Stuart Firestein: The pursuit of ignorance

1,337,880 views ・ 2013-09-24

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : 민석 졜
00:12
There is an ancient proverb that says
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이런 속담이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
it's very difficult to find a black cat in a dark room,
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μ–΄λ‘μš΄ λ°©μ—μ„œ 검은 고양이λ₯Ό μ°ΎκΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€,
00:20
especially when there is no cat.
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고양이가 없을 λ•ŒλŠ” 특히 κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€.
00:22
I find this a particularly apt description of science
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μ €λŠ” 이것이 νŠΉλ³„νžˆ κ³Όν•™κ³Ό 과학이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό
00:26
and how science works --
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κΈ°μˆ ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ μ ˆν•œ ν‘œν˜„μ΄λΌκ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€. --
00:28
bumbling around in a dark room, bumping into things,
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μ–΄λ‘μš΄ λ°©μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μ˜€λ½κ°€λ½ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ—¬κΈ°μ €κΈ° λΆ€λ”ͺμΉ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ©°
00:31
trying to figure out what shape this might be,
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μ–΄λ–€ λͺ¨μ–‘인지, ν˜Ήμ‹œ 그게 무엇일지
00:33
what that might be,
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μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λ €κ³  애쓰기도 ν•˜κ³ 
00:35
there are reports of a cat somewhere around,
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μ£Όλ³€ μ–΄λ”˜κ°€μ— 고양이가 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 보고가 μžˆκΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
00:37
they may not be reliable, they may be,
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이런 것듀은 신빙성이 μžˆμ„ λ•Œλ„ 있고 또 μ•„λ‹ˆκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
and so forth and so on.
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이런 식이죠.
00:41
Now I know this is different than the way most people
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이것은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 과학에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것과
00:43
think about science.
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사뭇 λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ €λŠ” μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
Science, we generally are told,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν”νžˆ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όν•™μ΄λž€
00:46
is a very well-ordered mechanism for
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세상을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ“°μ΄λŠ” 맀우 잘 μ •λˆλœ
00:49
understanding the world,
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μž‘λ™ λ„κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
for gaining facts, for gaining data,
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진싀을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κ³ , κ·œμΉ™μ— 지배받지 μ•ŠλŠ”
00:52
that it's rule-based,
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자료λ₯Ό μ–»κ³ ,
00:54
that scientists use this thing called the scientific method
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이런 것을 과학적 방법이라고 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”데
00:57
and we've been doing this for 14 generations or so now,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 14μ„ΈλŒ€λ‚˜ 뭐 κ·Έ 정도 μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ˜€κ³  있죠.
01:00
and the scientific method is a set of rules
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과학적 λ°©λ²•λ‘ μ΄λž€ 자료둜 λΆ€ν„° 어렡고도
01:02
for getting hard, cold facts out of the data.
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λƒ‰μ •ν•œ 사싀을 μ–»μ–΄λ‚΄λŠ”λ° μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ·œμΉ™μ˜ λͺ¨μž„μ΄λΌλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
01:07
I'd like to tell you that's not the case.
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ 이것이 정말 그렇지 μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
So there's the scientific method,
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자, μ—¬κΈ° 과학적 방법둠이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
but what's really going on is this. (Laughter)
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그런데 λ„λŒ€μ²΄ μ΄κ²ƒμ—μ„œλŠ” 뭐가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ±΄κ°€μš”? (μ›ƒμŒ)
01:13
[The Scientific Method vs. Farting Around]
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[과학적 방법둠 λŒ€ μ–΄μŠ¬λ κ±°λ¦Ό]
01:14
And it's going on kind of like that.
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그리고 μ§€κΈˆ 이런 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 일이 κ³„μ†λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
[... in the dark] (Laughter)
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[... μ–΄λ‘ μ†μ—μ„œ] (μ›ƒμŒ)
01:18
So what is the difference, then,
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그럼, μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 과학이 μΆ”κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 방식과
01:23
between the way I believe science is pursued
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ν”νžˆ 받아듀여지고 μžˆλŠ” 방식 μ‚¬μ΄μ—λŠ”
01:27
and the way it seems to be perceived?
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μ–΄λ–€ 차이가 μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
01:29
So this difference first came to me in some ways
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μ²˜μŒμ— μ €λŠ” 이 차이λ₯Ό λͺ‡κ°€μ§€ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ΄ν•΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
in my dual role at Columbia University,
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μ½œλŸΌλΉ„μ•„ λŒ€ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ μ œκ°€ 가진 두가지 μ—­ν• μ—μ„œ μ•Œκ²Œ 된 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:34
where I'm both a professor and run a laboratory in neuroscience
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이 ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ μ €λŠ” ꡐ수이자 μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ„ μš΄μ˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:38
where we try to figure out how the brain works.
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄λ €κ³  ν•˜μ£ .
01:41
We do this by studying the sense of smell,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이런 것을 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λƒ„μƒˆλ‚˜ 후각 μž‘μš©μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
the sense of olfaction, and in the laboratory,
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ
01:46
it's a great pleasure and fascinating work
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λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒλ“€κ³Ό 박사후 연ꡬ원듀과
01:48
and exciting to work with graduate students and post-docs
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ν•¨κ»˜ μΌν•˜λŠ” 것은 즐거움이기도 ν•˜κ³  멋지고 ν₯λΆ„λ˜λŠ” 일이기도 ν•˜μ£ .
01:51
and think up cool experiments to understand how this
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이런 후각 μž‘μš©μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜κ³  λ‡ŒλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•  것인지 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €κ³ 
01:54
sense of smell works and how the brain might be working,
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이런 멋진 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ κ³ μ•ˆν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:56
and, well, frankly, it's kind of exhilarating.
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μ†”μ§ν•˜κ²Œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄, μ•½κ°„ 신이 λ‚˜κΈ°λŠ” ν•΄μš”.
01:59
But at the same time, it's my responsibility
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ™μ‹œμ—, μ €λŠ” λ‘λ‡Œμ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ
02:02
to teach a large course to undergraduates on the brain,
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학뢀생을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ λŒ€ν˜• κ°•μ˜λ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ‹€.
02:05
and that's a big subject,
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이건 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ£Όμ œμ§€μš”.
02:06
and it takes quite a while to organize that,
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그런 μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λŠ” λ°λŠ” μƒλ‹Ήν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κ±Έλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
and it's quite challenging and it's quite interesting,
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그건 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 도전이기도 ν•˜κ³  κ½€ ν₯미둭기도 ν•΄μš”.
02:11
but I have to say, it's not so exhilarating.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, κΌ­ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬μžλ©΄ 그리 μ‹ λ‚˜λŠ” 일은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
So what was the difference?
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그러면 차이가 λ­˜κΉŒμš”?
02:16
Well, the course I was and am teaching
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μ œκ°€ κ°€λ₯΄μ³€κ³  μ§€κΈˆλ„ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ³Όλͺ©μ€
02:18
is called Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience - I. (Laughs)
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세포 λΆ„μž μ‹ κ²½ 과학이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. (μ›ƒμŒ)
02:24
It's 25 lectures full of all sorts of facts,
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κ·Έ κ³Όλͺ©μ€ λͺ¨λ“  μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 사싀을 담은 25개 λΆ„λŸ‰μ˜ κ°•μ˜μΈλ°μš”,
02:29
it uses this giant book called "Principles of Neural Science"
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"μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™μ˜ 원리"라고 ν•˜λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 책을 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
by three famous neuroscientists.
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3λͺ…μ˜ μ €λͺ…ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ“΄ μ±…μ΄μ—μš”.
