Paul Rothemund: Casting spells with DNA

42,123 views ใƒป 2007-10-18

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Yasser Bahjatt ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:26
There's an ancient and universal concept that words have power,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ู‚ุฏูŠู… ูˆุนุงู„ู…ู‰ ุฃู† ู„ู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช ู‚ูˆุฉุŒ
00:30
that spells exist,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชู‡ุฌู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุณุชุทุนู†ุง ู†ุทู‚ู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉุŒ
00:31
and that if we could only pronounce the right words,
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00:34
then -- whoosh! -- you know, an avalanche would come
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ุงุŒ ูˆูˆูˆุด! ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ุณูŠุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ู‡ูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠุฏูŠ
00:36
and wipe out the hobbits, right?
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ูˆูŠู‚ุถูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎูˆุงุฑู‚ุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฌุฐุงุจุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
00:38
So this is a very attractive idea,
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00:40
because we're very lazy, like the Sorcerer's Apprentice,
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒุณุงู„ู‰ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุณุงุญุฑ ุงู„ู…ุชุฏุฑุจุŒ
00:43
or the world's greatest computer programmer.
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ุฃูˆ ุฃุนุธู… ู…ุจุฑู…ุฌ ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
00:45
This idea has a lot of traction with us.
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ูˆู„ุฐุงุŒ ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฐุจ ู…ุนู†ุง.
00:47
We love the idea that words, when pronounced,
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุญุจ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุชุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู†ุทู‚ --
00:49
are little more than pure information,
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ูุงู†ู‡ุง ูู‚ุท ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุตุฑูุฉุŒ
00:51
but they evoke physical action in the real world
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ุฅู„ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุซูŠุฑ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅุฌุฑุงุกุงุช ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ
00:53
that helps us do work.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ุนู…ู„.
ูˆู„ุฐุงุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุจุฑู…ุฌุฉ
00:55
So, of course, with lots of programmable computers
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00:57
and robots around,
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ูˆุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุฑุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุดุฆ ุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ุฅู„ุชู‚ุงุท.
00:58
this is an easy thing to picture.
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01:00
How many of you know what I'm talking about?
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูƒู… ู…ู†ูƒู… ู‡ู†ุง ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุนู† ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃุชุญุฏุซุŸ
01:02
Raise your right hand.
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ุฃุฑูุนูˆุง ุงูŠุงุฏูŠูƒู…. ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูƒู… ู…ู†ูƒู…
01:03
How many don't know what I'm talking about?
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ู„ุง ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุนู† ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃุชุญุฏุซุŸ ุฃุฑูุนูˆุง ูŠุฏูƒู… ุงู„ูŠุณุฑู‰. ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
01:05
Raise your left hand.
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ุตุญูŠุญ. ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ุฐุง ุนุธูŠู…. ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุณู‡ู„ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
01:07
So that's great. So that was too easy.
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01:09
You guys have very insecure computers, OK?
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ุฃู†ุชู… ู„ุฏูŠูƒู… ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑุงุช ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฃู…ูˆู†ุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉุŒ ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŸ
ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู†ูˆุน ู…ุฎุชู„ู ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู‡ุฌุฆุฉ.
01:13
So now the thing is, this is a different kind of spell.
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01:16
This is a computer program made of zeros and ones.
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ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ู…ุตู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ ูˆุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏ.
ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ู†ุทู‚ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ. ูˆู‡ูŠ ูŠูุนู„ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ูƒู‡ุฐุง.
01:19
It can be pronounced on a computer, does something like this.
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ุงู„ุดุฆ ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ู„ุบุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰.
01:22
The important thing is we can write it in a high-level language.
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ู…ุจุฑู…ุฌ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ุงู„ุณุงุญุฑ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฆ.
01:25
A computer magician can write this thing.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุชุฑุฌู…ุชู‡ ู„ู‡ุฐุง -- ุงู„ู‰ ุฃุตูุงุฑ ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ --
01:27
It can be compiled into zeros and ones and pronounced by a computer.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ู†ุทู‚ู‡ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ.
01:30
And that's what makes computers powerful,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑุงุช ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ:
01:32
these high-level languages that can be compiled.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ุบุงุช ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุชูุฑุฌู….
