงุก ุฏุฑุณ
04:25
on ignorance,
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ุŒ
04:27
something I can finally excel at, perhaps, for example.
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ู…ุงุฏุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุชููˆู‚ ููŠู‡ุง ุฃุฎูŠุฑุง.
04:31
So I did start teaching this course on ignorance,
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ู„ุฐุง ุจุฏุฃุช ุงู‚ุฏู… ุฏุฑูˆุณุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ุŒ
04:33
and it's been quite interesting
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ูˆูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฌุฏ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…
04:34
and I'd like to tell you to go to the website.
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ูˆุฃูˆุฏ ุฏุนูˆุชูƒู… ู„ุฒูŠุงุฑุฉ ู…ูˆู‚ุนูŠ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ.
04:36
You can find all sorts of information there. It's wide open.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏูˆุง ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุฌุงู†ูŠ ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„.
04:39
And it's been really quite an interesting time for me
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ ูˆู‚ุชุง ุฌุฏ ู…ู…ุชุน
04:43
to meet up with other scientists who come in and talk
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ู„ุงู„ุชู‚ุงุก ุจุนู„ู…ุงุก ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุฌุงุกูˆุง ูˆุชุญุฏุซูˆุง
04:45
about what it is they don't know.
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ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠุนุฑููˆู†ู‡.
04:46
Now I use this word "ignorance," of course,
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ูˆุฃุณุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุขู† ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ''ุฌู‡ู„''ุŒ ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุŒ
04:48
to be at least in part intentionally provocative,
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ู…ุชุนู…ุฏุง ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ู…ุณุชูุฒุง ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุงุŒ
04:51
because ignorance has a lot of bad connotations
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ูŠู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠุฉ
04:54
and I clearly don't mean any of those.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู„ุง ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุฃูŠ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงู„ุงุช.
04:56
So I don't mean stupidity, I don't mean a callow indifference
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฏุฉุŒ ู„ุง ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุงู„ู„ุงู…ุจุงู„ุงุฉ
04:59
to fact or reason or data.
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ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุนุทูŠุงุช.
05:02
The ignorant are clearly unenlightened, unaware,
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ูˆุงู„ุฌุงู‡ู„ูˆู† ู‡ู… ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณุชู†ูŠุฑูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฏุฑูƒูŠู†
05:05
uninformed, and present company today excepted,
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ูˆุงู„ุฌุงู‡ู„ูŠู†ุŒ ุจุงุณุชุซู†ุงุก ุงู„ุญุงุถุฑูŠู† ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
05:08
often occupy elected offices, it seems to me.
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ูˆูŠุจุฏูˆ ู„ูŠุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ูŠุดุบู„ูˆู† ู…ู†ุงุตุจ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ.
05:11
That's another story, perhaps.
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ุฑุจู…ุงุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุตุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
05:13
I mean a different kind of ignorance.
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ุฃู†ุง ุงู‚ุตุฏ ู†ูˆุนุง ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ .
05:15
I mean a kind of ignorance that's less pejorative,
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ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ุฃู‚ู„ ู‚ุฏุญูŠุฉุŒ
05:17
a kind of ignorance that comes from a communal gap in our knowledge,
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ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ู†ุงุชุฌ ุนู† ู‡ูˆุฉ ููŠ ู…ุนุฑูุชู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉุŒ
05:20
something that's just not there to be known
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ุดูŠุก ู„ูŠุณ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุง ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠูุชูŽุนูŽุฑู‘ูŽููŽ ุนู„ูŠู‡
05:22
or isn't known well enough yet or we can't make predictions from,
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ุฃูˆ ู„ู… ูŠุนุฑู ุจู…ุง ููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒูุงูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฃูˆ ู„ู… ู†ุณุชุทุน ุฃู† ู†ุชู†ุจุฃ ุจุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุŒ
05:25
the kind of ignorance that's maybe best summed up
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ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูุถู„ ูˆุตู ู„ู‡ ุฌุงุก
05:27
in a statement by James Clerk Maxwell,
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ููŠ ู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ู„ุฌูŠู…ุณ ูƒู„ูŠุฑูƒ ู…ุงูƒุณูˆูŠู„ุŒ
05:29
perhaps the greatest physicist between Newton and Einstein,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃุนุธู… ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูŠู† ุจูŠู† ู†ูŠูˆุชู† ูˆุงูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู†ุŒ
05:33
who said, "Thoroughly conscious ignorance
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงู„ุŒ "ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ุงู„ูˆุงุนูŠ ุงู„ุชุงู…
05:35
is the prelude to every real advance in science."
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ู‡ูˆ ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุชู‚ุฏู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…."
05:38
I think it's a wonderful idea:
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ุฃุธู† ุฃู†ู‡ุง ููƒุฑุฉ ู…ู…ุชุงุฒุฉ:
05:39
thoroughly conscious ignorance.
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ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ุงู„ูˆุงุนูŠ ุงู„ุชุงู….
05:42
So that's the kind of ignorance that I want to talk about today,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุฑุฏุช ุฃู† ุงุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
05:44
but of course the first thing we have to clear up
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุŒ ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ูˆุถุญู‡
05:46
is what are we going to do with all those facts?
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ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณู†ูุนู„ู‡ ุจูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ุŸ
05:48
So it is true that science piles up at an alarming rate.
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ูู…ุง ุฏุงู… ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู…ุณุชู…ุฑุง ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุงูƒู… ุจู…ุนุฏู„ ูŠู†ุฐุฑ ุจุงู„ุฎุทุฑ.
05:52
We all have this sense that science is this mountain of facts,
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ูุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู‡ูˆ ุฌุจู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ุŒ
05:55
this accumulation model of science, as many have called it,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุชุฑุงูƒู…ูŠ ู„ู„ุนู„ู…ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุณู…ุงู‡ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑูŠู†ุŒ
05:59
and it seems impregnable, it seems impossible.