02:36
This book comes in at 1,414 pages,
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이 책은 1,414 μͺ½ λΆ„λŸ‰μ΄κ³ 
02:39
it weighs a hefty seven and a half pounds.
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λ¬΅μ§ν•˜κ²Œ 3.4kg μ΄λ‚˜ λ‚˜κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
Just to put that in some perspective,
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κ·Έλƒ₯ λ‹€λ₯Έ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ 보면
02:44
that's the weight of two normal human brains.
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그건 정상적인 μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‘λ‡Œ 2개의 무게쯀 되죠.
02:47
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
02:51
So I began to realize, by the end of this course,
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이 κ°•μ˜μ˜ 끝무렡에 μ €λŠ” 이런 생각을 κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
that the students maybe were getting the idea
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학생듀이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μΈκ°„μ˜ λ‘λ‡Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ•Œλ €λ©΄
02:56
that we must know everything there is to know about the brain.
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κ·Έ λͺ¨λ“  것을 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것 κ°™μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:59
That's clearly not true.
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그건 λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 사싀이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
03:01
And they must also have this idea, I suppose,
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제 생각에, 학생듀은 또 이런 생각도 ν•˜λŠ” 것 κ°™μ•„μš”.
03:04
that what scientists do is collect data and collect facts
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 자료λ₯Ό λͺ¨μœΌκ³  사싀을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ–΄
03:07
and stick them in these big books.
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κ·Έ λͺ¨λ“  것듀을 이런 μ»€λ‹€λž€ 책에 집어넣어야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
03:09
And that's not really the case either.
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그것도 사싀이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
When I go to a meeting, after the meeting day is over
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νšŒμ˜μ— κ°€μ„œ 회의λ₯Ό 마치고 λ‚˜λ©΄
03:14
and we collect in the bar over a couple of beers with my colleagues,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§₯μ£Ό λͺ‡μž”을 μ•žμ— 두고 λ™λ£Œλ“€κ³Ό μˆ μ§‘μ— λͺ¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
we never talk about what we know.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ „ν˜€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
03:19
We talk about what we don't know.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 저희가 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
We talk about what still has to get done,
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ μ•žμœΌλ‘œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 일에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜μ£ .
03:24
what's so critical to get done in the lab.
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또 κ·Έκ±Έ ν•΄λ‚΄λ €λ©΄ μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ 무엇이 μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
Indeed, this was, I think, best said by Marie Curie
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ, μ œκ°€ μ•ŒκΈ°λ‘œλŠ” 마리 퀴리 뢀인이 이걸 κ°€μž₯ λ©‹μ§€κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
03:29
who said that one never notices what has been done
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμ£ . μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이제껏 μ™„κ²°λœ 것은 보지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³ 
03:31
but only what remains to be done.
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•  κ²ƒλ“€λ§Œ λ³Έλ‹€.
03:33
This was in a letter to her brother after obtaining
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이 λ‚΄μš©μ€ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ˜€λΉ μ—κ²Œ 보낸 νŽΈμ§€μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
her second graduate degree, I should say.
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ 두 번째 ν•™μœ„λ₯Ό 받은 후에 μ˜€λΉ μ—κ²Œ 보낸 νŽΈμ§€μ˜€μ–΄μš”.
03:39
I have to point out this has always been one of my favorite pictures of Marie Curie,
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이 사진은 μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 마리 ν€΄λ¦¬μ˜ μ‚¬μ§„μ΄λΌλŠ” 점을 λ°ν˜€μ•Όκ² κ΅°μš”.
03:42
because I am convinced that that glow behind her
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 배경으둜 λΉ„μΉ˜λŠ” 빛이
03:44
is not a photographic effect. (Laughter)
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사진 보정 νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ”κ²Œ ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”. (μ›ƒμŒ)
03:47
That's the real thing.
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그건 μ§„μ§œκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”.
03:48
It is true that her papers are, to this day,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ κΉŒμ§€λ„ κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 논문듀은
03:53
stored in a basement room in the Bibliothèque Française
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€ ꡭ립 λ°•λ¬Όκ΄€(BibliothΓ¨que FranΓ§aise)의 μ§€ν•˜μ— λ³΄κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
in a concrete room that's lead-lined,
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μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 납을 λŒ„ 콘크리트 λ°©μ•ˆμ—μš”.
03:58
and if you're a scholar and you want access to these notebooks,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ ν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ 이 λ…ΈνŠΈλ“€μ„ λ³΄μ‹œλ €κ³  ν•˜λ©΄
04:01
you have to put on a full radiation hazmat suit,
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μ™„λ²½ν•œ 방사λŠ₯ λ³΄ν˜Έλ³΅μ„ μž…μ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:03
so it's pretty scary business.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ κ½€ κ²λ‚˜λŠ” μΌμ΄μ§€μš”.
04:06
Nonetheless, this is what I think we were leaving out
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , 제 생각에 이것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€
04:08
of our courses
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ν•™κ³Όλͺ©μ—μ„œ
04:10
and leaving out of the interaction that we have
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그리고 κ³Όν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ λŒ€μ€‘κ³Όμ˜ μƒν˜Έ λŒ€ν™”μ—μ„œ
04:13
with the public as scientists, the what-remains-to-be-done.
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λ°°μ œν•΄ μ™”λ˜ 것이고, 'μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μ™„κ²°ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  일'이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
This is the stuff that's exhilarating and interesting.
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이건 μ •λ§λ‘œ μ‹ λ‚˜κ³  ν₯미둜운 μΌμ΄κ±°λ“ μš”.
04:18
It is, if you will, the ignorance.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ³΄μ‹œλ €κ³  ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, 그건 '무지(ignorance)''μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
That's what was missing.
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그것이 빠진 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
So I thought, well, maybe I should teach a course
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제 생각에, μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μ•„λ§ˆλ„ μ œκ°€ 무지에 κ΄€ν•œ ν•™κ³Όλͺ©μ„
04:25
on ignorance,
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κ°€λ₯΄μ³μ•Ό 할지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ–΄μš”.
04:27
something I can finally excel at, perhaps, for example.
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μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄, 그건 μ œκ°€ ꢁ극적으둜 지ν–₯ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  것인지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:31
So I did start teaching this course on ignorance,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 무지에 κ΄€ν•œ κ³Όλͺ©μ„ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
and it's been quite interesting
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κ½€λ‚˜ μž¬λ―Έμžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:34
and I'd like to tell you to go to the website.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€λ„ μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈμ— ν•œλ²ˆ κ°€λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
04:36
You can find all sorts of information there. It's wide open.
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 정보λ₯Ό 찾을 수 있고 μ™„μ „νžˆ κ°œλ°©λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
04:39
And it's been really quite an interesting time for me
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그리고 μ €λŠ” μ •λ§λ‘œ μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ³΄λƒˆλŠ”λ°
04:43
to meet up with other scientists who come in and talk
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κ·Έ 곳에 λ°©λ¬Έν•˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ‚˜
04:45
about what it is they don't know.
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그듀이 λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” 것이 무엇인지에 λŒ€ν•΄ 이야기λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
Now I use this word "ignorance," of course,
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이제 μ €λŠ” "무지(ignorance)"λΌλŠ” 단어λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
to be at least in part intentionally provocative,
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λ¬Όλ‘  λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œλΌλ„ μ˜λ„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ„λ°œμ μ΄ λ˜μ–΄ 보이기 μœ„ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
because ignorance has a lot of bad connotations
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ¬΄μ§€λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ—λŠ” μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ λ‚˜μœ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ ν•¨μΆ•λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
04:54
and I clearly don't mean any of those.