01:34
And so, I'm here to tell you, you don't need a computer
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ูˆู„ุฐุงุŒ ุฃู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู„ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู…ุŒ ุฃู†ูƒู… ู„ุง ุชุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ู„ู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ
01:37
to actually have a spell.
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ู„ุชุญุตู„ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุนู„ู‰ ุชู‡ุฌุฆุฉ. ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู…ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ูุนู„ู‡
01:39
In fact, what you can do at the molecular level
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุชุฑู…ูŠุฒ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช--
01:41
is that if you encode information --
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01:43
you encode a spell or program as molecules --
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ุชู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุงู„ุชุฑู…ูŠุฒ ู„ุชู‡ุฌุฆุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ูƒุฌุฒูŠุฆ --
01:45
then physics can actually directly interpret that information
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ุนู†ุฏุฆุฐ ุจู…ุณุชุทุงุน ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
01:49
and run a program.
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ูˆุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ. ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช.
01:50
It's what happens in proteins.
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01:52
When this amino-acid sequence gets pronounced as atoms,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู†ุชุทู‚ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ูŠู†ูŠ ูƒุฐุฑุงุชุŒ
01:54
these little letters are sticky for each other.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุญุฑู ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุชู„ุงุตู‚ุฉ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
01:57
It collapses into a three-dimensional shape that turns it into a nanomachine
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ูˆุชุชุฌุฒุฃ ู„ุดูƒู„ ุซู„ุงุซูŠ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญูˆู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰
02:00
that actually cuts DNA.
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ู…ุงูƒูŠู†ุฉ ู†ุงู†ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ.
02:02
The interesting thing is that if you change the sequence,
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ูˆุงู„ุดุฆ ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ุŒ
02:05
you change the three-dimensional folding.
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ุชุบูŠุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุทูˆุงุก ุซู„ุงุซูŠ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ.
02:07
You get, now, a DNA stapler, instead.
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ุชุญุตู„ูˆู† ุงู„ุขู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุจุงุณุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ. ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน
02:09
These are the kind of molecular programs we want to be able to write.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒุชุงุจุชู‡ุงุŒ
02:12
The problem is, we don't know
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ูŠุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู„ุบุฉ ุขู„ุฉ
02:14
the machine language of proteins or have a compiler for proteins.
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ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช. ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุชุฑุฌู… ู„ู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช.
02:17
So I've joined a growing band of people
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ุถู…ู…ุช ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุญุงูˆู„ ุฅู†ุดุงุก
02:19
that try to make molecular spells using DNA.
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ุชู‡ุฌุฆุฉ ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ. ู†ุญู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุฑุฎุถ.
02:21
We use DNA because it's cheaper, it's easier to handle,
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02:23
it's something we understand really well --
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ุฃุตุจุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡. ูˆู‡ูˆ ุดุฆ ู†ูู‡ู…ู‡ ุฌูŠุฏุงู‹.
ู†ุญู† ู†ูู‡ู…ู‡ ุฌูŠุฏุงู‹ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู†ุญู† ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒุชุงุจุฉ
02:26
so well, in fact, that we think we can actually write
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02:29
programming languages for DNA and have molecular compilers.
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ู„ุบุฉ ุจุฑู…ุฌุฉ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ูˆุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุฌุฒูŠุฆูŠุฉ.
02:32
So then, we think we can do that.
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ุญุชู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูŠู† ุŒ ูƒู†ุง ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ--
02:34
One of my first questions doing this was:
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ุฃูˆ ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุณุฆู„ุชูŠ ู„ูุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง -- ูƒุงู†ุช: ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุตู†ุน
02:37
How can you make an arbitrary shape or pattern out of DNA?
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ุฃุดูƒุงู„ ุฅุนุชุจุงุทูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŸ ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุฑุฑุช ุฃู† ุฃุณุชุฎุฏู…
02:40
I decided to use a type of DNA origami,
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ู†ูˆุน ุฃูˆุฑุบุงู…ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุถููŠุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ
02:42
where you take a long strand of DNA
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02:44
and fold it into whatever shape or pattern you might want.