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ุชู…ุงุณูƒุงุŒ ูˆู…ุณุชุญูŠู„ุง.
06:01
How can you ever know all of this?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุนุฑููˆุง ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
06:02
And indeed, the scientific literature grows at an alarming rate.
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ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ.
06:06
In 2006, there were 1.3 million papers published.
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ูููŠ 2006ุŒ ุชู… ู†ุดุฑ 1.3 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุจุญุซูŠุฉ.
06:10
There's about a two-and-a-half-percent yearly growth rate,
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ุฃูŠ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ู†ู…ูˆ ุชุจู„ุบ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 2.5% ุณู†ูˆูŠุงุŒ
06:12
and so last year we saw over one and a half million papers being published.
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ูˆุจู‡ุฐุง ุดู‡ุฏู†ุง ู†ุดุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 1.5 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ุจุญุซูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ.
06:17
Divide that by the number of minutes in a year,
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ู„ู†ู‚ุณู… ู‡ุฐุง ุนู„ู‰ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉุŒ
06:19
and you wind up with three new papers per minute.
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ูˆุณุชุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซ ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚ ุจุญุซูŠุฉ ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ
06:22
So I've been up here a little over 10 minutes,
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ุฅุฐู†ุŒ ูƒู†ุช ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 10 ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ุŒ
06:23
I've already lost three papers.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฎุณุฑุช ุซู„ุงุซ ุฃูˆุฑุงู‚.
06:25
I have to get out of here actually. I have to go read.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู† ุฃุฎุฑุฌ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุฃุฐู‡ุจ ู„ุฃู‚ุฑุฃ.
06:28
So what do we do about this? Well, the fact is
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ุฅุฐู† ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ู‡ ุญูŠุงู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
06:32
that what scientists do about it is a kind of a controlled neglect, if you will.
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ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุญูŠุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅู‡ู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุญูƒู… ููŠู‡.
06:36
We just don't worry about it, in a way.
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ูุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุงุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุชู… ุจู‡ุง.
06:39
The facts are important. You have to know a lot of stuff
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ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ. ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ุจูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุนุฑููˆุง ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ
06:41
to be a scientist. That's true.
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ู„ุชุตุจุญูˆุง ุนู„ู…ุงุก. ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
06:43
But knowing a lot of stuff doesn't make you a scientist.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู† ุชุฌุนู„ูƒู… ุนู„ู…ุงุก.
06:46
You need to know a lot of stuff to be a lawyer
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุนุฑููˆุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ุชุตุจุญูˆุง ู…ุญุงู…ูŠู†
06:48
or an accountant or an electrician or a carpenter.
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ุฃูˆ ู…ุญุงุณุจูŠู† ุฃูˆ ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠูŠู† ุงูˆ ู†ุฌุงุฑูŠู†.
06:52
But in science, knowing a lot of stuff is not the point.
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุŒ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู.
06:56
Knowing a lot of stuff is there to help you get
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ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุจูƒ
06:59
to more ignorance.
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ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„.
07:01
So knowledge is a big subject, but I would say
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ูุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู‡ูŠ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ุฃูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„
07:03
ignorance is a bigger one.
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ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุฃูƒุจุฑ.
07:06
So this leads us to maybe think about, a little bit
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ ุจู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑุŒ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงุŒ
07:08
about, some of the models of science that we tend to use,
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ููŠ ุจุนุถ ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงุณุชุนู…ุงู„ู‡ุงุŒ
07:11
and I'd like to disabuse you of some of them.
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ูˆุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู†ุจู‡ูƒู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุนุถู‡ุง.
07:13
So one of them, a popular one, is that scientists
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ูˆุฃุญุฏู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฃุดู‡ุฑู‡ุงุŒ ู‡ูˆ ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก
07:15
are patiently putting the pieces of a puzzle together
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ูŠุถุนูˆู† ุจุตุจุฑ ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุฃุญุฌูŠุฉ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุจุฌุงู†ุจ ุจุนุถ
07:18
to reveal some grand scheme or another.
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงุณุชุฎุฑุงุฌ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุฎุทุทุงุช ุงู„ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุบูŠุฑู‡ุง.
07:20
This is clearly not true. For one, with puzzles,
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุบูŠุฑ ุตุญูŠุญ. ู„ุณุจุจ ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุŒ
07:23
the manufacturer has guaranteed that there's a solution.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตู†ุนุฉ ุชุถู…ู† ุจุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญู„ ู„ู„ุฃุญุฌูŠุฉ.
07:27
We don't have any such guarantee.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ู†ุญู† ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุซู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุถู…ุงู†ุฉ.
07:28
Indeed, there are many of us who aren't so sure about the manufacturer.
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ูˆุจุงู„ูุนู„ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู†ุง ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชุฃูƒุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตู†ุนุฉ.
07:31
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
07:34
So I think the puzzle model doesn't work.
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ู„ุฐุง ุฃุธู† ุฃู† ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุฃุญุฌูŠุฉ ู„ุง ูŠุนู…ู„.
07:36
Another popular model is that science is busy unraveling things
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ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุขุฎุฑ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู…ุดุบูˆู„ ุจุชููƒูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
07:40
the way you unravel the peels of an onion.
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ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฒุงู„ ุจู‡ุง ู‚ุดูˆุฑ ุงู„ุจุตู„.
07:42
So peel by peel, you take away the layers of the onion
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ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุจุญูŠุซ ุชุจุนุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุจุตู„ุฉ
07:45
to get at some fundamental kernel of truth.
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ู„ุชุตู„ูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
07:47
I don't think that's the way it works either.
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ูˆู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจู‡ุง ุฃูŠุถุง.