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λΆ„λͺ…ν•˜κ²Œ μ €λŠ” μ „ν˜€ 그런 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
04:56
So I don't mean stupidity, I don't mean a callow indifference
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μ €λŠ” μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄λ‚˜, 논리 λ˜λŠ” μžλ£Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄
04:59
to fact or reason or data.
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λ©μ²­ν•˜λ‹€κ±°λ‚˜, λ―Έμˆ™ν•  μ •λ„λ‘œ λ¬΄κ΄€μ‹¬ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λœ»ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:02
The ignorant are clearly unenlightened, unaware,
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μ œκ°€ λ³΄κΈ°μ—λŠ” λ¬΄μ§€ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ νŽΈκ²¬μ— μ°¨ 있고, μ˜μ‹λ„ μ—†μœΌλ©°,
05:05
uninformed, and present company today excepted,
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정보도 μ—†λŠ”λ°, μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  기업을 μ œμ™Έν•˜λ©΄ 그런 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
05:08
often occupy elected offices, it seems to me.
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λͺ¨λ‘ μ„ μΆœμ§ 자리λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것 κ°™μ•„μš”.
05:11
That's another story, perhaps.
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그런 μ•„λ§ˆ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 이야기일 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
I mean a different kind of ignorance.
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제 말씀은 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ¬΄μ§€λΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
05:15
I mean a kind of ignorance that's less pejorative,
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μ œκ°€ λœ»ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ” μΌμ’…μ˜ 경멸적이지 μ•ŠλŠ” λ¬΄μ§€μ—μš”.
05:17
a kind of ignorance that comes from a communal gap in our knowledge,
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μΌμ’…μ˜, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가진 지식 λ‚΄μ˜ 곡톡적인 κ²©μ°¨μ—μ„œ μ˜€λŠ” λ¬΄μ§€λΌλŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:20
something that's just not there to be known
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μ•Œκ²Œ 될, 그런 μ–΄λ–€ κ²ƒμ΄λ‚˜
05:22
or isn't known well enough yet or we can't make predictions from,
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λ˜λŠ” 아직 잘 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 그런 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
05:25
the kind of ignorance that's maybe best summed up
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ œμž„μŠ€ 크럭 λ§₯μŠ€μ›°μ˜ 말 속에 κ°€μž₯ 잘 μš”μ•½λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”
05:27
in a statement by James Clerk Maxwell,
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그런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ¬΄μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
perhaps the greatest physicist between Newton and Einstein,
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ•„λ§ˆ λ‰΄νŠΌκ³Ό μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈ μ‹œλŒ€ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ κ°€μž₯ μœ„λŒ€ν•œ λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμΌν…λ°,
05:33
who said, "Thoroughly conscious ignorance
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "μ™„μ „νžˆ μžκ°λ˜λŠ” λ¬΄μ§€λž€
05:35
is the prelude to every real advance in science."
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κ³Όν•™μ˜ λͺ¨λ“  진보에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„œκ³‘μ΄λ‹€."
05:38
I think it's a wonderful idea:
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μ €λŠ” 이게 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 생각이라고 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€:
05:39
thoroughly conscious ignorance.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ μžκ°λ˜λŠ” λ¬΄μ§€μš”.
05:42
So that's the kind of ignorance that I want to talk about today,
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그것이 λ°”λ‘œ μ œκ°€ 였늘 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  싢은 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ λ¬΄μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
but of course the first thing we have to clear up
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λ¬Όλ‘  μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ¨Όμ € λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 것은
05:46
is what are we going to do with all those facts?
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이런 것을 가지고 무엇을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠλƒλŠ” 것이죠.
05:48
So it is true that science piles up at an alarming rate.
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과학적 사싀이 λ¬΄μ„œμš΄ μ†λ„λ‘œ μŒ“μ΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
We all have this sense that science is this mountain of facts,
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” 과학은 μ‚¬μ‹€λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 높은 산이라고 느끼고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
this accumulation model of science, as many have called it,
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그리고 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μΆ•μ²™λœ 과학은 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
05:59
and it seems impregnable, it seems impossible.
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λ‚œκ³΅λΆˆλ½μ²˜λŸΌ 보이고 λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λŒ€μƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:01
How can you ever know all of this?
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이 λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‹€ μ•Œκ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
06:02
And indeed, the scientific literature grows at an alarming rate.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ³Όν•™ λ¬Έν—Œμ€ λ†€λΌλ§Œν•œ μ†λ„λ‘œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
In 2006, there were 1.3 million papers published.
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2006년에 130만 개의 논문이 λ°œν‘œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:10
There's about a two-and-a-half-percent yearly growth rate,
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일년에 μ•½ 2.5%μ”© μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:12
and so last year we saw over one and a half million papers being published.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€λ‚œ ν•΄μ—λŠ” 150만 개의 논문이 λ°œν‘œλ˜μ—ˆμ§€μš”.
06:17
Divide that by the number of minutes in a year,
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κ·Έκ±Έ 일년에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ λ³΄λ©΄
06:19
and you wind up with three new papers per minute.
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1뢄에 3개의 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 논문이 λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
06:22
So I've been up here a little over 10 minutes,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ œκ°€ 10λΆ„ 정도 이 μžλ¦¬μ— μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
06:23
I've already lost three papers.
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μ €λŠ” 이미 3개의 논문을 λ†“μΉœ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
I have to get out of here actually. I have to go read.
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μ €λŠ” μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 빨리 λ‚˜κ°€ κ·Έκ±Έ 읽어야 ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
So what do we do about this? Well, the fact is
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그러면 이걸 μ–΄μ©Œμ£ ? 음, 사싀 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
06:32
that what scientists do about it is a kind of a controlled neglect, if you will.
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이에 λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μ΄λž€, κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λΆ€λ₯΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν•˜λ©΄, μ λ‹Ήνžˆ 쑰절된 λ¬΄μ‹œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:36
We just don't worry about it, in a way.
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μ–΄λ–€ λ©΄μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 그런 κ±Έ κ±±μ •ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:39
The facts are important. You have to know a lot of stuff
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μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄λž€ μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ 되렀면
06:41
to be a scientist. That's true.
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λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그건 λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:43
But knowing a lot of stuff doesn't make you a scientist.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•΄μ„œ λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ λ˜λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
You need to know a lot of stuff to be a lawyer
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λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ‚˜ νšŒκ³„μ‚¬,
06:48
or an accountant or an electrician or a carpenter.
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μ „κΈ°κ³΅μ΄λ‚˜ λͺ©μˆ˜κ°€ 되렀고 해도도 λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
06:52
But in science, knowing a lot of stuff is not the point.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œλŠ” λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•„λŠ” 것이 μš”μ μ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:56
Knowing a lot of stuff is there to help you get
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λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•„λŠ” 것은 κ³Όν•™μžκ°€ 더 λ§Žμ€ 것을
06:59
to more ignorance.
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λ¬΄μ‹œν•˜λŠ”λ° 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:01
So knowledge is a big subject, but I would say
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 지식은 μ»€λ‹€λž€ μ£Όμ œμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
07:03
ignorance is a bigger one.
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μ €λŠ” 무지가 더 큰 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:06
So this leads us to maybe think about, a little bit
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이것은 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 우리둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
07:08
about, some of the models of science that we tend to use,
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과학적 λͺ¨ν˜•μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ•½κ°„ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄κ²Œλ” ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:11
and I'd like to disabuse you of some of them.