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ูˆุชุซู†ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุดูƒู„ ุฃูˆ ู†ู…ุท ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠู‡.
02:47
So here's a shape.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ ุดูƒู„. ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุถูŠุช ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ุณู†ุฉ ููŠ ุจูŠุชูŠุŒ
02:48
I actually spent about a year in my home in my underwear, coding,
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ุจู…ู„ุงุจุณูŠ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉุŒ ุฃุจุฑู…ุฌุŒ ู…ุซู„ ู„ูŠูˆู†ุณ ุชูˆุฑูุงู„ุฏุณ ุŒ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ.
02:51
like Linus [Torvalds], in that picture before.
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02:54
This program takes a shape and spits out 250 DNA sequences.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุดูƒู„ุงู‹ุŒ ู…ุตู†ูˆุน ู…ู† 250 ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุญู…ุถ ู†ูˆูˆูŠ.
02:57
These short DNA sequences are what are going to fold the long strand
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุตุฑ ู„ู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุณู†ู‚ูˆู…
03:00
into this shape that we want to make.
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ุจุซู†ูŠู‡ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุชุดูƒูŠู„ู‡. ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุฑุณุงู„ ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ
03:02
So you send an e-mail with these sequences in it
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ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุง ุณุชูุนู„ู‡ --
03:04
to a company,
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03:06
and the company pronounces them on a DNA synthesizer,
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ุงู„ุดุฑูƒุฉ ุจุชุญุถูŠุฑ ุงู„ู†ุทู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุคู„ู ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ.
03:08
a machine about the size of a photocopier.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุขู„ุฉ ุจุญุฌู… ุขู„ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุณุฎ. ูˆู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆุŒ
03:11
And they take your e-mail,
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ูˆูƒู„ ุญุฑู ููŠ ุฑุณุงู„ุชูƒ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠุฉุŒ
03:13
and every letter in your e-mail, they replace with a 30-atom cluster --
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ูˆุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุณุชุจุฏุงู„ู‡ุง ุจูƒุชู„ุฉ 30 ุฐุฑุฉุŒ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู„ูƒู„ ุญุฑูุŒ
03:16
one for each letter, A, T, C and G in DNA.
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A, T, C, ูˆ G ููŠ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ. ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆู† ุจุฌู…ุนู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุŒ
03:19
They string them up in the right sequence,
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03:21
and then they send them back to you via FedEx.
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฅุฑุณุงู„ู‡ุง ู„ูƒู… ู…ุฌุฏุฏุงู‹ ุนุจุฑ ููŠุฏูŠูƒุณ.
03:23
So you get 250 of these in the mail in little tubes.
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ูˆุนู„ูŠู‡ ุชุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ 250 ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ููŠ ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ.
03:25
I mix them together, add a little bit of salt water,
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ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจุฎู„ุทู‡ู… ู…ุนุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุฃุถูŠู ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุญุŒ
03:28
and then add this long strand I was telling you about,
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ุซู… ุฃุถูŠู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูƒู†ุช ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุนู†ู‡ุŒ
03:30
that I've stolen from a virus.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุณุฑู‚ุชู‡ ู…ู† ููŠุฑูˆุณ. ุซู… ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู‡ูˆุŒ
03:32
And then what happens is,
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03:33
you heat this whole thing up to about boiling.
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ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุณุฎูŠู† ูƒู„ ุดุฆ ุงู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุบู„ูŠุงู†. ุซู… ุชุจุฑุฏู‡
03:35
You cool it down to room temperature,
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03:37
and as you do, those short strands do the following thing:
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉุŒ ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุณู„ุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุตูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุงู„ุขุชูŠ:
03:41
each one of them binds that long strand in one place,
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ูŠุดูƒู„ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฎูŠุทุงู‹ ุทูˆูŠู„ุงู‹ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ
03:44
and then has a second half that binds that long strand in a distant place,
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ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุดูˆุท ุซุงู†ูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุฌู…ูŠุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„
03:47
and brings those two parts of the long strand
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ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุจุนูŠุฏุŒ ูˆูŠุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠู† ููŠ ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุทูˆูŠู„
03:50
close together so they stick together.