07:49
Another one, a kind of popular one, is the iceberg idea,
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ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ู…ุดู‡ูˆุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ู‡ูˆ ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฌุจู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠุŒ
07:52
that we only see the tip of the iceberg but underneath
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ู…ู†ู‡ ุณูˆู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุฉ
07:55
is where most of the iceberg is hidden.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ุฌุจู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠ ูŠุฎุชุจุฆ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณูู„.
07:57
But all of these models are based on the idea of a large body of facts
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ู…ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฌุณู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚
08:01
that we can somehow or another get completed.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฅุชู…ุงู…ู‡ุง.
08:03
We can chip away at this iceberg and figure out what it is,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูƒุดู ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุจู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠ ู„ู†ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุงู‡ูŠุชู‡ุŒ
08:06
or we could just wait for it to melt, I suppose, these days,
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ุฃูˆ ูŠู…ูƒูƒู†ุง ูู‚ุท ุงู†ุชุธุงุฑู‡ ุญุชู‰ ูŠุฐูˆุจุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู„ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ
08:09
but one way or another we could get to the whole iceberg. Right?
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุฃุฎุฑู‰ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฌุจู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠ ุจุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
08:12
Or make it manageable. But I don't think that's the case.
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ุจู‡. ู„ูƒู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุจุตุฏุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ.
08:15
I think what really happens in science
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู…
08:17
is a model more like the magic well,
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ู‡ูˆ ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุฃุดุจู‡ ุจุจุฆุฑ ุณุญุฑูŠุฉ
08:19
where no matter how many buckets you take out,
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ุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ุงุŒ
08:21
there's always another bucket of water to be had,
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ูู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุฏู„ูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูŠุฌุจ ุฅุฎุฑุงุฌู‡ุŒ
08:23
or my particularly favorite one,
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ ู„ุฏูŠุŒ
08:25
with the effect and everything, the ripples on a pond.
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ู…ุน ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ูˆู…ุน ูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงุฌ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุฉ.
08:28
So if you think of knowledge being this ever-expanding ripple on a pond,
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ุฅู† ูƒู†ุชู… ุชุนุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุจุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุงุฌ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุณุนุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ุงู„ุจุฑูƒุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉุŒ
08:31
the important thing to realize is that our ignorance,
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ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฌู‡ู„ู†ุงุŒ
08:34
the circumference of this knowledge, also grows with knowledge.
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ูู…ุญูŠุท ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉุŒ ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุง ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ.
08:38
So the knowledge generates ignorance.
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ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุชูˆู„ุฏ ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„.
08:41
This is really well said, I thought, by George Bernard Shaw.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ุงู… ุฑุงุฆุนุŒ ููŠ ู†ุธุฑูŠุŒ ู„ุฌูˆุฑุฌ ุจุฑู†ุฑุฏ ุดูˆ.
08:43
This is actually part of a toast that he delivered
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ูˆุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู„ู‚ุงู‡ุง
08:46
to celebrate Einstein at a dinner celebrating Einstein's work,
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ููŠ ุญู‚ ุฃูŠู†ุดุชุงูŠู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุญูู„ ุนุดุงุก ูŠุญุชููŠ ุจุนู…ู„ู‡ุŒ
08:50
in which he claims that science
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุงู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุนู„ู…
08:51
just creates more questions than it answers. ["Science is always wrong. It never solves a problem without creating 10 more."]
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ูŠุทุฑุญ ูู‚ุท ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู…ุง ูŠุฌูŠุจ ุนู†ู‡. ["ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ูŠุฎุทุฆ. ูู‡ูˆ ู„ุง ูŠุญู„ ู…ุดูƒู„ุง ุฏูˆู† ุฎู„ู‚ 10 ุฃุฎุฑู‰."]
08:53
I find that kind of glorious, and I think he's precisely right,
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ูˆุฃุฑู‰ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ูƒู„ุงู… ุฑุงุฆุนุŒ ูˆุฃุธู† ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุญู‚ุŒ
08:57
plus it's a kind of job security.
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุธูŠููŠ.
09:00
As it turns out, he kind of cribbed that
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชุจูŠู†ุŒ ูุฅู†ู‡ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุจุงุณ
09:02
from the philosopher Immanuel Kant
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠู„ุณูˆู ุฅูŠู…ุงู†ูˆูŠู„ ูƒุงู†ุท
09:04
who a hundred years earlier had come up with this idea
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฌุงุก ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ุจููƒุฑุฉ
09:07
of question propagation, that every answer begets more questions.
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ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑุนุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูƒู„ ุฌูˆุงุจ ูŠูˆู„ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ.
09:11
I love that term, "question propagation,"
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ุฃุญุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุŒ "ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑุนุŒ"
09:13
this idea of questions propagating out there.
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ูˆุฐุงูƒ ุงู„ุชุตูˆุฑ ู„ู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุชูุฑุน.
09:16
So I'd say the model we want to take is not
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุจุบูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุฎุฐ ุจู‡
09:17
that we start out kind of ignorant and we get some facts together
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ู„ูŠุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ู†ุทู„ู‚ ููŠู‡ ู…ู† ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฌุงู‡ู„ูˆู† ูˆุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู…ุนุง
09:21
and then we gain knowledge.
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ูู†ููˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ.
09:23
It's rather kind of the other way around, really.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุนูƒุณ ุฐู„ูƒ.
09:25
What do we use this knowledge for?
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ููŠู…ุง ุณูŠููŠุฏู†ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉุŸ
09:27
What are we using this collection of facts for?
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ููŠู…ุง ุณูŠููŠุฏู†ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุงูƒู…ุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŸ
09:30
We're using it to make better ignorance,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ุฌู‡ู„ ุฃูุถู„ุŒ
09:33
to come up with, if you will, higher-quality ignorance.