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μ €λŠ” 그런 λͺ¨ν˜•μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ˜€ν•΄λ₯Ό λ°”λ‘œ μž‘μ•„ λ“œλ¦¬κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:13
So one of them, a popular one, is that scientists
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그런 것듀 쀑, 자주 νšŒμžλ˜λŠ” 것은
07:15
are patiently putting the pieces of a puzzle together
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 끈기있게 수수께기 쑰각을 λͺ¨μ•„
07:18
to reveal some grand scheme or another.
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λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ 방법을 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
07:20
This is clearly not true. For one, with puzzles,
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이것은 λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 사싀이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”, 수수께끼의 κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
07:23
the manufacturer has guaranteed that there's a solution.
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κ·Έκ±Έ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 닡이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 보μž₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
07:27
We don't have any such guarantee.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ—κ² 그런 보μž₯이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:28
Indeed, there are many of us who aren't so sure about the manufacturer.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ§Žμ€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 그런 문제λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ ν™•μ‹ ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
07:34
So I think the puzzle model doesn't work.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 퍼즐 λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ 쒋은 μ˜ˆκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
Another popular model is that science is busy unraveling things
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자주 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨ν˜•μ€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ–‘νŒŒ κ»μ§ˆμ„ λ²—κΈ°λ“―
07:40
the way you unravel the peels of an onion.
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μ–΄λ–€ 사싀을 λΆ€μ§€λŸ°νžˆ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—μš”.
07:42
So peel by peel, you take away the layers of the onion
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계속 λ²—κ²¨λ‚΄λŠ”κ±°μ£ . μ–‘νŒŒ κ»μ§ˆμ„ ν•œ 켜 벗겨내고
07:45
to get at some fundamental kernel of truth.
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μ–΄λ–€ μ§„μ‹€μ˜ 쀑좔적인 핡심에 이λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ§€μš”.
07:47
I don't think that's the way it works either.
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μ €λŠ” 과학이 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€κ³ λ„ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:49
Another one, a kind of popular one, is the iceberg idea,
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또 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”, 이것도 κ½€ 자주 μΈμš©λ˜λŠ”λ°, 빙산에 λŒ€ν•œ λΉ„μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
that we only see the tip of the iceberg but underneath
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λΉ™μ‚°μ˜ 일각을 λ³Ό λΏμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
07:55
is where most of the iceberg is hidden.
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λΉ™μ‚°μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ 감좔어져 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
07:57
But all of these models are based on the idea of a large body of facts
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그런데 이런 λͺ¨λ“  λͺ¨ν˜•λ“€μ€ 진싀이 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ ν˜•μ²΄λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각에 κ·Όκ±°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
that we can somehow or another get completed.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  κ·Έκ±Έ μ™„μ„±μ‹œμΌœμ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
08:03
We can chip away at this iceberg and figure out what it is,
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 빙산을 μ‘°κΈˆμ”© μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄ κ²°κ΅­ 그것이 무엇인지 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€κ±°λ‚˜
08:06
or we could just wait for it to melt, I suppose, these days,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 그것이, μš”μ¦˜κ°™μœΌλ©΄, 녹아내리길 λ°”λΌκ² μ§€λ§Œ,
08:09
but one way or another we could get to the whole iceberg. Right?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œλ“  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λΉ™μ‚°μ˜ 전체λ₯Ό μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό κ±°λΌλŠ” 것이죠.
08:12
Or make it manageable. But I don't think that's the case.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 감당이 λœλ‹€λŠ” 건데, μ €λŠ” 과학이 그런 경우라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”.
08:15
I think what really happens in science
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μ €λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μΌμ΄λž€
08:17
is a model more like the magic well,
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λ§ˆλ²•μ˜ μš°λ¬Όκ°™μ€ 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
where no matter how many buckets you take out,
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이 μš°λ¬Όμ—μ„œλŠ” 아무리 λ§Žμ€ 물을 νΌμ˜¬λ €λ„
08:21
there's always another bucket of water to be had,
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μ—¬μ „νžˆ 더 λ§Žμ€ 물이 μ†Ÿμ•„λ‚˜μ˜€μ£ .
08:23
or my particularly favorite one,
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μ œκ°€ 특히 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄은
08:25
with the effect and everything, the ripples on a pond.
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κ·Έ νš¨κ³Όλ“  뭐든, λ¬Ό μœ„μ— μ§€λŠ” νŒŒλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:28
So if you think of knowledge being this ever-expanding ripple on a pond,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ§€μ‹μ΄λž€ 것을 μ—°λͺ»μœΌλ‘œ νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°€λŠ” 파문으둜 μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
08:31
the important thing to realize is that our ignorance,
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인색해야할 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 점은 이 μ§€μ‹μ˜ 주변에 μžˆλŠ”
08:34
the circumference of this knowledge, also grows with knowledge.
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우리의 무지 λ˜ν•œ 지식과 ν•¨κ»˜ μ„±μž₯ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:38
So the knowledge generates ignorance.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ 지식은 무지λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:41
This is really well said, I thought, by George Bernard Shaw.
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제 생각에 λ²„λ‚˜λ“œ μ‡Όκ°€ 이것을 κ°€μž₯ 잘 λ¬˜μ‚¬ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
08:43
This is actually part of a toast that he delivered
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이것은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μΆ•ν•˜ν•˜λŠ”
08:46
to celebrate Einstein at a dinner celebrating Einstein's work,
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저녁 νŒŒν‹°μ—μ„œ κ·Έκ°€ ν–‰ν•œ κ±΄λ°°μ‚¬μ˜ 일뢀 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:50
in which he claims that science
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” 과학이 닡을 주기보닀 더 λ§Žμ€ μ˜λ¬Έμ„
08:51
just creates more questions than it answers. ["Science is always wrong. It never solves a problem without creating 10 more."]
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ["과학은 항상 ν‹€λ Έλ‹€. 과학이 ν•œ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λ©΄ 10개의 μ˜λ¬Έμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έλ‹€."]
08:53
I find that kind of glorious, and I think he's precisely right,
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μ €λŠ” 이런 평이 정말 μ •ν™•ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ²„λ‚˜λ“œ μ‡Όκ°€ μ ˆλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ˜³μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
plus it's a kind of job security.
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ 이건 μΌμ’…μ˜ 직업 μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:00
As it turns out, he kind of cribbed that
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λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ λ°”λ‘œλŠ” μ‡Όκ°€
09:02
from the philosopher Immanuel Kant
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μ² ν•™μžμΈ μž„λ§ˆλ‰΄μ—˜ 칸트,
09:04
who a hundred years earlier had come up with this idea
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이 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ μˆ˜λ°±λ…„ 전에 이런 문제의 ν™•λŒ€ μž¬μƒμ‚°μ„ μ˜ˆκ²¬ν–ˆμ£ ,
09:07
of question propagation, that every answer begets more questions.
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칸트의 μ‹œμ ˆλΆ€ν„° λͺ¨λ“  해닡은 더 λ§Žμ€ 문제λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Έλ‹€λŠ” μ£Όμž₯을 μ˜Ήν˜Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:11
I love that term, "question propagation,"
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έ μš©μ–΄λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. "문제의 ν™•λŒ€ μž¬μƒμ‚°"μ΄μš”.
09:13
this idea of questions propagating out there.
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문제의 ν™•λŒ€ μž¬μƒμ‚°μ΄λΌλŠ” 생각은 이미 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
09:16
So I'd say the model we want to take is not
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ νƒν•˜λ €λŠ” λͺ¨ν˜•μ΄
09:17
that we start out kind of ignorant and we get some facts together
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λ¬΄μ§€λ‘œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄μ„œ λͺ‡λͺ‡ 사싀을 μ•Œκ²Œλ˜κ³ 
09:21
and then we gain knowledge.
