Paul Rothemund: Casting spells with DNA

42,076 views ใƒป 2007-10-18

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sungwook Woo ๊ฒ€ํ† : Joongoo Lee
00:26
There's an ancient and universal concept that words have power,
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์žˆ์ฃ . "๋ง์€ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค"๋Š”,
00:30
that spells exist,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  "๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค"๋Š”. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ์š€์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:31
and that if we could only pronounce the right words,
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00:34
then -- whoosh! -- you know, an avalanche would come
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"ํœ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฆญ~" ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ˆˆ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ณ 
00:36
and wipe out the hobbits, right?
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ํ˜ธ๋น—์กฑ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค ์“ธ์–ด๊ฐ€์ฃ . ์ด๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ธ๋ฐ
00:38
So this is a very attractive idea,
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00:40
because we're very lazy, like the Sorcerer's Apprentice,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”, ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ์˜ ์ œ์ž๋‚˜
00:43
or the world's greatest computer programmer.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋จธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
00:45
This idea has a lot of traction with us.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
We love the idea that words, when pronounced,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„ ์ž… ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚ด ๋ฑ‰๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
00:49
are little more than pure information,
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์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
00:51
but they evoke physical action in the real world
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด
00:53
that helps us do work.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์„ ๋„์™€์คฌ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์Œ, ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ
00:55
So, of course, with lots of programmable computers
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00:57
and robots around,
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๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
this is an easy thing to picture.
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01:00
How many of you know what I'm talking about?
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘์— ์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„?
01:02
Raise your right hand.
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘์—
01:03
How many don't know what I'm talking about?
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์ œ ์–˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ด ์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์€ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”. ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Raise your left hand.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ์ž˜ ๋๋„ค์š”. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‰ฌ์šด ์–˜๊ธฐ์˜€์ฃ .
01:07
So that's great. So that was too easy.
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01:09
You guys have very insecure computers, OK?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ณด์•ˆ์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ์ตธ?
์ž ์ด์ œ, ์ด๊ฑด ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
So now the thing is, this is a different kind of spell.
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01:16
This is a computer program made of zeros and ones.
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์ด๊ฑด 0๊ณผ 1๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ๋ฐ์š”
์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ 
01:19
It can be pronounced on a computer, does something like this.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
The important thing is we can write it in a high-level language.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(์ฃผ๋ฌธ)์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”
01:25
A computer magician can write this thing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 0๊ณผ 1๋กœ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ ๋˜๊ตฌ์š”
01:27
It can be compiled into zeros and ones and pronounced by a computer.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
And that's what makes computers powerful,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ด์œ ์ฃ .
01:32
these high-level languages that can be compiled.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
And so, I'm here to tell you, you don't need a computer
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
01:37
to actually have a spell.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
In fact, what you can do at the molecular level
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ถ„์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ
01:41
is that if you encode information --
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01:43
you encode a spell or program as molecules --
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๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ ํ˜น์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜์ฃ .
01:45
then physics can actually directly interpret that information
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์•Œ์•„์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:49
and run a program.
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
It's what happens in proteins.
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01:52
When this amino-acid sequence gets pronounced as atoms,
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์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์›์ž๋“ค๋กœ์จ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋ฉด
01:54
these little letters are sticky for each other.
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
It collapses into a three-dimensional shape that turns it into a nanomachine
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด 3์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ DNA๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฅด๋Š”
02:00
that actually cuts DNA.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
The interesting thing is that if you change the sequence,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด
02:05
you change the three-dimensional folding.
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3์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์„œ
02:07
You get, now, a DNA stapler, instead.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๋ถ™์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธ์น˜ํ‚ค์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ
02:09
These are the kind of molecular programs we want to be able to write.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
02:12
The problem is, we don't know
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ ,
02:14
the machine language of proteins or have a compiler for proteins.
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๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ(๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ธฐ)๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:17
So I've joined a growing band of people
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ 
02:19
that try to make molecular spells using DNA.
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์• ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
02:21
We use DNA because it's cheaper, it's easier to handle,
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02:23
it's something we understand really well --
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๊ฐ’๋„ ์‹ธ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” DNA๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ DNA๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ
02:26
so well, in fact, that we think we can actually write
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02:29
programming languages for DNA and have molecular compilers.
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ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋ถ„์ž ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
So then, we think we can do that.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
02:34
One of my first questions doing this was:
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์ €์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜๋ฌธ ํ˜น์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜๋ฌธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ด๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
02:37
How can you make an arbitrary shape or pattern out of DNA?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ DNA๋กœ ์ž„์˜์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š”
02:40
I decided to use a type of DNA origami,
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ข…์ด์ ‘๊ธฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ DNA์— ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ
02:42
where you take a long strand of DNA
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02:44
and fold it into whatever shape or pattern you might want.
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์ ‘์–ด์„œ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์ด๋‚˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:47
So here's a shape.
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์ž ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €๋Š” ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
02:48
I actually spent about a year in my home in my underwear, coding,
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์†์˜ท ์ฐจ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์•„๊นŒ ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ„์Šค ํ† ๋ฐœ์ฆˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
02:51
like Linus [Torvalds], in that picture before.