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ูˆุฅู† ุดุฆุชู…ุŒ ู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ุฌู‡ู„ ุฐูˆ ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
09:36
Because, you know, there's low-quality ignorance
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ููƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฌู‡ู„ ุฐูˆ ุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุถุนูŠูุฉ
09:38
and there's high-quality ignorance. It's not all the same.
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ูˆุฃุฎุฑ ุจุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ. ูุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ูŠุฎุชู„ู ู…ู† ู†ูˆุน ู„ุขุฎุฑ.
09:40
Scientists argue about this all the time.
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ูˆูŠู†ุงู‚ุด ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
09:42
Sometimes we call them bull sessions.
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ูˆุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุจู…ุนุงุฑูƒ ุงู„ุซูŠุฑุงู†.
09:44
Sometimes we call them grant proposals.
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ูˆุฃุญูŠุงู†ุง ู…ู‚ุชุฑุญุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุญ.
09:46
But nonetheless, it's what the argument is about.
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ูˆููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุด ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„.
09:50
It's the ignorance. It's the what we don't know.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุง ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡.
09:52
It's what makes a good question.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏ.
09:54
So how do we think about these questions?
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ูƒูŠู ู†ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉุŸ
09:56
I'm going to show you a graph that shows up
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ุณุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุฑุณู… ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ ูƒุงู„ุฐูŠ
09:58
quite a bit on happy hour posters in various science departments.
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ู†ุฑุงู‡ ุบุงู„ุจุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู„ุตู‚ุงุช ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุงู„ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ.
10:02
This graph asks the relationship between what you know
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ูˆูŠุญุงูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุจุท ุจูŠู† ู…ุง ุชุนุฑููˆู†ู‡ ุนู† ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุง
10:06
and how much you know about it.
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ูˆุญุฌู… ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ุนู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ.
10:08
So what you know, you can know anywhere from nothing to everything, of course,
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ูู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุนุฑููˆู†ู‡ุŒ ู‚ุฏ ูŠุจู„ุบ ุญุฌู… ู…ุนุฑูุชูƒู… ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ู„ุงุดูŠุก ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
10:12
and how much you know about it can be anywhere
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ูˆู…ุนุฑูุชูƒู… ุนู† ุดูŠุก ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุชูุงูˆุช
10:13
from a little to a lot.
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ู…ู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ.
10:16
So let's put a point on the graph. There's an undergraduate.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุถุน ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ ุชู…ุซู„ ุทุงู„ุจ ุณู†ุฉ ุฃูˆู„ู‰.
10:20
Doesn't know much but they have a lot of interest.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุนุฑู ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู„ูƒู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
10:22
They're interested in almost everything.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ู‡ุชู… ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุจูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
10:24
Now you look at a master's student, a little further along in their education,
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฃู†ุชู… ุชู†ุธุฑูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุงู„ุจ ู…ุงุฌุณุชูŠุฑุŒ ุณู†ุชู‚ุฏู… ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุดูˆุงุฑ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณูŠุŒ
10:28
and you see they know a bit more,
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ูˆุชู„ุงุญุธูˆู† ุฃู† ู…ุนุฑูุชู‡ ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงุŒ
10:29
but it's been narrowed somewhat.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู‚ุฏ ุถุงู‚ุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง.
10:31
And finally you get your Ph.D., where it turns out
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุชุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑุงู‡ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ูŠุชุถุญ
10:34
you know a tremendous amount about almost nothing. (Laughter)
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ุจุฃู†ูƒู… ุชุนุฑููˆู† ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ู„ุง ุดูŠุก. (ุถุญูƒ)
10:39
What's really disturbing is the trend line that goes through that
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ู‚ู„ู‚ ุญู‚ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฑุณู… ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ
10:42
because, of course, when it dips below the zero axis, there,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุบุทุณ ุงู„ุฎุท ุฏูˆู† ู…ุญูˆุฑ ุงู„ุตูุฑ ู‡ู†ุงูƒุŒ
10:46
it gets into a negative area.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุณู„ุจูŠุฉ.
10:48
That's where you find people like me, I'm afraid.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุฌุฏูˆู† ููŠู‡ ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู…ุซู„ูŠุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฎุงุฆู.
10:51
So the important thing here is that this can all be changed.
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ.
10:55
This whole view can be changed
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุดู‡ุฏ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ
10:57
by just changing the label on the x-axis.
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุชุณู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญูˆุฑุณูŠู†ูŠ ูู‚ุท.
11:00
So instead of how much you know about it,
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ุจุฏู„ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุณุงุคู„ ุนู† ุญุฌู… ู…ุนุฑูุชูƒู… ุจุดูŠุก ู…ุงุŒ
11:02
we could say, "What can you ask about it?"
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุทุฑุญ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ: "ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุทุฑุญู‡ ุจุดุฃู† ุงู…ุฑ ู…ุงุŸ"
11:05
So yes, you do need to know a lot of stuff as a scientist,
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุฃู†ุชู… ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุญุงู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุกุŒ
11:08
but the purpose of knowing a lot of stuff
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู† ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
11:11
is not just to know a lot of stuff. That just makes you a geek, right?
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ู„ูŠุณุช ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุบุงูŠุฉ. ูู‡ูŠ ูู‚ุท ุชุฌุนู„ูƒู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‡ูˆุณุงุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
11:13
Knowing a lot of stuff, the purpose is
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ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู‡ูˆ
11:15
to be able to ask lots of questions,
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ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑุญ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉุŒ
11:17
to be able to frame thoughtful, interesting questions,
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ูˆู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑุญ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ู…ุฏุฑูˆุณุฉ ูˆู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ
11:20
because that's where the real work is.
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ู„ุฃู† ุชู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
11:22
Let me give you a quick idea of a couple of these sorts of questions.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุจุถุนุฉ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ุนู† ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ.