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κ·Έλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 지식을 μ–»λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  λ§ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:23
It's rather kind of the other way around, really.
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사싀 였히렀 κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ 과정에 κ°€κΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:25
What do we use this knowledge for?
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이런 지식은 어디에 μ‚¬μš©ν• κΉŒμš”?
09:27
What are we using this collection of facts for?
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이런 사싀듀을 어디에 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
09:30
We're using it to make better ignorance,
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μ €λŠ” κ·Έκ±Έ μ΄μš©ν•΄ 더 λ‚˜μ€ 무지λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
09:33
to come up with, if you will, higher-quality ignorance.
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λ”μš± 질 높은 무지λ₯Ό μ–»μ–΄λ‚Έλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:36
Because, you know, there's low-quality ignorance
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ €μ§ˆμ˜ 무지도 있고
09:38
and there's high-quality ignorance. It's not all the same.
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μ–‘μ§ˆμ˜ 무지도 μžˆκ±°λ“ μš”. λͺ¨λ‘ 같은 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:40
Scientists argue about this all the time.
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ 항상 λ…ΌμŸμ„ λ²Œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
Sometimes we call them bull sessions.
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μ’…μ’… μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έκ±Έ ν•œλ‹΄ μ‹œκ°„μ΄λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄μ£ .
09:44
Sometimes we call them grant proposals.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” κ·Έκ±Έ μ œμ•ˆμ„œ 승락 과정이라고도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:46
But nonetheless, it's what the argument is about.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄μ¨Œλ“ , 그건 이것이 무엇에 λŒ€ν•œ λ…ΌμŸμΈκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
It's the ignorance. It's the what we don't know.
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그것은 λ¬΄μ§€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
09:52
It's what makes a good question.
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그것이 쒋은 μ˜λ¬Έμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
So how do we think about these questions?
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그러면 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이런 μ˜λ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
09:56
I'm going to show you a graph that shows up
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μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬ κ³Όν•™ κ΄€λ ¨ ν•™κ³Όμ˜ ν•΄ν”Ό μ•„μš°μ–΄ ν¬μŠ€ν„°μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ 것을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ”
09:58
quite a bit on happy hour posters in various science departments.
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κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:02
This graph asks the relationship between what you know
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이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 무엇을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ™€
10:06
and how much you know about it.
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”κ°€μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό 묻고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:08
So what you know, you can know anywhere from nothing to everything, of course,
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무엇을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”κ°€μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λ¬Όλ‘  아무 것도 λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ“  것을 μ•ˆλ‹€κΉŒμ§€ 있고
10:12
and how much you know about it can be anywhere
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— κ΄€ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μ•½κ°„μ—μ„œ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ λ§Žμ΄κΉŒμ§€
10:13
from a little to a lot.
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μ–΄λ–€ 것이든 κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:16
So let's put a point on the graph. There's an undergraduate.
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이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„ μœ„μ— ν•œ 점을 μž‘μ•„λ³΄μ£ . λŒ€ν•™μƒμ΄ ν•œ λͺ… μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
Doesn't know much but they have a lot of interest.
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λŒ€ν•™μƒλ“€μ€ 많이 μ•„λŠ” 것은 μ—†μ§€λ§Œ 관심이 많죠.
10:22
They're interested in almost everything.
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  것에 λŒ€ν•΄ ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
Now you look at a master's student, a little further along in their education,
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석사 κ³Όμ • 학생을 보면, μ•½κ°„ 더 μžμ‹ μ˜ ꡐ윑 κ³Όμ • μͺ½μœΌλ‘œ 치우치죠.
10:28
and you see they know a bit more,
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이듀은 쑰금 더 많이 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
10:29
but it's been narrowed somewhat.
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μ–΄λŠ 정도 쒁아져 μžˆλŠ”κ²Œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:31
And finally you get your Ph.D., where it turns out
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 박사 κ³Όμ • 학생인데, λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λ°”λŒ€λ‘œ
10:34
you know a tremendous amount about almost nothing. (Laughter)
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ λ²”μœ„λŠ” 거의 μ—†λ‹€μ‹œν”Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:39
What's really disturbing is the trend line that goes through that
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정말 λΆˆνŽΈν•œ 사싀은 κ±°κΈ°λ₯Ό μ§€λ‚˜λŠ” μΆ”μ„Έμ„ μΈλ°μš”,
10:42
because, of course, when it dips below the zero axis, there,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ¬Όλ‘  제둜(영;零)μΆ• μ•„λž˜λ„ λ‚΄λ €κ°ˆ λ•Œ,
10:46
it gets into a negative area.
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음의 μ˜μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:48
That's where you find people like me, I'm afraid.
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그런 μͺ½μ—μ„œ μ € 같은 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ°ΎμœΌμ‹€κΉŒλ΄ 겁이 λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:51
So the important thing here is that this can all be changed.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 이 λͺ¨λ“  것이 λ°”λ€” 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ΄μ—μš”.
10:55
This whole view can be changed
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이 전체 λͺ¨μ–‘이 x-μΆ• μ΄λ¦„λ§Œ λ°”κΎΈλ©΄
10:57
by just changing the label on the x-axis.
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λͺ¨λ‘ λ°”λ€λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
11:00
So instead of how much you know about it,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 많이 μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ”κ°€ λŒ€μ‹ μ—
11:02
we could say, "What can you ask about it?"
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 말할 수 μžˆμ–΄μš”. "그것에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 무엇을 μ§ˆλ¬Έν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?"
11:05
So yes, you do need to know a lot of stuff as a scientist,
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λ„€, κ³Όν•™μžλΌλ©΄ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
11:08
but the purpose of knowing a lot of stuff
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” λͺ©μ μ€
11:11
is not just to know a lot of stuff. That just makes you a geek, right?
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κ·Έμ € 많이 μ•ŒκΈ° μœ„ν•œ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—μš”. κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 되면 κ·Έμ € λ―ΈμΉ˜κ΄‘μ΄λ§Œ ν•˜λ‚˜ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
11:13
Knowing a lot of stuff, the purpose is
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λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은, κ·Έ λͺ©μ μ€
11:15
to be able to ask lots of questions,
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λ§Žμ€ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ 던질 수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μ΄μ—μš”.
11:17
to be able to frame thoughtful, interesting questions,
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μ‚¬λ €κΉŠκ³  ν₯λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚Ό λŠ₯λ ₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
because that's where the real work is.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ 지점이 λ°”λ‘œ μ‹€μ œμ μœΌλ‘œ 연ꡬ가 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ” κ³³μ΄κ±°λ“ μš”.
11:22
Let me give you a quick idea of a couple of these sorts of questions.
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이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 질문이 어떀건지 짧게 λ§μ”€λ“œλ €λ³΄μ£ .
11:24
I'm a neuroscientist, so how would we come up
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μ €λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그럼 이 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ
11:27
with a question in neuroscience?
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저희가 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ μ œμ‹œν• κΉŒμš”?
11:28
Because it's not always quite so straightforward.
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그게 항상 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 것은 μ•„λ‹ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
11:31
So, for example, we could say, well what is it that the brain does?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 예λ₯Ό λ“€μžλ©΄, μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 말할 수 있겠죠, λ‡Œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 일은 무엇인가?
11:33
Well, one thing the brain does, it moves us around.
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λ‡Œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 것 쀑에 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 주변을 μ›€μ§μ΄κ²Œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
We walk around on two legs.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 발둜 κ±·μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
That seems kind of simple, somehow or another.
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그건 κ½€ 간단해 λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ
11:39
I mean, virtually everybody over 10 months of age
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제 말씀은, 10κ°œμ›”μ΄ λ„˜μ€ 거의 λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
11:42
walks around on two legs, right?