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02:54
This program takes a shape and spits out 250 DNA sequences.
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด 250๊ฐœ์˜ DNA ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฑ‰์–ด๋‚ด์ฃ .
02:57
These short DNA sequences are what are going to fold the long strand
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฑ‰์–ด๋‚ธ 250๊ฐœ์˜ ์งง๋ง‰ํ•œ DNA ์„œ์—ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ž€ DNA ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„
03:00
into this shape that we want to make.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด์ค„ ๋†ˆ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ๋กœ
03:02
So you send an e-mail with these sequences in it
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์ด DNA ์„œ์—ด๋“ค์„ ์ฒจ๋ถ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
to a company,
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03:06
and the company pronounces them on a DNA synthesizer,
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๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” DNA ์„œ์—ด๋“ค์„ DNA ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์— ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:08
a machine about the size of a photocopier.
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DNA ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋žต ๋ณต์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์ •๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด
03:11
And they take your e-mail,
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๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์— ์ฒจ๋ถ€๋œ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ๋“ค์„
03:13
and every letter in your e-mail, they replace with a 30-atom cluster --
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๊ฐ๊ฐ ์›์ž 30๊ฐœ์งœ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
one for each letter, A, T, C and G in DNA.
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DNA์˜ A, T, C, G ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด๋ถ™์ด๊ณ 
03:19
They string them up in the right sequence,
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03:21
and then they send them back to you via FedEx.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“ฑ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
03:23
So you get 250 of these in the mail in little tubes.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ 250๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
I mix them together, add a little bit of salt water,
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์ „ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ž๊ณ , ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œ๊ธˆ๋ฌผ๋„ ๋„ฃ์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ ,
03:28
and then add this long strand I was telling you about,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋†จ๋˜ ์•„๊นŒ ๋งํ•œ
03:30
that I've stolen from a virus.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธด DNA ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ๋„ ๋”ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ
03:32
And then what happens is,
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03:33
you heat this whole thing up to about boiling.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“๋Š”์ ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์—ด์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„
03:35
You cool it down to room temperature,
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03:37
and as you do, those short strands do the following thing:
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์‹ค์˜จ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ํ˜€์ฃผ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์งง์€ DNA ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
each one of them binds that long strand in one place,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ DNA ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ๋“ค์ด ์ € ๊ธด ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ถ™๊ณ ,
03:44
and then has a second half that binds that long strand in a distant place,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๊ธด ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ
03:47
and brings those two parts of the long strand
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๊ธด ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ
03:50
close together so they stick together.
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๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ถ™๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
So the net effect of all 250 of these strands
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์งง์€ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ 250๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์ผ์€
03:55
is to fold the long strand into the shape you're looking for.
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๊ธด ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์„ ์ ‘์–ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:59
It'll approximate that shape.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ‘ํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด
04:00
We do this for real, in the test tube.
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04:02
In each little drop of water, you get 50 billion of these guys.
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์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฐฉ์šธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹น ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋†ˆ๋“ค 500์–ต ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:05
With a microscope, you can see them on a surface.
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋…€์„๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
04:08
The neat thing is if you change the sequence and change the spell,
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฑด ๋ญ๋ƒ๋ฉด, DNA ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด
์ฆ‰, ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ ์งง์€ DNA ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด
04:11
just change the sequence of the staples,
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04:13
you can make a molecule that looks like this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋ถ„์ž๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
04:15
And, you know, he likes to hang out with his buddies.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด๋ž‘ ๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”, ๊ทธ์ตธ?
04:18
A lot of them are actually pretty good.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
If you change the spell again, you change the sequence again,
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์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด, DNA ์„œ์—ด์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
04:23
you get really nice, 130-nanometer triangles.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ 130๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ผ๊ฐํ˜•์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€์ฃ .
04:26
If you do it again,
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04:27
you can get arbitrary patterns.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์† ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž„์˜์˜ ํŒจํ„ด๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
So on a rectangle, you can paint patterns of North and South America,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง์‚ฌ๊ฐํ˜• ์œ„์— ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์ด๋‚˜ DNA๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
04:34
or the words, "DNA."
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04:35
So that's DNA origami. That's one way.
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์ด๊ฒŒ "DNA ์ ‘๊ธฐ" ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฑด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๊ตฌ์š”, ์‚ฌ์‹ค DNA๋กœ
04:38
There are many ways of casting molecular spells using DNA.
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๋ถ„์ž ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์„ ์™ธ๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
What we really want to do in the end
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ• ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ์„œ
04:44
is learn how to program self-assembly so we can build anything, right?
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ์ตธ?
04:48
We want to be able to build technological artifacts
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผ์„
04:50
that are maybe good for the world.
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ž˜, ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๊ฐ™์€
04:52
We want to learn how to build biological artifacts,
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ณต๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ตํžˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
like people and whales and trees.
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04:56
And if it's the case that we can reach that level of complexity,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:59
if our ability to program molecules gets to be that good,
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์ •๋ง ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:03
then that will truly be magic.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
Thank you very much.
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
05:07
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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