11:24
I'm a neuroscientist, so how would we come up
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ุฃู†ุง ุนุงู„ู… ุฃุนุตุงุจุŒ ููƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฎุฑุฌ
11:27
with a question in neuroscience?
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ุจุณุคุงู„ ุฌุงุฏ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจุŸ
11:28
Because it's not always quite so straightforward.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุฏุงุฆู… ุงู„ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ.
11:31
So, for example, we could say, well what is it that the brain does?
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„: "ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบุŸ"
11:33
Well, one thing the brain does, it moves us around.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบุŒ ุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู†ุชุญุฑูƒ.
11:35
We walk around on two legs.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ู…ุดูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†.
11:37
That seems kind of simple, somehow or another.
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ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃูˆ ุจุฃุฎุฑุŒ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุณูŠุทุง.
11:39
I mean, virtually everybody over 10 months of age
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ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ุนู…ุฑู‡ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 10 ุฃุดู‡ุฑ
11:42
walks around on two legs, right?
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ูŠู…ุดูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุฌู„ูŠู†ุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
11:44
So that maybe is not that interesting.
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ู‚ุฏ ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู….
11:45
So instead maybe we want to choose something a little more complicated to look at.
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ุจุฏู„ุง ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ุฏ ู†ูƒูˆู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุดูŠุก ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุง ุจู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู„ู†ุญู„ู„ู‡.
11:48
How about the visual system?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠุŸ
11:51
There it is, the visual system.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆุŒ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠ.
11:53
I mean, we love our visual systems. We do all kinds of cool stuff.
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ุฃุนู†ูŠุŒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุญุจ ู†ุธุงู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠ. ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ.
11:56
Indeed, there are over 12,000 neuroscientists
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† 12,000 ุนุงู„ู… ุฃุนุตุงุจ
11:59
who work on the visual system,
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ูŠุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠุŒ
12:01
from the retina to the visual cortex,
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ุงู†ุทู„ุงู‚ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุดุจูƒูŠุฉ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุดุฑุฉ ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠุฉุŒ
12:03
in an attempt to understand not just the visual system
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ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ูู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠ ูˆุญุณุจ
12:06
but to also understand how general principles
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ุจู„ ุฃูŠุถุง ู„ูู‡ู… ุงู„ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ุงู„ุนุงู…ุฉ
12:09
of how the brain might work.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุจู‡ุง.
12:11
But now here's the thing:
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุดูƒุงู„ ู‡ูˆ:
12:12
Our technology has actually been pretty good
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ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุฌูŠุฏุฉ
12:15
at replicating what the visual system does.
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ููŠ ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏ ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠ.
12:17
We have TV, we have movies,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชู„ูุงุฒ ูˆุงู„ุฃูู„ุงู…
12:20
we have animation, we have photography,
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ูˆุงู„ุฑุณูˆู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑูƒุฉ ูˆุงู„ุชุตูˆูŠุฑ
12:23
we have pattern recognition, all of these sorts of things.
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ูˆุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู†ู…ุงุทุŒ ูˆูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุดุจู‡ ุฐู„ูƒ.
12:26
They work differently than our visual systems in some cases,
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ู†ุธุงู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠุŒ
12:29
but nonetheless we've been pretty good at
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ู„ูƒู† ุฑุบู… ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‚ุฏ ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุนู…ู„ ุฌูŠุฏ
12:30
making a technology work like our visual system.
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ููŠ ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุชุนู…ู„ ูƒู†ุธุงู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุจุตุฑูŠ.
12:34
Somehow or another, a hundred years of robotics,
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ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ุฆุงุช ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠูŠู†ุŒ
12:37
you never saw a robot walk on two legs,
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ู„ู… ุชุดุงู‡ุฏูˆุง ู‚ุท ุฑุฌู„ ุขู„ูŠ ูŠู…ุดูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†ุŒ
12:39
because robots don't walk on two legs
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠู…ุดูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†
12:41
because it's not such an easy thing to do.
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ูˆู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุนู…ู„ุง ูŠุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡.
12:43
A hundred years of robotics,
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ุงู„ู…ุฆุงุช ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ุงู„ุขู„ูŠูŠู†ุŒ
12:45
and we can't get a robot that can move more than a couple steps one way or the other.
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ูˆู„ู… ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฌุนู„ ุฑุฌู„ ุขู„ูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุจุถุน ุฎุทูˆุงุช ุฐู‡ุงุจุง ูˆุฅูŠุงุจุง.
12:48
You ask them to go up an inclined plane, and they fall over.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฌุนู„ูˆู†ู‡ู… ูŠู…ุดูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุณุทุญ ู…ุงุฆู„ ูŠุณู‚ุทูˆู† ู„ู„ุฎู„ู.
12:51
Turn around, and they fall over. It's a serious problem.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฏูˆุฑูˆู† ุญูˆู„ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ูŠุณู‚ุทูˆู†. ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุดูƒู„ ุนูˆูŠุต.
12:53
So what is it that's the most difficult thing for a brain to do?
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ูู…ุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุตุนูˆุจุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบุŸ
12:57
What ought we to be studying?
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ูˆู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฏุฑุงุณุชู‡ุŸ
12:58
Perhaps it ought to be walking on two legs, or the motor system.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒุงู† ูŠุฌุจ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ู…ุดูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฏู…ูŠู†ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒูŠ.
13:02
I'll give you an example from my own lab,
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ุณุฃู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒู… ู…ุซุงู„ุง ู…ู† ู…ุฎุชุจุฑูŠุŒ
13:04
my own particularly smelly question,
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ุณุคุงู„ูŠ ุฐูˆ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุญุฉุŒ
13:06
since we work on the sense of smell.