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두 발둜 κ±·λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ , κ·Έλ ‡μ£ ?
11:44
So that maybe is not that interesting.
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그건 μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 그닀지 ν₯미둭지 μ•Šμ•„μš”.
11:45
So instead maybe we want to choose something a little more complicated to look at.
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κ·Έ λŒ€μ‹  μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ°μ— μ’€ 더 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 것을 선택할 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:48
How about the visual system?
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μ‹œκ°κ³„λŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
11:51
There it is, the visual system.
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λ„€, κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‹œκ°κ³„μš”.
11:53
I mean, we love our visual systems. We do all kinds of cool stuff.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°κ³„λ₯Ό μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ£ . 멋진 일을 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 많이 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:56
Indeed, there are over 12,000 neuroscientists
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‹œκ°κ³„μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™μžκ°€
11:59
who work on the visual system,
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12, 000λͺ…이 λ„˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:01
from the retina to the visual cortex,
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λ§λ§‰μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° μ‹œκ°ν”Όμ§ˆκΉŒμ§€ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜μ£ .
12:03
in an attempt to understand not just the visual system
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κ·Έλƒ₯ μ‹œκ°κ³„λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
12:06
but to also understand how general principles
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λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ
12:09
of how the brain might work.
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일반적인 원칙이 μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λŠ” 연ꡬ듀이죠.
12:11
But now here's the thing:
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그런데 μ—¬κΈ° μ€‘μš”ν•œ 게 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€:
12:12
Our technology has actually been pretty good
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우리의 κΈ°μˆ μ€ 사싀 μ‹œκ°κ³„κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 일을
12:15
at replicating what the visual system does.
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κ½€ 잘 λ³΅μ œν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:17
We have TV, we have movies,
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TV도 있고 μ˜ν™”λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:20
we have animation, we have photography,
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λ™μ˜μƒκ³Ό 사진,
12:23
we have pattern recognition, all of these sorts of things.
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νŒ¨ν„΄ 인식같은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 것듀이 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
12:26
They work differently than our visual systems in some cases,
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이런 것듀은 μ’…μ’… μ‹œκ°κ³„μ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
12:29
but nonetheless we've been pretty good at
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κ·ΈλŸΌμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ
12:30
making a technology work like our visual system.
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우리의 μ‹œκ°κ³„μ™€ λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 기술적 μž‘ν’ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μž¬μ£Όκ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
12:34
Somehow or another, a hundred years of robotics,
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μ–΄μ©„λ“ , 둜보트 κ³΅ν•™μ˜ 100λ…„ 역사에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
12:37
you never saw a robot walk on two legs,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 발둜 κ±·λŠ” 둜보트λ₯Ό λ³Έ 적이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:39
because robots don't walk on two legs
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ‘œλ³΄νŠΈλŠ” 두 발둜 걷지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:41
because it's not such an easy thing to do.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κΈ°κ°€ 쉽지 μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
12:43
A hundred years of robotics,
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둜보트 κ³΅ν•™μ˜ 100λ…„ 역사에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
12:45
and we can't get a robot that can move more than a couple steps one way or the other.
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두어 걸음 이상 걸을 수 μžˆλŠ” λ‘œλ³΄νŠΈλŠ” 아직 λ§Œλ“€μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:48
You ask them to go up an inclined plane, and they fall over.
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λ‘œλ³΄νŠΈμ—κ²Œ κΈ°μšΈμ–΄μ§„ 면을 κ±Έμ–΄ μ˜¬λΌκ°€λΌκ³  ν•˜λ©΄ λ„˜μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:51
Turn around, and they fall over. It's a serious problem.
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λŒμ•„μ„œλ„ λ„˜μ–΄μ§€μ£ . 이건 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμ§€μš”.
12:53
So what is it that's the most difficult thing for a brain to do?
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그럼 λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 일 κ°€μš΄λ° κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μš΄ 것은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
12:57
What ought we to be studying?
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 무엇을 연ꡬ해야 ν• κΉŒμš”?
12:58
Perhaps it ought to be walking on two legs, or the motor system.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 그건 두 발둜 ν˜Ήμ€ μš΄λ™ 신경을 μ¨μ„œ κ±·λŠ” 것일 κ±°μ—μš”.
13:02
I'll give you an example from my own lab,
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제 μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ˜ 예λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
13:04
my own particularly smelly question,
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μ €ν•œν…Œ 특히 κ΅¬μ—­μ§ˆλ‚˜λŠ” 질문인데,
13:06
since we work on the sense of smell.
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저희가 후각에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:08
But here's a diagram of five molecules
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μ—¬κΈ° 5개 λΆ„μžμ˜ λ„ν‘œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:11
and sort of a chemical notation.
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μΌμ’…μ˜ ν™”ν•™ 기호둜 μ“°μ—¬μ Έ 있죠.
13:13
These are just plain old molecules, but if you sniff those molecules
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이건 κ·Έλƒ₯ λ‹¨μˆœν•œ λΆ„μžμΈλ°, μ–Όκ΅΄ μ•žμ— μžˆλŠ” 두 개의 μž‘μ€ ꡬ멍을 톡해
13:16
up these two little holes in the front of your face,
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이 λΆ„μžλ¬Όμ˜ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑으면,
13:18
you will have in your mind the distinct impression of a rose.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ λ§ˆμŒμ†μœΌλ‘œ μž₯λ―ΈλΌλŠ” λΆ„λͺ…ν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ„ κ°–κ²Œ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:22
If there's a real rose there, those molecules will be the ones,
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κ±°κΈ° μ§„μ§œ μž₯λ―Έκ°€ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄ κ·Έ λΆ„μžλ“€μ΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ
13:24
but even if there's no rose there,
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μž₯λ―Έκ°€ 없어도
13:26
you'll have the memory of a molecule.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ λΆ„μž λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό κΈ°μ–΅ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:27
How do we turn molecules into perceptions?
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λΆ„μžλ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΈμ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™˜ν•˜μ£ ?
13:30
What's the process by which that could happen?
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무엇이 그런 과정을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν• κΉŒμš”?
13:32
Here's another example: two very simple molecules, again in this kind of chemical notation.
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜ˆκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€: λ‘κ°œμ˜ μ•„μ£Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ λΆ„μžμΈλ°μš”, μ—­μ‹œ μΌμ’…μ˜ ν™”ν•™ 기호둜 ν‘œμ‹œλ˜μ£ .
13:36
It might be easier to visualize them this way,
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이 λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ 이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ‹œκ°ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μ‰¬μšΈ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:38
so the gray circles are carbon atoms, the white ones
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νšŒμƒ‰ 원은 νƒ„μ†Œ μ›μžμ΄κ³ 
13:41
are hydrogen atoms and the red ones are oxygen atoms.
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흰색은 μˆ˜μ†Œ μ›μž, 빨강은 μ‚°μ†Œ μ›μžμ—μš”.
13:44
Now these two molecules differ by only one carbon atom
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이 두 λΆ„μžλŠ” ν•œ 개의 νƒ„μ†Œ μ›μžμ™€
13:48
and two little hydrogen atoms that ride along with it,
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κ·Έ μœ„μ— μžˆλŠ” 두 개의 μž‘μ€ μˆ˜μ†Œ μ›μž 수 만큼 차이가 λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:51
and yet one of them, heptyl acetate,
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그리고 두 λΆ„μž 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ, μ•„μ„ΈνŠΈμ‚°μ—Όμ€
13:53
has the distinct odor of a pear,
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λ°° 특유의 λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:55
and hexyl acetate is unmistakably banana.