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ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ ุจุญูŠุซ ุชู„ุชุตู‚ ุจุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
03:52
So the net effect of all 250 of these strands
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ูˆู„ุฐุง ูุฃู† ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุตุงููŠ ู„ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ 250 ุชุณู„ุณู„ ู‡ูˆ ุชุดูƒูŠู„
03:55
is to fold the long strand into the shape you're looking for.
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ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠู‡.
03:59
It'll approximate that shape.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูƒู„. ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุญู‚ุงู‹ ููŠ ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชุจุงุฑ.
04:00
We do this for real, in the test tube.
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04:02
In each little drop of water, you get 50 billion of these guys.
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ู‚ุทุฑุฉ ู…ุงุก ุชุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ 50 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
04:05
With a microscope, you can see them on a surface.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงูŠูƒุฑูˆุณูƒูˆุจ ูˆุฑุคูŠุชู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุญ.
04:08
The neat thing is if you change the sequence and change the spell,
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ูˆุงู„ุดุฆ ุงู„ุฃู†ูŠู‚ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒ ุฅุฐุง ุบูŠุฑุช ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„
ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชู‡ุฌุฆุฉุŒ ุชู‚ูˆู… ุฃู†ุช ูู‚ุท ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุชุณู„ุณู„ ุงู„ุฅู…ู„ุงุก.
04:11
just change the sequence of the staples,
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04:13
you can make a molecule that looks like this.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุตู†ุน ุฌุฒูŠุฆ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูˆ ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ
04:15
And, you know, he likes to hang out with his buddies.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุญุจ ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุน ู…ุน ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆู‡ุŒ ุญุณู†ุงู‹.
04:18
A lot of them are actually pretty good.
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ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฌูŠุฏูŠู† ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ.
04:20
If you change the spell again, you change the sequence again,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุบูŠู‘ุฑุช ุงู„ุชู‡ุฌุฆุฉ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุณู„ุณู„ ู…ุฌุฏุฏุงู‹.
04:23
you get really nice, 130-nanometer triangles.
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ุชุญุตูˆู„ู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุซู„ุซุงุช ุญุฌู…ู‡ุง 130 ู†ุงู†ูˆ ู…ุชุฑุงู‹ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ. ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ุชู… ุจูุนู„ู‡ุง ู…ุฌุฏุฏุงู‹ุŒ
04:26
If you do it again,
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04:27
you can get arbitrary patterns.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ุฅุนุชุจุงุทูŠุฉ. ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุทูŠู„
04:29
So on a rectangle, you can paint patterns of North and South America,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฑุณู… ุฃู†ู…ุงุท ู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฌู†ูˆุจูŠุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู " DNA".
04:34
or the words, "DNA."
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04:35
So that's DNA origami. That's one way.
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู†ูˆุน ุฃูˆุฑุบุงู…ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ. ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุทุฑู‚ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
04:38
There are many ways of casting molecular spells using DNA.
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ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู‡ุฌุฆุฉ ุจุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠ.
04:42
What we really want to do in the end
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ู…ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ูุนู„ู‡ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู†ุชุนู„ู… ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุจุฑู…ุฌุฉ
04:44
is learn how to program self-assembly so we can build anything, right?
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ุงู„ุชุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุจู†ุงุก ุฃูŠ ุดุฆุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
04:48
We want to be able to build technological artifacts
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ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุจู†ุงุก ุชุญู ุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ
04:50
that are maybe good for the world.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู…. ู†ุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุชุนู„ู…
04:52
We want to learn how to build biological artifacts,
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ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุจู†ุงุก ุชุญู ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆุงู„ุญูŠุชุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฃุดุฌุงุฑ.
04:55
like people and whales and trees.
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04:56
And if it's the case that we can reach that level of complexity,
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ูˆุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุฃู†ู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุŒ
04:59
if our ability to program molecules gets to be that good,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุจุฑู…ุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุชุตู„ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุŒ
05:03
then that will truly be magic.
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุณุชูƒูˆู† ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุณุญุฑ. ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฒูŠู„ุงู‹ ู„ูƒู….
05:05
Thank you very much.
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
05:07
(Applause)
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ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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