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุฃู† ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุงุณุฉ ุงู„ุดู….
13:08
But here's a diagram of five molecules
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ู‡ุฐุง ุฑุณู… ุจูŠุงู†ูŠ ู„ุฎู…ุณ ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช
13:11
and sort of a chemical notation.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฑู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ.
13:13
These are just plain old molecules, but if you sniff those molecules
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุนุงุฏูŠุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุฅุฐุง ุดู…ู‡ุง ุฃุญุฏูƒู…
13:16
up these two little holes in the front of your face,
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ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุนุถูˆ ุงู„ุดู… ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌูˆู‡ูƒู…ุŒ
13:18
you will have in your mind the distinct impression of a rose.
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ุณูŠุฑุณู… ููŠ ุฃุฐู‡ุงู†ูƒู… ุงู†ุทุจุงุน ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูˆุฑุฏุฉ.
13:22
If there's a real rose there, those molecules will be the ones,
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ูˆุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู† ูˆุฑุฏุฉุŒ ูุฅู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆู„ุช ุณุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู†ู‡ุงุŒ
13:24
but even if there's no rose there,
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ู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‰ ูˆุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ู† ูˆุฑุฏุŒ
13:26
you'll have the memory of a molecule.
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ุณูŠุตุจุญ ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ุฐูƒุฑู‰ ุนู† ุฌุฒูŠุก.
13:27
How do we turn molecules into perceptions?
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ูƒูŠู ู†ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒุงุช ุฐู‡ู†ูŠุฉุŸ
13:30
What's the process by which that could happen?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุญุฏูˆุซ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
13:32
Here's another example: two very simple molecules, again in this kind of chemical notation.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุซุงู„ ุฃุฎุฑ: ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠู† ุนุงุฏูŠูŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุฑู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ.
13:36
It might be easier to visualize them this way,
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณู‡ู„ ุชุตูˆุฑู‡ู…ุง ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„.
13:38
so the gray circles are carbon atoms, the white ones
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ุงู„ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ ุงู„ุฑู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุถุงุก
13:41
are hydrogen atoms and the red ones are oxygen atoms.
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ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆูƒุณุฌูŠู†.
13:44
Now these two molecules differ by only one carbon atom
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ูŠุฎุชู„ู ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠู† ููŠ ุฐุฑุฉ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูู‚ุท
13:48
and two little hydrogen atoms that ride along with it,
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ูˆุฐุฑุชูŠ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุชูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจุฉ ู…ุนู‡ุงุŒ
13:51
and yet one of them, heptyl acetate,
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ูˆู…ุน ุฐู„ูƒ ูุฅู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุงุŒ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุจุชูŠู„ ุฃุณูŠุชุงุชุŒ
13:53
has the distinct odor of a pear,
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ู„ู‡ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุญุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู„ู„ุฃุฌุงุตุŒ
13:55
and hexyl acetate is unmistakably banana.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู„ู‡ูŠูƒุณูŠู„ ุฃุณูŠุชุงุช ู„ู‡ ุฑุงุฆุญุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฒ.
13:59
So there are two really interesting questions here, it seems to me.
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ููŠ ุฑุฃูŠูŠ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุณุคุงู„ูŠู† ุฌุฏ ู…ุซูŠุฑูŠู†ุŒ
14:02
One is, how can a simple little molecule like that
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ุฃูˆู„ุงุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ุฌุฒูŠุก ุตุบูŠุฑ ูƒู‡ุฐุง
14:05
create a perception in your brain that's so clear
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ู…ู† ุฎู„ู‚ ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆุถูˆุญ ููŠ ุฐู‡ู†ูƒู…
14:07
as a pear or a banana?
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ุจุฅุฌุงุตุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ูˆุฒุฉุŸ
14:09
And secondly, how the hell can we tell the difference
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ุซุงู†ูŠุงุŒ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠู†
14:12
between two molecules that differ by a single carbon atom?
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ู„ุง ูŠุฎุชู„ูุงู† ุณูˆู‰ ุจุฐุฑุฉ ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ูู‚ุทุŸ
14:16
I mean, that's remarkable to me,
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ุฃุนู†ูŠุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุฏู‡ุด ููŠ ู†ุธุฑูŠุŒ
14:18
clearly the best chemical detector on the face of the planet.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุจู„ุง ู…ู†ุงุฒุน ุฃูุถู„ ูƒุงุดู ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
14:21
And you don't even think about it, do you?
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ูˆุฃู†ุชู… ู„ู… ุชููƒุฑูˆุง ุญุชู‰ ุจุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู‡ู„ ูุนู„ุชู…ุŸ
14:24
So this is a favorite quote of mine that takes us
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ุณุชุฃุฎุฐู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ูุถู„ุฉ ุนู†ุฏูŠ
14:27
back to the ignorance and the idea of questions.
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ู„ู„ูˆุฑุงุก ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ูˆููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฌุงุฏุฉ.
14:28
I like to quote because I think dead people
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุญุจ ุงู„ุงู‚ุชุจุงุณ ู„ุฃู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง
14:30
shouldn't be excluded from the conversation.
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ุฃู„ุง ู†ู‚ุตูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุณุจู‚ูˆู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฑ.
14:33
And I also think it's important to realize that
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ูˆุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃูŠุถุง ุจุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฃู† ู†ุฏุฑูƒ ุจุฃู†
14:35
the conversation's been going on for a while, by the way.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญูˆุงุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุงู†ุทู„ู‚ ู…ู†ุฐ ู…ุฏุฉ.
14:37
So Erwin Schrodinger, a great quantum physicist
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ูู‚ุฏ ุฃุดุงุฑ ุฅุฑููŠู† ุดุฑูˆุฏู†ุบุฑุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠ ุนุธูŠู… ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู…
14:40
and, I think, philosopher, points out how you have to
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ูˆููŠู„ุณูˆู ุญุณุจ ุฑุฃูŠูŠุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒู…
14:43
"abide by ignorance for an indefinite period" of time.