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ν—₯μ‹€μ•„μ„Έν…Œμ΄νŠΈλŠ” 틀림없이 λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜ λƒ„μƒˆμ΄κ³ μš”.
13:59
So there are two really interesting questions here, it seems to me.
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μ œκ°€ 보기에 이 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ 두 개의 ν₯미둜운 의문이 μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:02
One is, how can a simple little molecule like that
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μž‘κ³  κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ λΆ„μžκ°€
14:05
create a perception in your brain that's so clear
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λ‡Œμ— κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ λ°°λ‚˜ λ°”λ‚˜λ‚˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ
14:07
as a pear or a banana?
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인식을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄λŠ”κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:09
And secondly, how the hell can we tell the difference
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그리고 두 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”, λ„λŒ€μ²΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 겨우 νƒ„μ†Œ μ›μž ν•œ 개 차이 밖에 μ—†λŠ”
14:12
between two molecules that differ by a single carbon atom?
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이 두 λΆ„μžλ“€μ„ κ΅¬λ³„ν•˜λŠ”κ°€μ£ .
14:16
I mean, that's remarkable to me,
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그건 정말 λ†€λΌμ›Œμš”.
14:18
clearly the best chemical detector on the face of the planet.
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 지ꡬ상 졜고의 ν™”ν•™ νƒμ§€κΈ°μ—μš”.
14:21
And you don't even think about it, do you?
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 이런 κ±Έ 생각도 μ•ˆν•΄λ³΄μ‹œκ² μ£ ?
14:24
So this is a favorite quote of mine that takes us
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이것은 우리λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ 무지와
14:27
back to the ignorance and the idea of questions.
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질문의 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄λ‘œ 데렀가 μ£ΌλŠ” μ œκ°€ κ°€μž₯ μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” λͺ…μ–Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:28
I like to quote because I think dead people
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μ œκ°€ 이 λͺ…언을 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ λŠ”
14:30
shouldn't be excluded from the conversation.
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죽은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ 이 λŒ€ν™”μ—μ„œ μ œμ™Έλ˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—μš”.
14:33
And I also think it's important to realize that
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μ €λŠ” λ˜ν•œ 이런 λŒ€ν™”κ°€ ν•œλ™μ•ˆ κ³„μ†λ˜μ–΄ μ™”λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 것이
14:35
the conversation's been going on for a while, by the way.
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μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:37
So Erwin Schrodinger, a great quantum physicist
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μœ„λŒ€ν•œ μ–‘μž λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžμΈ 에λ₯΄λΉˆ μŠˆλ’°λ”©κ±°μ—μš”.
14:40
and, I think, philosopher, points out how you have to
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이 μ² ν•™μžλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
14:43
"abide by ignorance for an indefinite period" of time.
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"λ¬΄κΈ°ν•œμœΌλ‘œ 무지에 μ’…μ†λ˜μ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ" ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ§€μ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:46
And it's this abiding by ignorance
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그것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹€ν–‰ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
14:48
that I think we have to learn how to do.
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λ°°μ›Œμ•Όλ§Œ ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 무지에 λŒ€ν•œ μ’…μ†μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:50
This is a tricky thing. This is not such an easy business.
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이건 κ½€λ‚˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ κ±΄λ°μš”. μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ 쉽지 μ•Šμ€ 문제죠.
14:53
I guess it comes down to our education system,
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제 μΆ”μΈ‘μœΌλ‘œ 이것은 우리의ꡐ윑 μ²΄κ³„κΉŒμ§€ 이λ₯΄κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:55
so I'm going to talk a little bit about ignorance and education,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” 무지와 κ΅μœ‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 쑰금 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:57
because I think that's where it really has to play out.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έ 지점이 μ •λ§λ‘œ 이 이야기λ₯Ό λλ§ˆμ³μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 지점이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:59
So for one, let's face it,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μ €λ‘œμ„œλŠ” 맞λ‹₯λœ¨λ €μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
15:02
in the age of Google and Wikipedia,
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ꡬ글과 μœ„ν‚€ν”Όλ””μ•„μ˜ μ‹œλŒ€μ—μ„œ
15:05
the business model of the university
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λŒ€ν•™κ³Ό μ•„λ§ˆ 쀑등 ν•™κ΅μ˜ 운영 λͺ¨λΈμ€
15:07
and probably secondary schools is simply going to have to change.
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λ°”λ€Œμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:10
We just can't sell facts for a living anymore.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더이상 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 삢을 μ˜μœ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 사싀을 νŒ”κ³  μžˆμ„ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:12
They're available with a click of the mouse,
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그런 것듀은 마우슀 ν•œλ²ˆλ§Œ ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ 얻을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:14
or if you want to, you could probably just ask the wall
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄, μ›ν•˜κΈ°λ§Œ ν•˜λ©΄ μ•„λ§ˆ μ–Όλ§ˆ μ§€λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•„
15:17
one of these days, wherever they're going to hide the things
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벽에 λŒ€κ³  묻기만 ν•˜λ©΄ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. 정보가 어디에 μˆ¨μ–΄μžˆκ±΄
15:18
that tell us all this stuff.
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이런 것듀을 λͺ¨λ‘ 말해 쀄 κ±°μ—μš”.
15:20
So what do we have to do? We have to give our students
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그럼 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ ? μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
15:23
a taste for the boundaries, for what's outside that circumference,
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경계에 λŒ€ν•œ, 주변을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„  λ°–μ˜ 것에 λŒ€ν•œ,
15:27
for what's outside the facts, what's just beyond the facts.
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μ‚¬μ‹€μ˜ λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„  것듀에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„ νƒκΆŒμ„ μ£Όμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:31
How do we do that?
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κ·Έκ±Έ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν• κΉŒμš”?
15:33
Well, one of the problems, of course,
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자, λ¬Όλ‘  κ·Έ 쀑 ν•œ 가지 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
15:35
turns out to be testing.
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ν‰κ°€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
We currently have an educational system
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ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가지고 μžˆλŠ” ꡐ윑 μ²΄μ œλŠ”
15:39
which is very efficient but is very efficient at a rather bad thing.
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ νš¨μœ¨μ μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μœ λ©΄μ—μ„œ 맀우 νš¨μœ¨μ μ΄μ§€μš”.
15:43
So in second grade, all the kids are interested in science,
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2ν•™λ…„ λ•Œ, λͺ¨λ“  학생듀은 과학에 ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:46
the girls and the boys.
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λ‚¨μž μ•„μ΄λ‚˜ μ—¬μž μ•„μ΄λ‚˜ ν•  것 μ—†μ΄μš”.
15:47
They like to take stuff apart. They have great curiosity.
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κ·Έ 아이듀은 뭐든 뢄리해 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 아이듀은 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬μ„ κ°€μ‘Œμ§€μš”.
15:51
They like to investigate things. They go to science museums.
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뭐든 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜κ³  κ³Όν•™ 박물관에도 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:54
They like to play around. They're in second grade.
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이것저것 가지고 놀기도 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜μ£ . 2ν•™λ…„μ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
16:00
They're interested.
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아이듀에겐 ν₯λ―Έκ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
16:01
But by 11th or 12th grade, fewer than 10 percent
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그런데, 11 λ˜λŠ” 12학년이 되면 10%도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” ν•™μƒλ“€λ§Œμ΄
16:04
of them have any interest in science whatsoever,
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κ³Όν•™μ΄λ‚˜ 그런 것에 관심을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:07
let alone a desire to go into science as a career.
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μ§μ—…μœΌλ‘œ 과학에 μž…λ¬Έν•˜λŠ” 것은 κ³ μ‚¬ν•˜κ³ λ„μš”.
16:10
So we have this remarkably efficient system
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λ¨Έλ¦Ώμ†μ—μ„œ
16:13
for beating any interest in science out of everybody's head.
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과학에 λŒ€ν•œ μ–΄λ–€ ν₯미도 μ—†μ• λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” 데 λ†€λžλ„λ‘ 효율적인 ꡐ윑 체계λ₯Ό 가진 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:17
Is this what we want?
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이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμΈκ°€μš”?
16:19
I think this comes from what a teacher colleague of mine
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μ €λŠ” 이것이 μ €μ˜ λ™λ£Œ μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ”
16:22
calls "the bulimic method of education."
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"폭식적인 ꡐ윑"μ—μ„œ κΈ°μΈν•˜λŠ” 것이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:24
You know. You can imagine what it is.
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그게 뭔지 μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ .
16:26
We just jam a whole bunch of facts down their throats over here
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έμ € μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 과학적 사싀듀을 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λͺ©κ΅¬λ©μ— μ‘€μ…” λ„£κ³ 
16:29
and then they puke it up on an exam over here
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그듀은 μ‹œν—˜μ—λ‹€κ°€ κ·Έκ±Έ μŸμ•„λ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:31
and everybody goes home with no added intellectual heft whatsoever.
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λͺ¨λ“  아이듀이 지적인 μ€‘μš”μ„± 같은 것은 μ „ν˜€ λ°°μš°μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ 채 μ§‘μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”.
16:36
This can't possibly continue to go on.
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이건 μ ˆλŒ€λ‘œ κ³„μ†λ˜μ–΄μ„œλŠ” μ•ˆλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:38
So what do we do? Well the geneticists, I have to say,
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그럼 μ–΄λ–‘ν•˜μ£ ? 자, λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  싢은 것은 μœ μ „ν•™μžλ“€μ΄
16:40
have an interesting maxim they live by.
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λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” κΈˆμ–Έμ΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
16:42
Geneticists always say, you always get what you screen for.
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μœ μ „ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 항상 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ²€μ‚¬λ°›λŠ” 것을 항상 μ–»λŠ”λ‹€.
16:47
And that's meant as a warning.
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이건 μΌμ’…μ˜ 경고의 μ˜λ―Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:50
So we always will get what we screen for,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ²€μ‚¬λ°›λŠ” 것을 항상 μ–»κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:52
and part of what we screen for is in our testing methods.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ²€μ‚¬λ°›κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ” μ‹œν—˜ 방법에 μžˆμ–΄μš”.
16:56
Well, we hear a lot about testing and evaluation,
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자, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œν—˜κ³Ό 평가에 λŒ€ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 이야기λ₯Ό λ“£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:59
and we have to think carefully when we're testing
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평가건, μ†Žμ•„λ‚΄κΈ°κ±΄,
17:01
whether we're evaluating or whether we're weeding,
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λ˜λŠ” 일뢀λ₯Ό μž˜λΌλ‚΄λŠ” 것이든,
17:04
whether we're weeding people out,
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μ‹œν—˜μ„ 쀄 λ•ŒλŠ”
17:06
whether we're making some cut.
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μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ 생각해봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:09
Evaluation is one thing. You hear a lot about evaluation
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평가도 κ·Έ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ—μš”. μš”μ¦˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κΈ°μ‚¬μ—μ„œ
17:12
in the literature these days, in the educational literature,
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평가에 κ΄€ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 것을 λ“£μ£ . ꡐ윑 κΈ°μ‚¬μ—μ„œμš”.
17:14
but evaluation really amounts to feedback and it amounts
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 사싀 ν‰κ°€λž€ ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ΄κ³ 
17:17
to an opportunity for trial and error.
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μ‹œν–‰μ°©μ˜€λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ κΈ°νšŒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:20
It amounts to a chance to work over a longer period of time
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그것은 이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ„ λ°›μœΌλ©°
17:24
with this kind of feedback.
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였랜 κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ 곡뢀해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°νšŒλΌλŠ” 것이죠.
17:26
That's different than weeding, and usually, I have to tell you,
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그건 μ†Žμ•„λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒκ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ œκ°€ 항상 ν•˜λŠ” μ–˜κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ,
17:29
when people talk about evaluation, evaluating students,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 평가에 λŒ€ν•΄, 즉 학생듀을 ν‰κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ 말할 λ•Œ,
17:32
evaluating teachers, evaluating schools,
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또, κ΅μ‚¬λ‚˜ 학ꡐ, ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ 평가할 λ•Œ,
17:34
evaluating programs, that they're really talking about weeding.
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그듀은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ†Žμ•„λ‚΄κΈ°μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:39
And that's a bad thing, because then you will get what you select for,
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그건 μ•„μ£Ό λ‚˜μœ κ²ƒμ΄μ—μš”. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄
17:43
which is what we've gotten so far.
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μ„ λ°œν•œ 것을 μ–»κ²Œ 되고, 그것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이제껏 ν•΄μ™”λ˜ 것이죠.
17:45
So I'd say what we need is a test that says, "What is x?"
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μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  싢은 것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 "x κ°€ 무엇인가?"라고 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ—
17:48
and the answers are "I don't know, because no one does,"
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":λ‚˜λ„ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€. μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„ λͺ¨λ‘ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ³  μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒ."
17:51
or "What's the question?" Even better.
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ν˜Ήμ€ 심지어 "질문이 뭐죠?"라고 λ‹΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹œν—˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:53
Or, "You know what, I'll look it up, I'll ask someone,
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λ˜λŠ” "μ œκ°€ ν•œλ²ˆ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ£ . λˆ„κ΅°κ°€μ—κ²Œ λ¬»κ±°λ‚˜
17:55
I'll phone someone. I'll find out."
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μ „ν™”ν•΄μ„œ μ•Œμ•„λ³Όκ»˜μš”." 라고 λ‹΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹œν—˜ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
17:58
Because that's what we want people to do,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 닡이며,
18:00
and that's how you evaluate them.
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그것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 아이듀을 ν‰κ°€ν•˜λŠ” 방법이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:01
And maybe for the advanced placement classes,
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그리고 μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ μ’€ 더 높은 κ³Όμ •μ˜ λ°°μΉ˜κ³ μ‚¬μ—μ„œλŠ”
18:03
it could be, "Here's the answer. What's the next question?"
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"μ—¬κΈ° 닡이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹€μŒ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ 뭐죠?" 같은 것도 μžˆμ„ 수 있겠죠.
18:07
That's the one I like in particular.
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이건 μ œκ°€ 특히 μ’‹μ•„ν•˜λŠ” λ‹΅μ•ˆμ΄μ—μš”.
18:08
So let me end with a quote from William Butler Yeats,
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μœŒλ¦¬μ—„ λ²„ν‹€λŸ¬ 예이츠의 λͺ…μ–ΈμœΌλ‘œ 강연을 λ§ˆλ¬΄λ¦¬ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:10
who said "Education is not about filling buckets;
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κ·Έκ°€ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. "κ΅μœ‘μ€ 그릇을 μ±„μš°λŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλ‹€;
18:14
it is lighting fires."
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κ΅μœ‘μ€ λΆˆκ½ƒμ„ νŠ€κ²¨μ£ΌλŠ” μž‘μ—…μ΄λ‹€."
18:16
So I'd say, let's get out the matches.
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이제 κ°€μ„œ μ„±λƒ₯을 λ“€κ³  였자고 λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άκ΅°μš”.
18:20
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:21
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
18:24
Thank you. (Applause)
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. (λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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