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"ุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ" ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
14:46
And it's this abiding by ignorance
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‚ุจู„ ู„ู„ุฌู‡ู„
14:48
that I think we have to learn how to do.
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ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุชุนู„ู…ู‡.
14:50
This is a tricky thing. This is not such an easy business.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุนู‚ุฏ. ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุณู‡ู„.
14:53
I guess it comes down to our education system,
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ุฃุธู† ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุธุงู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠุŒ
14:55
so I'm going to talk a little bit about ignorance and education,
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ู„ุฐุง ุณุฃุชุญุฏุซ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ุนู† ุงู„ุฌู‡ู„ ูˆุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุŒ
14:57
because I think that's where it really has to play out.
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ู„ุฃู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุจุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
14:59
So for one, let's face it,
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ู„ุฐุง ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ูˆุงุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉุŒ
15:02
in the age of Google and Wikipedia,
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ูููŠ ุนุตุฑ ุฌูˆุฌู„ ูˆูˆูŠูƒูŠุจูŠุฏูŠุงุŒ
15:05
the business model of the university
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ูุฅู† ุงู„ู†ู…ุงุฐุฌ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุงู…ุนุงุช
15:07
and probably secondary schools is simply going to have to change.
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ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุงุช ุชุชุฌู‡ ู†ุญูˆ ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ.
15:10
We just can't sell facts for a living anymore.
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ู„ู… ูŠุนุฏ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุนูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ุจูŠุน ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
15:12
They're available with a click of the mouse,
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ูู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุจุญุช ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ุจูƒุจุณุฉ ุฒุฑุŒ ุฃูˆ ุจุดูƒู„ ูˆุงุถุญุŒ
15:14
or if you want to, you could probably just ask the wall
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ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ูู‚ุท ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุฌุฏุงุฑ
15:17
one of these days, wherever they're going to hide the things
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ููŠ ูŠูˆู… ู…ุงุŒ ุฃูŠู†ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุณูŠุฎุจุฆูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
15:18
that tell us all this stuff.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณุชุฎุจุฑู†ูŠ ุจูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ.
15:20
So what do we have to do? We have to give our students
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ูู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุŸ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฌุนู„ ุทู„ุงุจู†ุง ูŠุชุฐูˆู‚ูˆู† ุทุนู… ุงู„ู…ุบุงู…ุฑุฉุŒ
15:23
a taste for the boundaries, for what's outside that circumference,
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ู„ู…ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉุŒ
15:27
for what's outside the facts, what's just beyond the facts.
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ู„ู…ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ุŒ ู„ู…ุง ูŠุฎุชุจุฆ ุฎู„ู ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚.
15:31
How do we do that?
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ููƒูŠู ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒุŸ
15:33
Well, one of the problems, of course,
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ูˆุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุŒ ูุฅู† ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„
15:35
turns out to be testing.
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ุชุชู…ุซู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช.
15:37
We currently have an educational system
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ู†ู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู†ุธุงู… ุชุนู„ูŠู…ูŠ ุฌุฏ ูุนุงู„
15:39
which is very efficient but is very efficient at a rather bad thing.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ุฌุฏ ูุนุงู„ ููŠ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุณูŠุฆุฉ ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง.
15:43
So in second grade, all the kids are interested in science,
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ู…ู‡ุชู…ูŠู† ุจุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…ุŒ
15:46
the girls and the boys.
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ุจู†ุงุช ูˆุจู†ูŠู†.
15:47
They like to take stuff apart. They have great curiosity.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠุญุจูˆู† ุชููƒูŠูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก. ู„ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู… ูุถูˆู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
15:51
They like to investigate things. They go to science museums.
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ูˆูŠุญุจูˆู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก. ูˆูŠุฐู‡ุจูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุญู ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ.
15:54
They like to play around. They're in second grade.
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ูˆูŠุญุจูˆู† ุงู„ู„ุนุจ. ุฅู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ.
16:00
They're interested.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ู…ู‡ุชู…ูˆู† ุจูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
16:01
But by 11th or 12th grade, fewer than 10 percent
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูˆูŠุŒ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 10 ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู…
16:04
of them have any interest in science whatsoever,
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ูŠูุธู’ู‡ูุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุจุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…ุŒ
16:07
let alone a desire to go into science as a career.
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ู†ุงู‡ูŠูƒ ุนู† ุงู„ุฑุบุจุฉ ููŠ ุฎูˆุถ ุบู…ุงุฑ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ.
16:10
So we have this remarkably efficient system
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ูƒูุงุกุฉ
16:13
for beating any interest in science out of everybody's head.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุถุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุจุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ูŠุธู‡ุฑู‡ ุฃูŠ ุฃุญุฏ.
16:17
Is this what we want?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏู‡ ุญู‚ุงุŸ
16:19
I think this comes from what a teacher colleague of mine
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู†ุชุงุฌ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ูŠู‡ ุฃุญุฏ ุฒู…ู„ุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุชุฐุฉ
16:22
calls "the bulimic method of education."
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ุจ "ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู†ู‡ู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…"
16:24
You know. You can imagine what it is.
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ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุนู…ุง ุฃุชุญุฏุซ.
16:26
We just jam a whole bunch of facts down their throats over here
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ุญูŠุซ ู†ุญุดูˆู‡ู… ุจู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ
16:29
and then they puke it up on an exam over here
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ู„ูŠุชู‚ูŠุคูˆู‡ุง ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
16:31
and everybody goes home with no added intellectual heft whatsoever.
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠุนูˆุฏูˆู† ู„ู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ ุฏูˆู† ุฃูŠุฉ ุฅุถุงูุฉ ููƒุฑูŠุฉ.
16:36
This can't possibly continue to go on.
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุฃู† ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ.
16:38
So what do we do? Well the geneticists, I have to say,
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ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ูุนู„ุŸ ุนู„ูŠ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซุฉ
16:40
have an interesting maxim they live by.
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ูŠูŽุชู‘ูŽุจูุนููˆู† ู…ุซู„ุง ู…ุซูŠุฑุง.
16:42
Geneticists always say, you always get what you screen for.
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ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซุฉ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง: "ุฃู†ุช ุชุฌุฏ ู…ุง ุชุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡"
16:47
And that's meant as a warning.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ู†ุธุฑู‡ู… ุชุญุฐูŠุฑ.
16:50
So we always will get what we screen for,
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ู†ุญู† ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ู†ุฌุฏ ู…ุง ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ุŒ
16:52
and part of what we screen for is in our testing methods.
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ูˆุฌุฒุก ู…ู…ุง ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุชู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู†.
16:56
Well, we hear a lot about testing and evaluation,
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ุณู…ุนู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู…ุŒ
16:59
and we have to think carefully when we're testing
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ู„ุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุชุฃู†ูŠ ุนุชุฏู…ุง ู†ู…ุชุญู†
17:01
whether we're evaluating or whether we're weeding,
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ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ู‚ูŠู… ุฃูˆ ู†ุฒูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃุนุดุงุจ ุงู„ุถุงุฑุฉุŒ
17:04
whether we're weeding people out,
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ุฃู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฒูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุถุงุฑูŠู†ุŒ
17:06
whether we're making some cut.
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ุฃูˆ ู†ูู‚ูŽู„ู‘ูู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุดูŠุก.
17:09
Evaluation is one thing. You hear a lot about evaluation
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ุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ุท. ุณู…ุนุชู… ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู…
17:12
in the literature these days, in the educational literature,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชุฑุจูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ
17:14
but evaluation really amounts to feedback and it amounts
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ูŠุฑุฌุน ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ
17:17
to an opportunity for trial and error.
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ูˆุงู„ูุฑุตุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑูŠุจ ูˆุงู„ุฎุทุฃ.
17:20
It amounts to a chance to work over a longer period of time
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฑุฌุน ู„ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุงุฌุนุฉ
17:24
with this kind of feedback.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏ.
17:26
That's different than weeding, and usually, I have to tell you,
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุฅุฒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุนุดุงุจ ุงู„ุถุงุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุนู„ูŠ ุฅุฎุจุงุฑูƒู…ุŒ ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงุฏุฉุŒ
17:29
when people talk about evaluation, evaluating students,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู† ุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู…ุŒ ูŠู‚ูŠู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุทู„ุจุฉ
17:32
evaluating teachers, evaluating schools,
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ูˆูŠู‚ูŠู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ูˆูŠู‚ูŠู…ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑุณ
17:34
evaluating programs, that they're really talking about weeding.
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ูˆูŠู‚ูŠู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุชุญุฏุซูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู† ุฅุฒุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุนุดุงุจ ุงู„ุถุงุฑุฉ.
17:39
And that's a bad thing, because then you will get what you select for,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑ ุณูŠุกุŒ ู„ุฃู†ูƒู… ุณุชุญุตู„ูˆู† ุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุนู…ุง ุงุฎุชุฑุชู…ุŒ
17:43
which is what we've gotten so far.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุญุตู„ู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู„ุญุฏ ุงู„ุขู†.
17:45
So I'd say what we need is a test that says, "What is x?"
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ููŠู‡: " ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฅูƒุณุŸ"
17:48
and the answers are "I don't know, because no one does,"
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ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ: " ู„ุง ุฃุนู„ู…ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠุนู„ู…"
17:51
or "What's the question?" Even better.
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ุฃูˆ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ "ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŸ".
17:53
Or, "You know what, I'll look it up, I'll ask someone,
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ุฃูˆ "ู„ุญุธุฉุŒ ุณุฃุจุญุซ ูˆุฃุฌูŠุจุŒ ุณุฃุณุฃู„ ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุŒ
17:55
I'll phone someone. I'll find out."
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ุณุฃุชุตู„ ุจุฃุญุฏู‡ู…. ุณุฃุฌุฏ ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ."
17:58
Because that's what we want people to do,
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูุนู„ู‡ุŒ
18:00
and that's how you evaluate them.
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ูˆุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุชู‚ูŠู…ูˆู†ู‡ู….
18:01
And maybe for the advanced placement classes,
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ุฃู…ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฃู‚ุณุงู… ุงู„ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ
18:03
it could be, "Here's the answer. What's the next question?"
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ูƒู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠุŒ "ู‡ุงูƒู… ุงู„ุณุคุงู„. ูู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŸ"
18:07
That's the one I like in particular.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุดูŠุก ุฃูุถู„ู‡.
18:08
So let me end with a quote from William Butler Yeats,
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ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ูŠ ุจู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ู„ูˆูŠู„ูŠุงู… ุจุชู„ุฑ ูŠูŠุชุณุŒ
18:10
who said "Education is not about filling buckets;
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุงู„: "ุฃู† ุชูุนูŽู„ูู‘ู…ูŽ ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุชู…ู„ุฃ ุงู„ุฏู„ุงุก
18:14
it is lighting fires."
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ุจู„ ุฃู† ุชุดุนู„ ู†ูŠุฑุงู†."
18:16
So I'd say, let's get out the matches.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฃูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ูู„ู†ุฎุฑุฌ ุนูŠุฏุงู† ุงู„ุซู‚ุงุจ.
18:20
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู….
18:21
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
18:24
Thank you. (Applause)
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ุดูƒุฑุง ู„ูƒู…. (ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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